WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Small Decentralised Thermal Power Stations For Refuse-derived Fuel","authors":"C. Bülow","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/009","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss a solution to bringing down energy costs and to making a contribution to climate protection. Small decentralised thermal power stations for RDF with a thermal capacity of 35 MW have some advantages in comparison to large plants. The required amount of RDF (approx. 70,000 t/a) is mostly locally available, which reduces the transport costs considerably. The produced electrical energy (up to 8 MW) and the waste heat from the thermal power station can be used in an industrial plant. An industrial plant and a refuse company founded a joint venture and built a thermal power station for RDF in Bremen. They replaced the old coal fired power station with a RDF-plant. Increasing energy costs are replaced by revenue for RDF. The industrial plant is now using the “cheap” energy from the RDF. The refuse company has a reliable customer and stable prices for its waste for long years: a typical win-win situation. After a 3-year operating time the experiences of the RDF thermal power station are positive without exception. The specified emissions are far below the limits. Furthermore, due to the fact that RDF contains a high proportion of biomass (approx. 45%) by changing the fuel from coal to RDF, a contribution to climate protection can be made. If the same amount of biogene content would be land filled, a large amount of methane, which is one of the more dangerous greenhouse gases, would be produced. The RDF thermal power station is built up modularly. The individual components are standardized so that the plant can be built fast and costeffectively. The specific investment costs per ton of RDF are comparable to large plants (>100 MW). Due to the handling of RDF in a closed hall, there is no smell outside the plant. The RDF is burnt at over 870° degrees Celsius to eliminate all pollutants completely. The steam is led through a back-pressure turbine and then used in the industrial plant. The modern flue gas treatment plant shows the expected consumption of additives. Since the initiation, the emission limits are constantly considerably below the requested limits of the EU-DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC. www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) © 2008 WIT Press WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 109, Waste Management and the Environment IV 63 doi:10.2495/WM080071 1 Alternative energy supply through RDF heat power plants When municipal solid waste is deposited in landfills, methane is generated due to the anaerobic decomposition of the biogene content of waste. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and about 21 times more powerful at warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the EU landfill directive (99/31/EC) all member states have to reduce their proportion of the waste for land filling considerably in the following years. They have to sort the waste before land filling and to separate out energy-rich fractions for energetic utilization. Currently most of the waste is still being land filled in the EU. A lot of the EU-mem","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126086732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gasified Residual/waste Biomass As Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Feed For Renewable Electricity Production","authors":"J. Jurewicz, N. Abatzoglou","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/019","url":null,"abstract":"Gasification of waste biomass, a renewable feedstock, is considered as a sustainable technology for producing environmentally friendly feed (biosyngas) for fuel cells. This work examines the contaminants contents (i.e. sulphur and halogens) of typical waste biomass sources and evaluates their nuisance to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) performance for the two most considered types of anodes: metal-ceramic composites (cermets) and composite oxides. The necessity and the extent of physico-chemical purification of the bio-syngas and its cost depend upon the chemical stability of the anode material. These needs as well as their associated costs are evaluated and a first assessment of the sustainability of such solutions is undertaken and commented.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131620645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable waste processing in a grate furnace and in a fluidized bed incinerator: WtE, recycling and environmental concerns","authors":"I. Vermeulen, J. Caneghem, C. Block, A. Brecht, G. Wauters, C. Vandecasteele","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/010","url":null,"abstract":"The Indaver integrated grate furnace, incinerating municipal solid waste (MSW) along with comparable industrial waste, is described. In the installation, energy is recovered by producing steam which is delivered to other companies, or used to generate electricity. The bottom ashes are wet-washed; ferrous and non-ferrous metals and granulates are recovered. Next to the grate furnace, a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) operated by SLECO is situated. It can co-incinerate various types of industrial wastes (including ASR), RDF, waste water treatment (WWT) sludges, etc. and produces steam to generate electricity. The bottom ashes are recovered as secondary raw material. It is demonstrated that both installations have a good environmental performance and address many aspects of cleaner production. This way, both grate furnace and FBC may play an important role in sustainable waste management. Depending on the fractions of the energy carrier(s), the actual energy recovery varies from 41% for the grate furnace (steam + electricity) to 27% for the FBC (only electricity). The most important airborne emissions and solid residues are monitored in both installation and are discussed in detail. For all components of interest, emissions remain well below Flemish limit values. Moreover, it was shown that both installations act as a POP sink when flue gas emissions are taken into account as a POP output. From the bottom ashes of both incinerators ferrous and non-ferrous metals and granulates are recovered, representing 19.9 and 9.2 wt% of the original waste input of respectively the grate furnace and the FBC. When introducing higher amounts of heavy metals into the FBC, co-incinerating ASR, the bottom ashes still fulfil Flemish requirements for use as secondary raw material.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121650347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biohydrogen Production By Clostridium Beijerinckii","authors":"M. Chmiel, V. Yargeau","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/005","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change, along with the rapid depletion of petroleum and natural gas reserves, has prompted many to search for renewable and environmentally friendly energy options. Hydrogen has been identified as a possible alternative to fossil fuel energy. Biological hydrogen production from organic substrates can be achieved by a two-stage approach combining the anaerobic and photosynthetic continuous processes in series. As a first step, an investigation of the production of hydrogen from glucose by Clostridium beijerinckii was conducted. A study examining the effect of initial pH (range 5.7 to 6.5) and COD loading (range 1 to 3 g/L) on the specific conversion and specific hydrogen production rate has shown interaction behaviour between the two independent variables. The highest conversion of 10.3 mL H2/(g COD/L) was achieved at pH of 6.1 and COD of 3 g/L, whereas the highest production rate of 71 mL H2/(h*L) was measured at pH 6.3 and substrate loading of 2.5 g COD/L. In general, there appears to be a strong trend of increasing hydrogen production rate with an increase in both substrate concentration and pH. The current work focuses on the identification of soluble metabolites such as ethanol, acetate and butyrate in order to evaluate the possible shift in metabolism resulting from varying initial conditions and micro-nutrients availability. The results obtained so far, along with some preliminary experiments using industrial wastewater as substrate, indicate the possible use of such waste streams for the production of biohydrogen.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124687153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective collection and waste-to-energy strategies: which interaction?","authors":"E. Rada","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper updates and analyses the interaction between the selective collection of municipal solid waste and waste-to-energy strategies in a case-study where high efficiencies of source separation have been reached thanks to more than a decade of efforts. For a better understanding of the local waste management history, in the selected case-study (province of Trento, Italy) the most important years were analyzed and characterized. In the selected case-study, particular attention has been given to the organization of selective collection and environmental protection, the location being also a tourist area. The variability of selective collection (that increased its efficiency year by year) affects the characteristics of the residual municipal solid waste and subsequently its “lower heating value” and the waste-to-energy strategies. The residual municipal solid waste generated today is similar to a solid recovered fuel. Its exploitation in existing industrial plants for energy recovery represents one of the present-future strategies to be developed.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128635774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of an anaerobic baffled reactor to produce biogas from kitchen waste","authors":"A. Malakahmad, N. Basri, S. M. Zain","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/003","url":null,"abstract":"The tremendous increase in solid waste generation is an unavoidable occurrence due to the fast growing urbanisation and industrialisation in Malaysia. Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is receiving more attention in recent years throughout the world because the biomethanogenesis process decomposes organic matter to produce methane gas, which is an excellent energy source as fuel in combined heat and power units. In this study, an application of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for the production of biogas from kitchen waste was carried out to identify the optimum efficiency of methane gas generation and the potential usage of sludge as organic fertiliser. Different proportions of kitchen waste and activated sewage sludge were mixed and tested in the reactor to achieve the best amount of methane production in the shortest time. Results showed that the combination of 75% of kitchen waste and 25% of activated sewage sludge yielded the best result, which was 74.1% of methane gas. Further, determination for fertiliser value from tests on the sludge in the reactor showed its potential for future use in composting. The amounts of N, P and K were 0.95, 0.80 and 0.45% respectively. According to the observation, anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste in the ABR is able to provide a vital element in an integrated solid waste management and the energy production from this system could be a good reason for many communities to start recycling valuable resources and hence achieving zero waste production.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125574604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rubbish or resources: an investigation into converting municipal solid waste to bio-ethanol production","authors":"A. Li, M. Khraisheh","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/004","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation into the possibility of replacing conventional biomass with biodegradable municipal solid waste (BMSW), which provides an alternative solution for preventing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste going into landfill as required by EU Landfill Directives, was carried out. The experimental results have shown that more than 85% of the cellulose from the waste can be converted to glucose, which can be easily fermented to ethanol production. The conversion rate is relatively high compared with other conventional biomass. Taking into account the existing waste collection system and the cost for disposing of waste makes this waste-to-ethanol system economically valuable. However, every type of energy has some advantages as well as disadvantages. This paper identifies the potential impacts of using BMSW as bio-ethanol resource from the point of view of both energy development and waste management. The opportunities of MSW-to-ethanol as an alternative waste management are also discussed with the recommendation for further life cycle study.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129227493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion Of Waste Rubber As An Alternative Route To Renewable Fuel Production","authors":"M. Stelmachowski, K. Słowiński","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/016","url":null,"abstract":"Waste rubber (particularly scrap tires) generated worldwide exerts a detrimental influence on the world economy and the environment. Its fraction in municipal waste amounted to 2% by mass in 2000. By the end of 20 th century, rubber production was about 34 million tons world-wide. It is estimated that 20% of tires have to be recycled every year. Dumping and land filling of used tires were the most popular methods of utilization of them until not long ago. Other alternative methods that have been used for tire recycling such as retreating, reclaiming, incineration and grinding have also significant drawbacks and/or limitations but they influence the environment to a lesser extent than dumping. Pyrolysis or gasification of waste rubber may be the best way of its utilization. The results of the thermal degradation of waste rubber performed in a new type of tubular reactor with molten metal are presented in the paper. The melting and degradation processes were carried out in an apparatus at temperatures of 390–420°C. The problems encountered with the disintegration of wastes, the heat transfer from the wall to the particles, cooking at the walls of the reactor and mixing of the molten volume of wastes are significantly reduced. Two products: gaseous (below ~ 15 weight%) and liquid (over 40 weight%) product were obtained during the degradation of waste rubber. Both streams of products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The gaseous stream contained hydrocarbons from C2 to C8 and the liquid product consisted of hydrocarbons C4 to C24. Over 80 mol% of liquid hydrocarbons mixture was the fraction C4-C10. The obtained liquid product may be used in petrochemical and refinery industry or may be recycled for tire manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121273636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System analysis for integration of landfill energy production in regional energy supply","authors":"Ģ. Kuplais, D. Blumberga, E. Dace","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/024","url":null,"abstract":"The waste management solutions in landfills of Latvia differ. Some of them are developed according to the concept of biogas production and use in power plants or cogeneration plants (CHP). The use of biogas in CHP depends on energy consumption and supply, and availability of energy consumers. More often are cases when there are no possibilities to connect heat energy consumers, which create problems of the low energy efficiency of power plants’ operation. A structure of energy user in Latvia is characterized by high energy consumption in households, public and service sector, compared with relatively low consumption in the rural and industrial sector. This situation obligates special tasks for power sector development, especially choosing energy resources to ensure energy production and supply. In Latvia imported fossil and renewable energy resources are used. A use of specific energy resource depends on an energy supply policy, and total consumption of energy resources depends on the development of every type of energy resources in regions. Now there is an unjustified high proportion of fossil fuel in state energy balance which it is possible to reduce by beginning the active use of local fuel in regions. RDF and landfill gas as a renewable energy source could play a role in the development of local energy resources in Latvia, which should be based on principles of cluster, integration and gradualness. In this paper the main attention is paid to waste management problems from the development of a regional power supply system point of view together with understanding, that those are not two separate systems, but two parts of one system with dynamic rather than static development.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122397690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovering energy from liquid sanitary waste through direct alcohol fuel cells","authors":"V. Pelillo, D. Laforgia","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/018","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of energy systems can take place through different ways and, sometimes, by using processes already known but needing to be improved by continuous research and development. This is the case of direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC), known since a century ago, but whose operating mode consists of employing (under specified conditions) alcohol. The objective of this work is not only to show the sustainability of these devices but mainly their application for supplying re-cycled ethanol and glycol, recovered from sanitary liquid wastes, to be used for biomedical apparatuses and plant located inside hospital pavilions, such as neonatology, resuscitation and surgery rooms, where, electric energy must not be interruptible for safety reasons and, as a consequence, DAFC must always be working. The proposed solution is supported by the U.E. Act (Directive 2006/12/CE) that allows waste recovery in order to produce energy. It is an innovating and alternative manner to provide a good use of sanitary liquid wastes instead of sending them to common and regular disposal.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133948055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}