International Journal of Virtual Reality最新文献

{"title":"HDFx: A Novel Immunomodulator and Potential Superbug Super - Warrior for Hospitalized Patients and Battlefield Casualties","authors":"Altura Bm","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160003E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160003E","url":null,"abstract":"1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA. 2 Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA. 3 The Center for Cardiovascular and Muscle Research, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA 4 The School of Graduate Studies in Molecular and Cellular Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA. 5 Bio-Defense Systems, Inc, Rockville Centre, New York, USA. 6 Orient Biomedica, Inc, Estero, Florida, USA.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Zika Virus Crosses The Placental Barrier","authors":"Sidra Shafique","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160006","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemic of Zika Virus (ZV) drastically affected the health of more than one million people in Brazil resulting in twenty-fold increase of microcephaly (head circumference of newborn baby being less than or equal to thirty-two cms) in infected pregnant women. ZV crosses the placental barrier between maternal and fetal compartments. ZV has been found in amniotic fluid and fetal brain tissue of the human pregnancies complicated with ZV infection and microcephaly supporting cause and effect relationship between ZV and microcephaly. New knowledge about how ZV enters into the cells is mandatory for preventive and therapeutic research. ZV is a Flavivirus, therefore the Flavivirus receptors are candidate receptors for ZV too. ZV has been associated with high level of TYRO3 and AXL component of TAM, a Tyrosine Kinase receptor family, expression in the infected skin cells and neuronal stem cells. It predicts that AXL receptors may facilitate ZV entry into the trophoblasts and endothelial cells lining the fetal vessels present in the placenta. This hypothesis stems from the reported studies on ZV and AXL receptor expression, both in human tissues and animal models. If our hypothesis proves to be valid, it would be a great step towards the drug and therapeutic development to prevent ZV crossing the placental barrier and resulting in complications.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"23-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granzyme B produced by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Promotes Antigen uptake While Suppressing Premature T cell Activation","authors":"D. Fabricius, T. Trzaska, B. Jahrsdörfer","doi":"10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00113","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to the impact GzmB has on antigen uptake, the way it cleaves peptides can result in fragments that represent neo-antigens, allowing the establishment of increased immune responses towards such antigens [16,17]. Thus, one reason for The serine protease granzyme B (GzmB) is classically known to be an apoptogenic effector molecule produced by cytotoxic cells including NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes [1]. However,a series of further cell types are able to express GzmB, most of them in the absence of perforin.Below them are different antigen-presenting cells (APC) including B cells [2, 3], monocyte derived dendritic cells [4, 5] and plasmacytoid dendritic cells [6, 7]. Meanwhile we know that GzmB contributes to a variety of APC-related functions. GzmB may therefore represent a promising novel target for the improvement of vaccination approaches based on the use of pDC and other dendritic cell types expressing GzmB.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"01-03"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67333135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Oman, 1980-2015","authors":"A. St, A. rd","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160005","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 110,000 infants are born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) each year worldwide [1] CRS can lead to a variety of birth defects, most importantly hearing impairment, congenital heart disease, cataracts, and mental retardation. Many of the CRS manifestations are readily identified during infancy and described as early-onset manifestations [2].","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"74 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory - Proliferative Adaptation","authors":"R. Skopec","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160004","url":null,"abstract":"We try to interpret origin and complexity of life in terms of ‘entropy dissipation’, and how the complexity of life could arise by ‘internal selection’ without the need of ‘Darwinian theory of natural selection’. Have physicists found the underlying science driving the origin and evolution of life ? It follows from the fundamental laws of physics. From this standpoint, there is one essential difference between living subjects and their corresponding inanimate carbon atoms: The former tend to be much better at capturing energy from their environment and dissipating that energy as heat. The mathematical formula, based on established physics, indicates that when a group of atoms is driven by an external source of energy and surrounded by a heat bath, will often gradually restructure itself in order to dissipate increasingly more energy. Under similar conditions, matter inexorably acquires the key physical attribute associated with life. From the perspective of the PrigogineEngland physics, Darwinian evolution is only a special case of more general phenomenon. *Corresponding Author: Robert Skopec, Researcher Analyst, AXON, Dubnik, Slovakia. E-mail: zxcbnvm7@gmail.com Received: July 21, 2016 Accepted: July 25, 2016 Published: August 04, 2016 Citation: Robert Skopec (2016) Inhibitory Proliferative Adaptation. Int J Vaccines Res. 3(3), 19-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160004 Copyright: Robert Skopec© 2016. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribu tion and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Theoretical results of physicists from Prigogine to England are generally considered valid. Their formula represents the driving force behind a class of phenomena in nature that includes life. A system of particles is driven by an oscillating force. Over time (top-down), the force triggers the formation of more bonds among the particles. At the heart of Prigogine-England theory is the second law of thermodynamics, the law of increasing entropy (the arrow of time) [3, 7]. The energy tends to disperse or spread out as time progresses. Entropy is the measure of this tendency. It increases as a matter of probability: There are more ways for energy to be spread out than for it to be concentrated. The entropy must increase over time in an isolated or “closed” system-an “open” system can keep its entropy low-that is, divide energy unevenly among atoms-by greatly increasing the entropy of its surroundings. In his influential 1944 monograph “What Is Life ?” physicist E. Schrὅdinger argued that this is what living systems must do. The overall entropy of the universe increases during photosynthesis as the sunlight dissipates, even as the plant prevents itself from decaying by maintaining an orderly internal structure. In the late 1990s, it was shown that entropy produced by a thermodynamic process corr","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination and Autism: Evidence and Vaccine Compliance in Australia","authors":"Isaac Golden","doi":"10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00111","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Australian Government health sites state that there is no link between vaccination and autism. These claims influence public health policy surrounding vaccination in Australia. Method: An examination of four Australian and one American Government sites was undertaken to identify original research articles examining the link between vaccination and autism. Claims concerning vaccination and autism are found to be based primarily on 23 original research articles. An analysis of relevant articles was made to see if a comparison between fully vaccinated (V) and completely unvaccinated (CUV) children was undertaken. Results: It is shown that none of the articles identified undertook a substantive comparison between V and CUV children. They do show that there is no significant difference in rates of autism in differently vaccinated groups of children, but without a comparison of V and CUV children they cannot make any final conclusions about a link between autism and vaccination. Discussion: To assess whether appropriate research can be undertaken to further examine any possible association between vaccination and autism, the numbers of unvaccinated children in ageappropriate cohorts in Australia are estimated. Sufficient numbers are found to permit statistically significant findings to be made. Further, it is shown that using a retrospective cohort based analysis of children at primary school will remove ethical issues relating to the denial of vaccination. Conclusion: It is concluded that the research identified will assist efforts to maximise vaccination compliance as well as better inform the Australia Government concerning public policy surrounding vaccination as well as the need for a vaccine damage compensation scheme.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"01-05"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67332992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of IPV Introduction in National Immunization Schedule and Strategies to Combat Shortages","authors":"Sharma Pragya, Rathi Akanksha, Taneja Dk, G. Suneela","doi":"10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2473-2176/1/2/00110","url":null,"abstract":"With the upcoming globally synchronized switch from t OPV to b OPV for commitment of countries to be free from t OPV, 156 countries have pledged to stop using the same and replace it either with b OPV and IPV combination or only IPV. Thus there is humongous demand of IPV against the production capacity of the vaccine across the globe. There is an urgent need to explore various strategies to combat the forthcoming crisis in the given demand supply shortage and also in the post eradication era. Also it is important to consider the cost effective strategies for the middle and low income countries for sustainability once IPV has been included in the programme. Received: April 30, 2016; Accepted: May 10, 2016; Published: June 28, 2016 *Corresponding author: Dr. Pragya Sharma, Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India, E-mail:","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"36 1","pages":"01-03"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67333210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Approach on Shelf Life Stability of Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Produced from Imported and Locally Formulated Bulk in Private Sector Facility of Pakistan","authors":"Hassan Ak, A. Kulsum","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160003","url":null,"abstract":"Tetanus is an acute ailment, pictured by the substantial increase in rigidity and spastic cramps in striated muscle. The substandard tetanus toxoid vaccine might increase the incidence of neonatal tetanus. WHO has taken many steps to help national regulatory authorities and vaccine manufacturers to make sure its quality and efficacy. It has developed international principles of stability analysis of every vaccine that is available in the form of recommendations and guidelines. The aim of the present study was to ensure the efficacy of tetanus vaccine produced by manufacturer of private sector (Amson Vaccine and Pharma (Pvt) LTD. Islamabad, Pakistan). All stability studies performed on final products stored at 2-80C and evaluated at near expiry and even three months after its expiry month. The study gives efficacy comparison between Tetanus vaccine injection filled from imported RTF Bulk and Formulated Tetanus Toxoid Bulk from the private sector. The findings indicate that the formulated tetanus vaccine is equally effective when checked its safety profile in live animals. The study also reveals that the product remains stable till last day of its expiry month provided if the cold chain was maintained between 2 80C till consumed.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine killed Kanchha†(?): an analysis of pros vs cons views","authors":"Ghimire Tr","doi":"10.19070/2572-7427-160002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7427-160002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"7-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of genetic variation in IL28B rs12979860 with development of hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Abu Saleh Mohammad Sadequl Islam, M. Mahtab, A. A. Mamun, M. F. Karim, S. M. Akbar, Mohammad Ali, Humayun Sattar, S. Rahman","doi":"10.15226/2473-2176/1/1/00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2473-2176/1/1/00109","url":null,"abstract":"The highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is in Asia, accounting for about 76% of all cases worldwide. In South East Asia, hepatitis B is the most common underlying cause. Although numerous associations between environmental factors (e.g. cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, male gender, older age), viral factors (e.g. viral load, active replication, genotype, core promoter mutations) and the development of HCC in chronic HBV infection have been identified, a clear understanding of the role of host genetics remains elusive. Bangladesh is a densely populated country with about 160 million populations, where HBsAg positivity in the healthy population is 5.4%. To evaluate the role of host IL28B (interleukin 28B; interferon lambda 3) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in predicting hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC susceptibility. Single SNP in the IL28B gene (rs12979860C/T) were examined in 116 subjects (including 44 HBVrelated HCC patients, 42 non-HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B and 30 healthy controls). The study was done at the Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2012 to December 2013.The polymorphism of IL28B rs12979860 was analyzed by a genotyping technique, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction enzyme analysis at the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, BSMMU. The frequency of CC homozygosity was 70% in healthy controls and 45.5% in HCC, the difference being statistically significant (χ2=4.35, P=0.03). Statistically significant difference was also seen between non-HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (69%) and HCC (45.5%) (χ2=4.35, P=0.03). However, this significant finding was not seen between non-HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and healthy controls. Carriers of the minor T allele in rs12979860 had a higher risk of HCC compared with non-carriers (χ2=4.78, P=0.02). Our results suggest that, T allele and non-CC genotypes have strong predictive effect of developing HCC and IL28Brs 12979860 C/T polymorphism might influence susceptibility to HCC.","PeriodicalId":33466,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virtual Reality","volume":"1 1","pages":"01-05"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67333346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}