Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia最新文献

{"title":"County marshal of nobility in the system of local government and self-government in Belarus (1861–1914)","authors":"Andrei R. Ludich","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-38-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-38-46","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the role and place of the marshal of nobility in the system of county administration and self-government in the post-reform period. The object of the study is the institute of county marshals of nobility in the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The study deterncines the changes in the government policy of the Russian autocracy related to the noble elections in Belarus after the 1863–1864 uprising. The main functions of County leaders in the sphere of class self-government are revealed. The main directions of activity of local heads of nobility in management of administrative district institutions are shown. The characteristics of the functioning of the institute of county marshals of nobility on the territory of Belarus are given. As a result of analysis of the laws the conclusion is made that the marshal of the nobility took the place of a full head of county, and during the period under review, the trend of expanding the powers of the marshals of nobility, testified to their transformation from in-class bodies in administrative, public bodies.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43172224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education","authors":"Evgeniya A. Loseva","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-69-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-69-77","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries’ participation in European educational","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69454833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egypt’s major political forces and their relations with the president M. Mursi in 2012–2013","authors":"Aliaksandra A. Kondral","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-72-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-72-81","url":null,"abstract":"Political situation in Egypt has been attracting international attention since 2011, when the wave of protests of so-called Arab Spring swept through the region of Middle East and North Africa. Inspired by democratic slogans of political pluralism, freedom of speech, press and religion, Egyptian revolution led to the political success of the Islamist groups, such as An-Nour and Muslim Brotherhood, that came to power in 2012. The representative of Muslim Brotherhood Mohammed Morsi held his position of the head of the state for a critically short term: had been elected in the end of June 2012, he was overthrown in the beginning of July 2013 by military coup supported by all the political forces of Egypt as well as Egyptian people, who gathered again in the Tahrir Square. Eventually, the people who had voted for Morsi a year before turned against him as well as political forces that used to support Muslim Brotherhood. He didn’t manage to prove his consistency as the president of the country. A number of factors led to this result. Economic situation in Egypt didn’t improve, democratically elected president launched totally undemocratic initiatives, etc. All these factors may be considered as obviously objective reasons for loosing the power. But Egyptian political environment has specific features that should be taken into account while investigating the reasons and factors of Morsi overthrow in 2013. Had being shaped through previous 30 years of Hosni Mubarak power and firmly rooted in Egyptian society, they couldn’t be changed simultaneously after the revolution. Two key players have been occupied leading positions in Egyptian politics during all this period: business elites and army. Both of them had financial and social base and influenced public opinion in the country. Political situation turned to be even more complicated with the vast number of new parties arouse after the revolt. All these players had an important part in Egyptian politics and should have been taken into account by the president. Moreover, his ability to form relationship with them and gain their loyalty was an important condition for maintaining power. Instead, M. Morsi started confrontation with the leading political forces of Egypt. Apparently, this wrong tactics resulted in his overthrow from the presidency in 2013.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Western Belarus in Soviet-Polish relations: from the Treaty of Riga to reunification with the BSSR","authors":"Mikalai M. Miazga","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-17-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-17-26","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to show the role of Western Belarus in the Soviet-Polish relations in 1939–1941. It is revealed that for both the USSR and Poland the Belarusian question had no independent value, and was part of the policy of each of these states, aimed at achieving broader foreign policy goals. For the Soviet leadership, it was a struggle to revise the order of things that was established in Eastern Europe within the framework of the Versailles-Riga system of international relations. This policy assumed the inclusion of Western Belarus in the Soviet state. For Poland, the possession of Western Belarus was one of the most important conditions for achieving great power status, without which it was difficult to resist the Russian-German «geopolitical grip». The outcome of the struggle between the USSR and Poland for the territory of Western Belarus was inextricably connected with the collapse of the Versailles system, which made it possible to reunite Western Belarus with the BSSR.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42150858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful women in the Polish People’s Republic in the light of publications of the magazine «Zwierciadło: Pismo Ligi Kobiet Polskich»","authors":"M. Dajnowicz","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-64-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-64-71","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the scientific research included in the paper was to show the issue of Polish women and the cultural changes in the Polish People’s Republic in the end of 1980s. These transformations were reflected in women’s magazines, including in «Zwierciadło», being also a platform for disseminating the activities of the only official women’s movement at that time – League of Polish Women among readers. The research studies are new; so far scientific research on the importance of the women’s press on the subject of «Zwierciadło» has been conducted only by the author of this study. The method of press analysis, analysing individual studies of the «Zwierciadło» magazine, and the historical method of analysing source documents and literature on the subject were used in the study. As a result of the study, an image of women achieving professional, social and, thus, personal success, disseminated in «Zwierciadło», was shown. The image also demonstrated some role models for women – what the women’s success which Polish women should strive for can and should look like. «Zwierciadło: Pismo Ligi Kobiet Polskich», a magazine addressed to women, was published in 1982–1990 and promoted the organization and its achievements. The magazine sought to present issues concerning the life of Polish women, their everyday problems, but also successes to be enjoyed by Polish women and women from abroad. The magazine provided examples of women’s careers. Professional work was to be a way to personal success and social advancement. The image of successful women presented in the magazine differed from the possibility to achieve the success by typical magazine’s readers, including League of Polish Women members.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45648894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary historiography on the phenomenon of the social cohesion in the period of the Second World War","authors":"Liudmila V. Alieva, L. Antonova, Tatiana G. Khrishkevich","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-7-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-7-16","url":null,"abstract":"The historiography of World War II is one of the most extensive research topics in historical science. Over the years, a comprehensive study of the military, political and economic history of wartime has been conducted. Particular attention during recent decades has been given to the social aspects of the war. However, the topic of social cohesion in the warring countries remains insufficiently analyzed. Thus, the main objective of the article is to analyze the current state of research on social cohesion in the context of World War II in contemporary British, German and Russian historical literature. The present study of the reflection of cohesion problems in Soviet Union, Great Britain and Germany during World War II is based on the principles of a new interdisciplinary branch of social science – anthropology of war. It integrates the achievements, subject areas and research tools of history, sociology, military psychology, cultural studies, pedagogy, medicine and other disciplines that study the existence of people and society at large in wartime conditions. A comparative analysis of the chosen historiography shows that at the present stage there is a commonality of approaches among historians related to interest in certain personalities, everyday life during World War II and war’s gender dimension. The differences in assessments and methods are determined by the role and place of a particular state in the military-political confrontation as well as by prevailing historiographical paradigms. In any case, the theme of social cohesion was not adequately reflected in these studies. In conclusion, the authors note the research potential of analyzing the problems of social cohesion during World War II.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69454815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activities of the Сuratorship of Empress Maria Alexandrovna about the blind in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (late 19th – early 20th centuries)","authors":"Dmitry G. Korsakov","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-56-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-56-63","url":null,"abstract":"The Curatorship of Empress Maria Alexandrovna about the blind made a great contribution to the development of charity in the Russian Empire which at that time included the Belarusian lands. In the Belarusian provinces, the Office became the first institution to focus on giving aid to blind people. The purpose of the article is to review the activities of the Belarusian branches of the Curatorship of Empress Maria Alexandrovna about the blind and to show their contribution to the development of social assistance and the struggle with blindness in our country. This topic hasn’t been thoroughly studied in native historiography yet and thus it remains relevant for a research. Besides this, in modern Republic of Belarus the traditions of private charity which had been interrupted in the Soviet period began to revive, this obviously increasing the interest to the experience of charity institutions of the past. The article regards the formation and development of the branches of the Curatorship in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire. The main forms and methods of their activity as well as the sources of financing are identified. The main achievements and results of their work are analyzed. The assembled material gives an idea of the condition of the charity system of the blind in the Belarusian lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The research is based on the materials obtained in national and Russian libraries, a number of sources being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43107878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaflets and appeals of the central committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus to the Soviet citizens in German-occupied Belarus","authors":"Eugeniusz Mironowicz","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-27-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-27-35","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the content of the appeal leaflets was to show what the Soviet leadership set for the people responsible for propaganda. The image of the enemy presented to the Belarusian society convinced them to uncompromising fight. The propaganda also left no doubt that any work strengthening the occupants’ potential was a betrayal of the Soviet homeland. It reminded that the loyalty of the inhabitants of occupied Belarus should be shown only to the Soviet authorities. The one more goal of the research was to show the effects of propaganda work. They were clearly visible. This was manifested by a powerful guerrilla movement on the territory of the republic and a small, compared to neighboring republics Lithuania and Ukraine, implementation of imposed standards for the supply of labor to Germany and food contingents.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43402807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the future? Crisis of constitutional democracy and traces of a Bolshevik past","authors":"Nagalia Shubhra","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-36-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-4-36-46","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the world over a debate is going on regarding the usefulness of the forms of democracy that different states have adopted over time. The meaning and associations with the concept of democracy and its attendant political forms have changed at critical points in history. These changes have been attributed both to, evolutionary and revolutionary impulses that have expanded or transformed the ways in which democracy and the relationship of its political forms with the people had been primarily understood. The most enduring association of democracy with freedom and equality is a historical product that came into being with the onset of capitalism with its philosophical basis in political liberalism. The dominance of capitalist liberal democracy has given such stability to this association that “democracy” can no longer be imagined in any other political imaginary and that its associated meanings of freedom and equality are self-evident and inherent not only to the concept itself but to capitalism. The paper interrogates such ahistorical understanding of the concept of democracy and recuperates the radical history of contentions over its meanings and its most abiding political form i. e. constitutional democracy. The transcendence of national boundaries towards a global citizenship has put a strain on the fundamental operative terrain of constitutional democracy. The values of freedom and equality laid out in the Constitution premised on a liberal contract are more undermined today, than ever before with transnational capital and global citizenship breaking the bounds of constitutional purview. This has brought the concept and political forms of constitutional democracy into a state of crisis today. Can re-looking at the past traces of suppressed contentions over the meaning and forms of democracy give us any insight as to how we can work through the constitutional crisis today? If the meaning and associations with democracy is not eternal but historical, can we bring it them within other political imaginaries?","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41753933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reforming the ideology of the French Socialist Party in 1980–90s: between embracing innovation and loyalty to tradition","authors":"Eugene G. Kolb","doi":"10.33581/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-92-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-92-100","url":null,"abstract":"The need to reform the ideology of the French Socialist Party (FSP) was due to the political difficulties of the party, caused by the contradiction between the pragmatic policy of socialist governments, which recognized the changes of French society, and the party’s ideology rooted in the traditional principles of French socialism. In the 1980s FSP doctrine shifted toward social democracy, which was formalized at its 1991 congress, and the program and election promises of the FSP became more moderate and realistic. Nevertheless, the FSP refused to fundamentally revise the main principles of party doctrine, and after 1993 began proclaiming its fealty to traditional ideals, while continuing to refrain from radical proposals in the socioeconomic sphere. Rejection of a genuine reform of party doctrine was due to the fact that a change in the ideological identity of the FSP was not supported by the majority of party members, and could also threaten to weaken the position of the FSP among the left electorate and risk the loss of allies in the left camp.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47699218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}