WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Housing Land-Use Effect on Spatial Dynamics","authors":"T. Moroke","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter’s aim is to explore the level of spatial aggregation in a quest to understand spatial behavioural changes prompted by land use for housing as a preliminary development requisite in a given spatial unit. This includes focusing on issues of spatial organisation, transport systems and connectivity, and dispersal of human activities in space in order to determine how these urban systems react to spatial and socio-economic opportunities leveraged by clustering of housing development. Perhaps more significantly, understand the processes of housing configuration emergence and agglomeration that position it as a trigger mechanism to plethora of urban land uses and its sphere of influence to contextual factors. With the goal of escalating spatial transformation in Republic of South Africa (RSA) that is reflecting mounting concern, the issue of land use for housing tranches in the streams of spatial injustices, lack of spatial coherence and spatial segregation that emanate from the historical spatial imbalances. The aspects of analysis will direct attention towards evaluating the influence and appropriateness of policies in execution of spatial transformation.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122717874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Planning as Basis for Guiding Sustainable Land Use Management","authors":"D. Okeke","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/007","url":null,"abstract":"In the past fi ve decades the focus of planning component for sustainable land use management is torn between form and process. With the inception of neoliberalism in global economics in the late 20 century, the focus on process in planning gained momentum in core capitalist countries where the production of planning knowledge is known to concentrate. As this trend spread into developing countries, the meaning of spatial planning exploded into a complex web of characteristics, attributes, classifi cations and conceptualizations that have continued to evolve in diverse directions with no clear direction towards a universally accepted consensus, notwithstanding the stake-holding intervention of UN-Habitat. In effect substantive issues in planning that measure urban fabric indicators fell into insignifi cance as generic issues that explain process rise to pave way for market forces to determine urban form. Spatial planning competes or at the best cooperates with infrastructure planning especially transportation planning to determine land use in managing urban regions. As it were the emerging spatial patterns of space economy in Africa, represented mainly by development corridors, confl ict with requisite theoretical foundation of form and function that delivers growth in tandem with the shaping of cities. The reversal of this trend in Africa is restrained under the weight of neo-liberal global economic system and its planning theory component. However, this reversal is in contention and this requires visionary review and integration of existing classic and neo-liberal theories of spatial planning. In the African region very limited effort in this direction is found outside South Africa where the amalgamation of planning concepts is underway. Already, an independent source postulates strategic spatial planning concept [1,2]. Mindful of the peculiar nature of South Africa’s experience compared with other political economies in Africa, a case study of this Act is undertaken to seek principles and guidelines for application in the integration of a continental model. www.witpress.com, ISSN 1755-8336 (on-line) WIT Transactions on State of the Art in Science and Engineering, Vol 86, © 2015 WIT Press doi:10.2495/978-1-84566-077-2/007 154 LAND USE MANAGEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122986325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inland Intermodal Terminals And Freight Logistics Hubs","authors":"G. Villiers","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127002228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Green Corridors Crossing Large Infrastructure In Metropolitan Areas","authors":"W. Timmermans, E. Cilliers, V. Kuypers","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-077-2/001","url":null,"abstract":"Metropolitan areas have a growing need for better connections with inter-urban green areas, which are better dissected by large infrastructure networks. This chapter analyses the planning process of the green Craailo bridge in the Netherlands, the world’s largest artifi cial and a very expensive nature bridge. The planning process appears to have been far from linear. In fact, many incidents, sudden changes and unexpected opportunities were evident during the planning process, not described in common planning literature. The complexity perspective and planning process of the Craailo bridge were analysed based on several policy documents that were scrutinised, along with 19 interviews conducted with key players. A new perspective on highly complex planning processes in the spatial planning practice was introduced as a fi nal result of this research.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121464995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Pellet Quality","authors":"A. García-Maraver, M. Carpio","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/002","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of pellets depends on two general factors: (1) the characteristics of the raw material itself, directly related to its chemical composition and (2) the operative variables of the pelletization process, which influence the physical and mechanical properties of the pellets produced. A suitable combination of these two factors is necessary to obtain a qualified energy product. The European Union has established standards, guidelines and thresholds for solid biofuels in order that they can be properly used and marketed as renewable fuels.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124098992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slagging And Fouling Risks Derived From The Combustion Of Solid Biofuels","authors":"D. Vega-Nieva, A. García-Maraver, L. Ortiz","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/008","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in biomass combustion has grown exponentially in the last years, as it represents a means of renewable heat and energy that also promotes local development and mitigates climate change. However, the slagging and fouling risks of many potential feedstocks, given their high alkali, silica or chlorine contents, currently limit their application in combustion processes. This chapter presents various methods for monitoring biomass slagging and predicting fouling hazard. Discussion also addresses how the presence of such components may affect the formation of deposits in biomass boilers.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133729533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass Pellet-Fired Boilers","authors":"J. A. Perez-Jimenez","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/005","url":null,"abstract":"Wood fire has been used as a heat source for thousands of years. Nonetheless, the methods for burning wood have progressed to very automatic and controlled combustion systems. The pressure to develop systems that minimize air pollution and maximize heating efficiency has led to imaginative and innovative new designs. Provided that firewood is grown in a sustainable manner and used in efficient combustion systems with insignificant hydrocarbon emissions, firewood is a renewable energy source. Already today, it is a significant heating source in most of the world. Due to its potential of being CO2 neutral, an increased use of small-scale combustion can have a significant impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The fuels in use are mainly wood logs, but the use of densified biomass in the form of pellets or briquettes is playing an important role, especially in the residential and public sectors. In this regard, it has to be noted that the use of traditional batch-fired systems burning firewood has been augmented because of the introduction of systems designed to burn pelletized wood wastes, agricultural grains or woodchips. Due to the fact that intelligent design and sophisticated technology have resulted in several types of biomass heating systems, the aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the domestic pellet boilers.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133999984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits From The Use Of Pellet Boilers In The Energy Rating Of Buildings","authors":"M. Carpio, A. García-Maraver","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/010","url":null,"abstract":"Using renewable energy contributes to reducing CO2 emissions and improves energy ratings. The building sector is responsible for a significant portion of global CO2 emissions. European Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings, and the recast in Directive 2010/31/EU, configures the legislative framework of the European Union with respect to the energy rating of buildings in Member States. This chapter summarizes the different transpositions regarding energy ratings and renewable energy sources, and more specifically it examines the CO2 emissions and the energy rating using pellet boilers with different climatic conditions, based on real cases. It is concluded that replacing gasoil by wood pellets can lead to reductions in CO2 emissions that range from 82.91% to 95.28%. Such a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions directly affects the final energy rating, improving it as much as four levels on a scale of seven levels. Meanwhile, the economic savings from using wood pellets instead of gasoil may reach 68.82%.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130970724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Transformation Processes Of Forest Biomass: Chipping, Bundling, Drying And Control Of Particle Size Distribution","authors":"D. Vega-Nieva, L. Ortiz","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/003","url":null,"abstract":"Forest biomass is characterized by physical properties such as high moisture content, low density and heterogeneous particle size, which condition its direct use for combustion. Hence, processes of physical transformation are previously required to obtain products of higher energetic value, reducing transport costs and allowing for homogeneous boiler feeding. The biomass harvesting processes, as well as the logistic options for chipping and bundling, are described in this chapter, which offers a summary of the costs of such operations measured in forest biomass logistic studies in Spain. Studies on natural versus controlled drying of chips and bundles are also discussed, and general recommendations for the management of moisture content and the prevention of self-ignition risk during storage are given. Finally, experiments to date involving the screening and size reduction of forest biomass are summarized.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126899667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass Pelletization Process","authors":"A. García-Maraver, M. Carpio","doi":"10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-78466-062-8/004","url":null,"abstract":"The production of energy by means of biomass has shown a clear trend towards the use of pellets due to their homogeneous size, which facilitates handling and feeding while also reducing costs associated with storage and transportation. The pellet quality depends on the properties of the feedstock and on the operative variables of the densification process. Quality parameters can be modified by adapting the process to the raw material to be pelletized. Whereas wood pellets from forestry residues already have successfully established technologies and markets, there is a need to develop the pelletization of agricultural biomass, which is periodically planted and harvested, and holds great energy potential, especially in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134033800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}