WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Process Simulation And Sensitivity Analysis Of Waste Plastics Gasification In A Fluidized Bed Reactor","authors":"P. Kannan, A. Shoaibi, C. Srinivasakannan","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a simplified process simulation model of typical waste polyethylene gasification in a fluidized bed reactor using Aspen Plus. The proposed model incorporates both physical and chemical processes, including drying, pyrolysis, combustion and gasification, using various inbuilt modules to predict the resulting product gas composition and temperature. A detailed sensitivity analysis investigating the effects of various process parameters, including equivalence ratio, bed height and steam/fuel ratio has been presented.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132161407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Squeezing Wastes In A Wastewater Treatment Plant","authors":"I. Buendía, F. Fernández, J. Villaseñor, L. Rodríguez","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121765677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Testing of Wind Turbines Using Wind Tunnels With an Emphasis on Small-Scale Wind Turbines Under Low Reynolds Numbers","authors":"K. V. Treuren, Timothy A. Burdett","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/004","url":null,"abstract":"The future of wind turbine design must include wind tunnel testing to produce high quality, experimental data used for designThese experimental data, both airfoil and overall system performance, can be used to validate and improve the design of the wind turbine blades and systemsCurrently, little experimental testing of wind turbines is performed, with much of the aerodynamic design being accom- plished using computational tools such as PROFIL and XFOILComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) prediction is improving and will be an outstanding tool for wind turbine blade design; however; these codes are not robust enough for pre- dicting performance under low Reynolds numbersLittle experimental laboratory verification of CFD codes exists for wind turnines, especially for low-Reynolds numbersTypically wind turbines are designed and built full scaleBecause wind tunnel testing is often field tested to compare with the design predicationsHow- ever, field testing can also be a very expensive processThis chapter will focus on the necessity of experimentally testing wind turbine blades to determine airfoil lift and drag data over typical Reynolds numbers of operation and also the testing of wind turbine systems (blades and generator) to determine overall wind turbine performanceThis type of testing should be accomplished prior to building the full scale machine because a better design can be reached with wind tunnel testing� The Blade Element Momentum Theroy (BEMT) is typically used in the design of small-scale wind turbines and this design method depends heavily on the use of accurate airfoil dataThus, for small-scale wind turbines, quality experimental airfoil data taken at the appropriate Reynolds numbers are necessary for accurate design and prediction of power productionThe data presented are for wind tunnel","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122854349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On ice accretion for wind turbines and influence of some parameters","authors":"J. G. Pallarol, B. Sundén, Zan Wu","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/006","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this chapter is to find out the influence of the ice accretion on the wind turbine blade performance, to reveal how different icing variables affect ice accre- tion and to estimate the heat amount required to de-ice the blades at different icing eventsAlso different computational model simulations of ice accretion and the different de-icing technologies existing today are describedAll the simulations of icing events are performed with a software called LEWINT, developed by NASA Glenn Research Centre, USAThe study emphasises the conditions that are most severe for ice accretionHowever, the chapter is theoretical, so experiments are needed to validate and complement the conclusions reached in this chapterIt is pointed out that it is important to find the conditions for which ice accretion is formed and the heat amount required to avoid it, to design suitable blades for regions where ice accretion is formed regularly and develop suitable de-icing systems�","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134126628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction To Wind Power","authors":"R. Amano","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128626699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Consideration For Wind Turbine Blades","authors":"R. Amano","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter states the methods for a blade breakage self-repair system with an innovative self-healing approach� To prevent blade breakage due to excessive wind speed, the methodology of self-healing technology can possibly be implemented with a self-healing wind turbine blade – a new and innovative concept for wind turbine blade design� The composite blades are manufactured using a laborious, hand lay-up technique with glass fibre reinforcements� The use of fibre-reinforced composite materials has grown rapidly and such composites are often used in aerospace and other applications; however, concerns remain about the structural integrity of composite materials following impact loading, as they are susceptible to cracks or delaminations that form deep within the structure� With the success of the self-healing technology for wind turbine blades, any cracked parts in wind turbine blades can be healed during operation without any system shutting down� Therefore, technology sheds light on the existing wind turbine failure prevention methods and provides new concepts and approaches for new materials of turbine blades suitable for the 21st century wind energy era�","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126195332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics-Based Health Monitoring And Control Of Wind Turbine Rotors","authors":"D. Adams, S. Dana, Joshua F. Kusnick, Noah J. Myrent","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/003","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic control and condition monitoring of wind turbines are usually treated as two distinct technical areas because control has a short-term focus, whereas condi- tion monitoring has a long-term focusIn practice, energy capture and condition monitoring actually have interrelated objectivesThe structural dynamic behav- iour of the rotor system is the link between control and condition monitoringThe aerodynamic loads that govern energy capture are converted by the dynamics of the rotor into drive train loads, which govern many of the failure modes in the turbineThis chapter will discuss two ways in which these rotor structural dynam- ics can be used to improve decision making in operation and maintenance of wind turbinesA horizontal axis wind turbine test bed is used to experimentally simulate the rotor structural dynamic response to uniform flow as well as horizontal and vertical shear flow across the rotor planeFirst, the vibrational characteristics of the rotor system are described in the context of modal analysis where each mode of vibration occurs at a particular frequency with a particular modal deflection shapeThese shapes dictate the effectiveness with which a given aerodynamic load couples into the rotor to produce mechanical power in addition to vibrations of the rotorIt is shown using operational modal analysis that changes in yaw and pitch set points change the degree to which the rotor modes of vibration are excited and, consequently, the energy that is captured from the wind and the fatigue loads that act on the turbineBy analysing the changes in rotor response in the flap, edge - wise and span directions, the source of power loss is classified so that corrective action can be taken in the form of rotor controlSecond, the effects of changes in the wind state on the sensitivity of condition monitoring data to damages in the turbine rotor are discussedIt is shown using modal filters that certain frequencies in the measured response of the wind turbine are sensitive to a change in condition of the rotor in the form of ice accretion or blade root damage for use in detecting","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123399238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic Theory For Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamics","authors":"P. M. M. Das, R. Amano","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/002","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of a wind turbine includes the power, torque and thrust� This chapter describes the basic theory on determining the amount of energy captured by the rotor� The rotor thrust has great influence on the structural design of the tower� It is usually convenient to express the performance by means of non-dimensional, characteristic performance curves from which the actual performance can be determined regardless of how the turbine is operated, for example, at constant rotational speed or some regime of variable rotor speed� The blade element momentum theory, full computer simulation using Reynoldsaveraged Navier–Stokes method, Prandtl’s analysis and advanced turbulence models are discussed�","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach For Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamics Design","authors":"R. Malloy, R. Amano","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-004-8/005","url":null,"abstract":"The blades of a wind turbine are a significant component of the structure and therefore much attention should be given to their design� They are the elements of a wind turbine responsible for extracting energy from the moving air by virtue of their shape� How effective the blade shape is at doing this will affect the overall efficiency and performance of the unit, which are of great interest to manufactures and their customers alike� Since blades of commercial wind turbines can reach upwards of 20 m in length, physical test of various designs can become expensive and time consuming� Although there are some general analytical formulas and procedures [1] for determining blade shapes, these tend fall short of producing optimal designs given the several significant in accurate assumptions their derivation is founded upon� It is for this reason, researches have turned to computer simulation to develop and optimize wind turbine blade shape� Computational fluid dynamics, or CFD, is a powerful tool that has been leveraged in many industries including the wind power industry� When applied and executed correctly simulation results very closely approximate actual blade performance and thus can be used to evaluate and identify optimal designs that will perform up to expectations in the real world�","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130518880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Heterogeneous Reaction Between Tar And Ash From Waste Biomass Pyrolysis And Gasification","authors":"Qingyue Wang, T. Endo, P. Apaer, L. Gui, Q. Chen, N. Mitsumura, Q. Qian, H. Niida, S. Animesh, K. Sekiguchi","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-034-5/008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-034-5/008","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil energy resources that are available in the world are exhaustible. Therefore, the renewable biomass resource has attracted a lot of attention as the future energy resource. In addition, it is an advantage that the biomass grows while absorbing CO2, contributing to the prevention of global warming. Biomass utilization technologies are classified as pyrolysis and gasification, fermentation, and combustion. Fuel gases and synthesis gases produced by the pyrolysis and gasification is used as power generation, heating, chemical products, etc. However, pyrolysis and gasification processes also generated condensable organic compounds, so-called “tar”. Most tar contents are present as the gases at high temperature. However, when the temperature is cooled down lower than their boiling point, causing a black oily liquid lead to the equipment failure, the appropriate processing is required. As the processing method, using the catalytic tar decomposition has been widely studied. In the present study, we have carried out the thermal decomposition of cellulose, in the experimental apparatus modeling a fluidized bed gasifier. The thermal decomposition of cellulose, tar and gas is generated, tar is collected and cooled, and the gases were measured by a gas-chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and with a thermal conductivity detector (GCTCD). Then, K and Ca are selected as the catalysts of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals contained in the waste biomass. They are present in the state of oxide or carbonate during pyrolysis and gasification. We conducted a similar experiment. The amount of condensable products and heavy tar were decreased by installing K2CO3 and Ca(OH)2. Additionally, they brought further gas","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133338920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}