WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering最新文献_第8页

Particulate Emissions From The Combustion Of Biomass Pellets 生物质颗粒燃烧产生的颗粒排放

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-04-06 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/007

M. Rabaçal, M. Costa

{"title":"Particulate Emissions From The Combustion Of Biomass Pellets","authors":"M. Rabaçal, M. Costa","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/007","url":null,"abstract":"The combustion of biomass pellets in small-scale appliances for domestic heating is a common source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, especially in Europe. The diversification of biomass raw material associated with the growing pellet market has the potential to increase PM emissions, particularly fine inorganic particles. Global concerns on public health and environmental impacts have imposed limitations to the emission of particles creating a need for a better understanding of the formation of particles to develop appropriate mitigation strategies. This review addresses the quantification, formation and mitigation of PM emissions. The measurements of PM emissions can be considerably affected by sampling and measurement methods or instruments used; thus, there is a need for uniform standards and protocols. PM emissions from small-scale pellet boilers have been related to both fuel quality and operating conditions. Biomass characteristics, specifically the ash content and the ash composition, have a significant impact on PM emissions as the ashes of the fuel contain the precursors for the formation of inorganic particulate matter. Operating conditions have also an important impact as soot and organic particles are formed in poorly oxygenated environments. Mass and number concentrations, mass and number size distributions, and chemical compositions of PM emissions are reported from the most relevant related studies. On-going research on mitigation strategies focuses on the inhibition of PM formation by combustion optimization and fuel pre-treatment; or on the separation of particles in the flue gas.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121251660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Gaseous Emissions From The Combustion Of Biomass Pellets 生物质颗粒燃烧产生的气体排放

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-04-06 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/006

J. A. Perez-Jimenez

{"title":"Gaseous Emissions From The Combustion Of Biomass Pellets","authors":"J. A. Perez-Jimenez","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/006","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass is a sustainable energy source with significant potentials for replacing fossil fuels and electricity for heating purposes. Present residential wood combustion can, however, be a significant source of ambient urban air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Ambient exposure to these pollutants in general has been associated with different health effects such as cardiopulmonary disease/mortality and cancer risks [1–3]. Wood pellets are generally a clean, dry and easily fed fuel to be used in special boilers, burners and stoves on the residential market. Compared with other modern technologies, the majority of the wood-fired appliances currently used suffer from poorly optimized conditions, resulting in considerable emissions of products from incomplete combustion. New and upgraded biomass fuels provide possibilities of more controlled and optimized combustion with less emission of PIC [4]. For future health impact assessments, regulatory standards and evaluations concerning present and future residential biomass combustion, as well as a solid qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the emissions from different sources, are of vital importance. In consequence, there is still a strong need for detailed characterization and quantification of the emissions from residential biomass appliances when using different fuels and combustion techniques [5].","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128838286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Use Of Biomass In District Heating And Cooling Systems 生物质在区域供热和制冷系统中的应用

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-04-06 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/009

J. Herrera

引用次数: 0

Numerical optimisation of operating conditions of waste to energy 废物转化为能源运行条件的数值优化

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/011

M. Kapitler, F. Kokalj, N. Samec

{"title":"Numerical optimisation of operating conditions of waste to energy","authors":"M. Kapitler, F. Kokalj, N. Samec","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/011","url":null,"abstract":"The combustion process, using municipal solid waste (MSW) as a fuel in waste to energy plant, calls for a detailed understanding of these phenomena. On the one hand, this process depends on many input parameters, like MSW proximate and ultimate analysis, the season of the year, primary and secondary inlet air velocity, and on the other hand on the output parameters such as temperature or mass flow rate (MFR) of combustion products on the exhaust. The variability and mutual dependence of these parameters can be difficult to manage in practice. Moreover, another problem is how these parameters can be tuned to achieve the optimal combustion with minimal pollutants emission during the plant design phase already. To meet these goals, waste to energy plant with bed combustion is investigated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with ANSYS CFX 12.0 code in the WORKBENCH 2 environment. In this paper, the adequate variable input boundary conditions which are based on the real measurement and practical calculations of known MSW composition from other authors are used and the whole computational work is updated with real plant geometry and the appropriate turbulence, combustion and heat transfer models. Furthermore, the operating parameters were optimized on output parameters through trade-off study. Different operating conditions were varied and the fluid flow direction, residence time, temperature field, velocity field, nitric oxide formation and combustion products through plant combustion chamber and preheat intersection in 3D were predicted and visualized. The optimization in real time has shown the amount of each input parameters to meet the optimal operating conditions. Finally, the response charts between the input and output parameters are presented to monitor the dependence among these parameters. Further simulations have to be done to include the geometry dimensions as input parameters.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128109304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High rate, low F:M anaerobic treatment of medium strength waste streams using the static granular bed reactor for renewable energy production 采用静态颗粒床反应器对中等强度废液进行高速率、低F:M厌氧处理，用于可再生能源生产

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/001

T. Ellis, K. M. Evans

{"title":"High rate, low F:M anaerobic treatment of medium strength waste streams using the static granular bed reactor for renewable energy production","authors":"T. Ellis, K. M. Evans","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/001","url":null,"abstract":"A new high rate, low food to microorganism (F:M) anaerobic treatment system has been developed for maximizing the conversion efficiency of organic matter to energy in the form of methane for medium strength (1–10 g COD L –1 ) waste streams. The system, termed the static granular bed reactor (SGBR), utilizes a downflow hydraulic regime through a dense bed of active anaerobic granules that can accommodate higher suspended solids concentrations than its counterpart, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor which is susceptible to solids washout due to the high (up to 1 m h –1 ) upflow velocities. Theoretical considerations for the SGBR are presented with results from SGBR treatment of synthetic (non-fat dry milk and sucrose) and actual (pork slaughterhouse and landfill leachate) wastewaters documenting the high efficiency (consistently greater than 90% conversion of COD) and excellent effluent characteristics (typically less than 50 mg L –1 total suspended solids and BOD5). Transient hydraulic and organic loads have relatively little effect on the SGBR as evidenced by consistent performance during an instantaneous shift in the hydraulic residence time from 36 to 5 h. In addition, results from variable reactor seeding from 25 to 100% of bed volume showed relatively little dependence of granule bed mass on effluent characteristics. This finding confirms independent results showing that a large fraction of the granule bed is substrate limited and available as reserve biomass. These results help explain the excellent treatment performance and resiliency of the SGBR regardless of hydraulic and organic loading. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of the granules showed distinct microbial","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114635150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perspectives Of Refuse-derived Fuel In Romania After Entrance Into The EU 罗马尼亚加入欧盟后对垃圾燃料的展望

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/023

E. Rada, M. Ragazzi, I. Istrate

{"title":"Perspectives Of Refuse-derived Fuel In Romania After Entrance Into The EU","authors":"E. Rada, M. Ragazzi, I. Istrate","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/023","url":null,"abstract":"On 1 January 2007, Romania entered the European Union. For that reason Romania must comply with all the EU directives in the field of the management of the environment. In 2007, in Romania, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) was generally landfilled without pre-treatment and energy valorization absent. Some initiatives are in progress but landfilling is still dominant. The entrance in the EU gave an important push to the industrial sectors, increasing the demand of fuels. In this frame an important option regards the use of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) as industrial fuel substitute. In Romania, SRF could be generated from MSW using the bio-drying process with post-separation of inert fractions as the percentage of organic fraction in the residual MSW is significant. Today in Romania bio-drying plants for residual municipal waste (RMSW) are under discussion but not yet implemented. The present paper deals with the potential use of SRF in Romania. Some aspects of local and global environmental impact related to a partial substitution of conventional fuels with SRF for industrial uses are discussed too. Some considerations are also based on the assessment of the Romanian SRF characteristics that could be potentially generated. The scenarios that are discussed concern the use of SRF obtainable taking into account also the development of the Romanian MSW composition and the effects of the selective collection evolution.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126712763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Waste As A Resource In The United Kingdom: Energy And Sustainability 废物在英国作为一种资源:能源和可持续性

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/022

A. Arias-García, R. Lambourne

{"title":"Waste As A Resource In The United Kingdom: Energy And Sustainability","authors":"A. Arias-García, R. Lambourne","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/022","url":null,"abstract":"In the world in which we live, where environmental issues are becoming increasingly important, seeing waste as a resource and recovering as much of its value as possible is an imperative. The aim of this paper is to offer a review of the waste management activities currently being undertaken in the United Kingdom (UK) and to provide a viewpoint on the reasons for technology choice. These reasons should be a key study focus to provide the tools for refining and improving practices. From an environmental viewpoint and looking at the global warming potential of any waste management solution, it is clear that the choice should always aim to minimise Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. However, we still see facilities being built where the choice is far from the best environmental solution. Among the factors affecting the technology choice an important one is legislation, though it can still serve as a barrier to the successful integration of different mechanisms; in other cases the answer comes from technology limitations or economic balance. Analysing the outcomes and assessing the reasons for the technology choice in the UK is an essential exercise if we want to progress towards a truly sustainable pattern of waste management. The authors have identified a number of issues that affect waste management in the UK; namely the implementation of the Landfill Directive, the Waste Incineration Directive, renewable energy incentives and the unproven status of some technologies. The UK market represents a great opportunity for European technology providers and other sector stakeholders. However, understanding the UK business model is essential. This analysis could help European businesses that are achieving excellence in other countries to find the appropriate pathways to successfully bring the best solutions to the UK. .","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study and model validation of waste gasification in an up-draft fixed-bed gasifier 上送风固定床气化废物的实验研究及模型验证

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/015

N. Verdone, P. Filippis, M. Scarsella, B. Caprariis

{"title":"Experimental study and model validation of waste gasification in an up-draft fixed-bed gasifier","authors":"N. Verdone, P. Filippis, M. Scarsella, B. Caprariis","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/015","url":null,"abstract":"Gasification has been identified as a key technology to enhance the environmental tolerability of low quality fuels such as waste and biomass. In this work, the performances of a laboratory scale gasification process fed with waste are reported. Among the several technical choices, the up-draft fixed-bed gasifier was selected as an interesting solution for heat generation in small-scale applications, due to the characteristics of simple geometry and low cost. The experimental setup is composed of an up-draft gasifier followed by a reactor used as filter to remove the particulate and as second thermal and catalytic stage to convert the produced tar to lighter species. A literature model has been adapted to the case under study to analyse the influence of operative parameters such as oxidant flow rate (equivalent and air/steam ratio values) and gasification temperature of the process. The original literature model considers the species gas evolution along the axial coordinate only and does not include time dependency. To make the model time dependent, the consumption time of the gasification fuel bed estimated from experiments was introduced. Furthermore the modelling of the oxidation zone was introduced, adding the char combustion equation. Since the model concerns only the gasification, the up-draft process was split into two consecutive steps to allow direct comparison between experimental and simulated data: first the drying and pyrolysis processes and then the fixed bed gasification. During the pyrolysis, a second stage reactor for the tar reforming was included, allowing a tar reduction of about 85 %. The model was successfully validated with experimental data and then was used to predict the operative parameters that determine the optimal syngas composition. The best syngas composition (35% CO and 10% H2) was obtained with an equivalent ratio of 0.6 and a bed temperature of 1100 K.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130990823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization Of Physical And Chemical Properties Of Fuel Containing Animal Waste 含动物粪便燃料的理化性质研究

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/007

M. Wzorek

引用次数: 2

Evaluation Of Thermodynamic Efficiency Of Biowaste Gasification 生物废弃物气化热力学效率评价

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-30 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-78466-060-4/013

K. Ptasinski

引用次数: 0