Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia最新文献

{"title":"The role of activity of Orthodox parish clergy in Belarus during the Nazi occupation (1941–1944)","authors":"S. Silova","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-6-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-6-14","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of documents from various archives, little-known pages of the history of the Orthodox Church in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War are being investigated. The main directions of activity of the Orthodox clergy during the years of the Nazi occupation, previously not of interest to the national historical science, are revealed. The author reflects the role of individual priests in the normalization and development of parish life and the salvation of parishioners. The examples show the forms of interaction of the Orthodox clergy with partisan and underground movements, the problems of relations with representatives of the occupying power and collaboration.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48196952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everyday labour life in occupied Belarus in 1941–1944 (on the basis of the German trophy documents)","authors":"A. G. Tsimbal","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-15-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-15-25","url":null,"abstract":"Everyday work of Belarusian citizens during the German occupation is explored on the basis of German trophy documents. The article is based on the materials of the Fund 378 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. The documents give an idea of many aspects of occupational life through the prism of the activities of one institution – the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» and shed light on many «white spots» of the everyday work of the population of Belarus. The presented study aims, first of all, to introduce into scientific circulation a significant set of factual material on the problem of everyday work and the use of local people labour by the occupation authorities. That shows the problem from a new perspective and creates factual basis for further conceptual study of the issue. The German occupation authorities gave exceptional importance to the issue of gaining the support of the population of Belarus. With this purpose, they developed directive documents, analyzed the mood and labour potential of local workers. Using the method of «carrots and sticks», the railway management in occupied Belarus understood that it depended on the local population, therefore, in addition to repressive methods and the organization of the control system, the issues of providing products and creating social guarantees were raised. The wage premiums, bonuses, rewards, delivery of products and delicacies, charity and assistance to the families of employees were supposed to increase productivity and stimulate the work of local railway workers. However, the occupation authorities regularly noted a low desire to work and the escape of local workers to the partisans. The introduction to the scientific turnover of the information of the unique documents of Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» can not only significantly extend the factual basis of the research of the period of German occupation of Belarus, but also pose a number of theoretical questions. New documentary sources make it possible to add to the currently existing assessment of the use of labour by the local population solely as betrayal or forced slave labor. Using new sources and modern methodological approaches, the survival strategies of ordinary people under occupation should be analyzed. Information sources of the сollection of documents of the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» raise questions about the conditions of survival of local workers at other enterprises, in other fields of labour and regions of the occupied territory of Belarus.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41890710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of zemski obligations’ system on the territory of the Belarusian provinces (the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century)","authors":"N. S. Motorova","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-38-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-38-45","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, based on the analysis of legal acts, changes in the system of zemsky obligations on the territory of the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century are characterized for the first time. It was noted that in the post-reform period it functioned on the basis of the 1851 Rules of the New Organization of the Zemsky Obligations, but its structure gradually included expenditures on social sphere: financing the rural-medical part, the maintenance of institutions departments’ of public charity and primary schools. The corresponding changes were fixed by the laws of 1868, 1883, 1887 and decisions approving zemsky estimates. The study made it possible to identify the main disadvantages of the existing system of zemsky obligations. They included: legislative approval of estimates for a three-year term, the impossibility of prompt redistribution of zemsky funds, bureaucratic procedures for disposing of them, long-term preparation of estimates, which was accompanied by extensive correspondence of central and local authorities. To eliminate these shortcomings, the Ministry of Internal Affairs proposed to reform the existing system of zemsky obligations by introducing Zemstvo self-government on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. However, the ministry met with opposition on this issue from the two most influential dignitaries of the late 19th century: Finance Minister S. Yu. Witte and the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev. An analysis of the estimates of zemsky obligations has led to the conclusion that in the post-reform period the zemsky tax was transformed into the main source to provide the wide range of needs of the local population. At the end of 19th – the beginning of 20th century they amounted to a total of more than 3 million rubles in year. In the structure of the estimates, the share of social spending ranged from 30–40 %. On the territory of the Vitebsk, Minsk and Mogilev provinces these resources were handed over to the institutions of local economy in 1903. In the Grodno and Vilna provinces it was kept the former order of management of the zemsky obligations according to the 1851 Rules of the New Organization of the Zemsky Obligations. Based on the analysis of estimates for these regions, it was first shown the annual amount of expenditures on zemsky duties increased 1.5 times from 1.5 to 2.3 million rubles. At the same time, the share of social spending increased by 1.3 times and reached 48 % on the eve of the First World War. During the post-reform period, the system of zemsky obligations on the territory of the Belarusian provinces underwent a significant evolution. On the basis of an analysis of legal acts and estimates of zemsky duties, it was first proved that this source of local taxation has become the main financial resource for the development of various components of the social sphere in countryside.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46895661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The time of expectations and disappointments: displaying new social and political reality in the letters by Russian soldiers from Romanian front (February – April 1917)","authors":"V. Solovyov, Valeriya S. Lavrenko","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-83-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-83-91","url":null,"abstract":"After the USSR collapse, coming out of October Revolution shadow, the problem of the surrounding reality perception by the First World War soldiers attracts an increasing number of researchers, because it allows a deeper understanding of social and political processes’ nature, which took place in the Russian Empire. And in this regard, the soldiers’ letters are a unique source that allows us synchronizing events at the front with the participants’ attitude towards them. The aim of our study was to reveal the peculiarities of front-line soldiers’ perception of political processes taking place in Russia during February revolution. The work was carried out from the social history point of view and on the basis of microhistorical approach, which involves the study of particular phenomena occurring in the lives of definite individuals of the past, in order to identify the dominant ideas and trends of the society in general. It allowed us realizing the research goals. The «February Report» analysis distinguishes calm moods in the troops and the authors’ of letters confidence in the need to continue the war. There is no doubt that the major culprit for the soldiers’ disasters was the main Russian opponent – Germany. As for the soldiers’ attitude to the socio-political situation change in the country, it is reflected in the report section – The army’s attitude to internal political events. Its materials testify that the main part of soldiers didn’t realize events, which took place at that time. However, the sprouts of revolutionary moods have already given their first shoots. The following March 1917 summary presents us a completely different picture, not like the previous month: high spirits, patriotism, belief in own actions rightness, i.e. the revolution, which took place, had a positive effect on the army’s mood. One can notice confidence in a quick victory over the enemy in soldiers’ letters. At the same time, the number of dramatic changes has being already recorded in the section – «The officer corps’ characteristics» and they were caused by political reforms introduced into the military environment by a new government. The April 1917 summary gives us an opportunity to get acquainted with the soldiers’ perception of reality surrounding them during a period of some emotional sobering, when initial revolutionary passions were somehow declined. And although there still was a large number of letters testifying the soldiers’ conscious awareness of their duty to a motherland, as it could be seen from the Report, the anti-war sentiments were obviously reflected in the military environment. This, in its turn, led to a discipline drop and to an increase of conflicts with the commanders. The authors come to a conclusion that the front-line soldiers’ positive perception of the «new authority» and the political transformations, which were carried out by them, were quickly replaced by a negative attitude towards it, and political reforms led to a decline in di","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69454766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provision of food of Soviet partisans in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War","authors":"A. N. Maksimchik","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-26-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-26-37","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to one of the main problem in the organization and development of the guerrilla movement in the territory of Belarus during the Great Patriotic War. This is a problem provision of food. On the basis of published and archival documents, sources of supply of partisans with food are analyzed, aspects of relations between the civilians and partisans, the role of the Belarusian headquarters of the guerrilla movement and Soviet party authorities in the organization and supply of partisans are considered. The main role in providing partisans with food belonged to civilians. In addition to mutually beneficial cooperation between partisans and the local population, there were frequent cases of confrontation, which did not contribute to the formation of trusting relations, often led to violence and killings. Prevention and suppression of looting, robbery and coercion by partisans was an intractable problem for guiding the partisan movement throughout the entire period of occupation.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45558952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two antiquities – one policy: the «tribute of dorpat» and the «tribute of kazan» in Russian diplomacy and historical thought in 1550–60s","authors":"Ph. D. Podberezkin","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-74-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-74-82","url":null,"abstract":"In the beginning of 1550s the diplomats of Russian Tsar Ivan IV for the first time used the legend about «Kazan tribute» and «Dorpat tribute» to justify the historical rule over Kazan and German Livonia. The story about «Kazan tribute» was firstly mainstreamed during the reign of Ivan IV; however, the «Dorpat tribute» was mentioned in the Russian-Livonian treaties of 15th century – its origin is still unknown. For the first time in historiography this article compares two stories. The author examines the sources of both legends, their author, the role in the justification of the continuity between the ancient Rus’ of Rurikovichi and Moscow Russia of Ivan IV, the relation between the terms «otchina» (paternity), «dan’» (tribute), «zemlya» (land). Since the 1470s Moscow began to rethink the tribute relationships, that had been established in Mongol-Turk political space. This resulted in an attempt to stop the payments for the Chan of Crimea (1473) and to demand the tribute from the Bishop of Dorpat (Russian Yuryev, 1474). Based on the Text of «Primary chronicle» the Russian intellectuals claimed the identity of Volga Bulgaria and Kazan, ancient Russian Yuryev and German Dorpat in the text of Nikon Chronicle. The main criterion for the hereditary rule over the territory was «zemlya» (land) as the political category, regardless of the ethnicity and religion of its population. The author concludes that the courtier Alexey Adashev edited the story about «Dorpat tribute» following the example of «Kazan tribute» story. Thus, there is a direct intertextual dependence between the two stories.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45248410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of state archives of Belarus (1919–1922)","authors":"T. Hiarnovich","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-46-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-46-56","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article was to identify the activities that determined the formation of the state archives of Belarus. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve several problems: 1) identification of sources containing information on the collection of documentary complexes, the acquisition of documents from centralized state archives and the organization of the system of archival institutions; 2) identification of persons who participated in the creation of the Central Archive of the People’s Commissariat of Education of BSSR (Central Archive of BSSR); 3) identification of regulatory documents that preceded the first law on the archives of the BSSR. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of development of the problems identified in the Belarusian archival studies. The article for the first time introduces into the scientific circulation sources about the acquisition of the first state archives, provides information about the funds of institutions, saved thanks to the efforts of D. I. Dovgyallo, N. P. Shklyaev, A. A. Savich, M. A. Vakhayev. The mechanism of transfer of archival complexes to the Central Archive of BSSR structure is revealed. Information is provided on the organizational, methodological foundations of the organization of the archival industry in the BSSR. As the predecessor institutions of the Central Archive of BSSR, the activities of the subdivision of the protection of monuments of antiquity and art of the art department of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the BSSR and the academic center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the BSSR are considered. It is concluded that the activities of the People’s Commissariat of Education and the dedicated efforts of historians and archivists were also the basis for the creation of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus, the National Historical Archives of Belarus. Based on the information revealed, it is proposed to clarify the history of archival institutions and revise the dates of their establishment. As a result of a comparative analysis of the normative acts on the archives of the RSFSR and the BSSR, a similarity of the wording of the original editions and theoretical guidelines of the first normative acts on the archives was revealed. It is concluded that the archives in the BSSR was determined under the influence of the regulations of the RSFSR. However, it is noted that the practical work on the preservation of archives, their unification into large complexes and the creation of a network of state archival institutions in the early 1920s in the BSSR was carried out exclusively by internal forces, on the basis of normative legal acts issued by republican government bodies.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47886770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Russian historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire (1861–1914): approaches to the study, methodology and research methodology","authors":"E. A. Brukhanchik","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-101-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-101-109","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the Russian historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. Its purpose is to study the main methodological approaches to research of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historiography by identifying the main approaches and characteristic features of research on this topic in different historiographic periods, identifying the most prominent representatives and the most popular problematic issues of Russian historiography, identifying key research methods at different stages. The relevance of the article is determined by the coverage of different points of view on the problems of the development of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, concerning the financing of large infrastructure projects, modernization, the use of new financial instruments to increase government revenues, stabilize adverse macroeconomic problems context. This information can be used to solve modern strategic tasks of the state and rational use of financial resources. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that to study the historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was first applied to institutional evolutionary theory. The publication identifies the main features of pre-revolutionary historiography (empiricism, a reflection of the ideology of its social group, pluralism of opinions, deep erudition of the authors), Soviet (conducting research in the framework of the formation approach, officially approved methodological principles, criticism and repression of dissidents), modern (rejection of the formation approach, the use of information technologies, the use of economic research methods, the study of the object in the context of new directions). The author covers research methods (general scientific, historical, economic), characteristic for different periods of Russian historiography, the most popular problems, and areas of study of the credit and financial system (gender history, biography, everyday history, etc.). The article shows the pluralism of opinions of pre-revolutionary researchers, the results of the application of the formation approach by Soviet researchers, expressed in the harsh criticism of predecessors, one-sided coverage of events, the use of various research methods by modern researchers, and the development of new directions.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42694718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Stalin’s сult in Soviet Belarus in 1934–1939","authors":"Alexander A. Huzhalouski","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-57-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-57-67","url":null,"abstract":"Оn the basis of archival sources, periodicals and contemporary research works, сonsolidation of Stalin’s cult in Soviet Belarus is presented in the article. The few works that appeared during the two waves of de-Stalinization – in the second half of the 1950 – 1960s and in the second half of the 1980 – 1990s – did not reveal the phenomenon of the cult of the leader in Soviet Belarus. They only indicated the contours of this problem, without clarifying its essence, specific forms and consequences. The author gives an opportunity to a reader to examine the period from the 17th Congress of the CPSU(b), when the cult began to actively develop until the 60th anniversary of Stalin, when he reached his zenith. Supplemented by unlimited violence, the cult of Stalin was as effective as the Marxist doctrine to mobilize the society for support of Soviet totalitarian regime. The cult origin was rooted in a traditional, archaic society. It had irrational nature, what reflected the entire Soviet political culture. The main tool for leader’s cult construction was the party bureaucracy, true ruling class of Soviet society. The cult was introduced through the propaganda machine and was essentially a state religion with its own sacred texts, dogma, rituals, rites, holidays, and shrines. Under the direction and control of the party leadership, the image of a charismatic leader – the father, the teacher, the creator of a brighter future was purposefully formed during the second half of the 1930s with the help of media, literature, art, and educational institutions.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48863460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warfare in Livonia at the beginning of the 18th century in relations of English ambassador Philippe Plantamour from Berlin","authors":"Mariusz Sawicki","doi":"10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-40-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-40-46","url":null,"abstract":"An important element in current historical research is the analysis of diplomatic relations focusing on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They show the history of the Polish-Lithuanian state, its internal and foreign policy from a different historical perspective. In 1700, the Great Northern War broke out and changed the political power system in Central and Eastern Europe for the next decades. Diplomats from foreign courts were interested in this war, including Philippe Plantamour, secretary of the British embassy in Berlin. He sent his reports to the British Isles in which he posted information on warfare in Livonia. The aim of the article will be to analyze diplomatic reports that can help us answer the question of how the Great Northern War was seen in London. The method used is a critical analysis of the manuscript. The research will explain what information was included in Philippe Plantamours reports and whether they were true.","PeriodicalId":33392,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48084137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}