International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Radiative MHD flow over a vertical permeable surface with synergistic Soret and Dufour effects","authors":"Bandita Das ,&nbsp;Pranjal Saikia ,&nbsp;Sunmoni Mudoi ,&nbsp;Bhaskar Kalita","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the simultaneous influence of Soret (thermo-diffusion) and Dufour (diffusion-thermo) effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow past a radiative elongated vertical plate embedded in a permeable medium, considering heat generation, magnetic fields, and chemical reactions. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations for momentum, energy, and concentration transport are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically via the MATLAB <strong>bvp4c</strong> solver, ensuring stability, convergence, and accuracy. Validation against previously published studies demonstrates excellent agreement, confirming the reliability of the present model. The results reveal pronounced parameter sensitivity of velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. An increase in the magnetic parameter (<span><math><mi>M</mi><mo>:</mo></math></span> 0.5 → 1.5) reduces velocity by 12–15% and lowers the wall temperature gradient by ∼7.6% due to Lorentz force resistance, while radiation (<span><math><mi>R</mi><mo>:</mo></math></span>1 → 3) suppresses velocity by 8–10% and decreases the thermal gradient by ∼6.5%, reflecting enhanced radiative losses. Higher Schmidt number (<span><math><mi>Sc</mi></math></span>: 0 → 1.5) decreases velocity and wall concentration gradient by ∼8% and 10.1%, respectively, whereas the chemical reaction parameter (<span><math><mi>Kc</mi></math></span>: 1 → 3) increases velocity by ∼7% and enhances the concentration gradient by ∼4.4%. The Dufour and Soret effects exhibit dual roles: while both reduce velocity (by ∼7–9% and ∼ 6–8%), they substantially amplify mass transfer, with wall concentration gradients increasing by 66.7% and 37.5%, respectively. These findings establish that magnetic, radiative, and diffusive mechanisms tend to suppress momentum, heat, and mass transport near the wall, whereas Soret and Dufour effects significantly intensify coupled transport processes. The study not only clarifies the competing influences of thermal, solutal, and electromagnetic mechanisms but also provides valuable guidance for optimizing thermal and mass transfer control in MHD-based engineering and porous media applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 110753"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and optimization of a biomimetic lymphatic valve baffle flow channel for PEMFC based on a genetic algorithm","authors":"Haifu Qin,&nbsp;Fayi Yan,&nbsp;Shijie Feng,&nbsp;Yongzhi Su,&nbsp;Xinhai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design and optimization of the flow channel structure have a significant impact on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Inspired by lymphatic valves, this study proposes a biomimetic lymphatic valve baffle flow channel. A three-dimensional PEMFC numerical model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, and the effects of four geometric parameters—baffle angle <span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></math></span>, total number of baffles <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>, inlet baffle height <span><math><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>inlet</mi></msub></math></span>, and outlet baffle height <span><math><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>outlet</mi></msub></math></span>—on the current density and cathode pressure drop of the PEMFC were thoroughly analyzed from the perspectives of flow and mass transport. The results indicate that, compared with the conventional single straight flow channel (CSSFC), the biomimetic lymphatic valve baffle flow channel (BLVBFC) exhibits superior mass transfer capability and effectively enhances the overall cell performance. Furthermore, the geometric parameters of the baffles were selected as optimization variables, and the net power density of the PEMFC was used as the optimization objective. Using a genetic algorithm (GA), the optimal parameter combination was obtained. The optimized design shows that when <span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></math></span> = 18.3996°, <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span> = 25, <span><math><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>inlet</mi></msub></math></span> = 0.5883 mm, and <span><math><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>outlet</mi></msub></math></span> = 0.6683 mm, the PEMFC current density and net power density of the optimal biomimetic lymphatic valve baffle flow channel (OBLVBFC) are improved by 4.79% and 3.73%, respectively. Meanwhile, as the OBLVBFC improves the flow characteristics of the gas, it leads to a 2.98% relative reduction in average liquid water saturation and a 45.06% relative increase in average oxygen concentration at the CGDL-CCL interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 110761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elliptical cooling zone-induced slag dynamics and multi-source data fusion for thickness prediction in industrial furnace cooling staves","authors":"Haifeng Chen,&nbsp;Yuling Zhai,&nbsp;Zhouhang Li,&nbsp;Hua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The longevity of high-temperature metallurgical furnaces critically depends on the spatial uniformity of the protective slag layer adhering to cooling staves. Non-uniform slag distribution, especially localized thinning under intense thermal loads, accelerates cooling stave degradation via cracking and deformation. Traditional optimization strategies focusing on maximizing heat transfer inadvertently form elliptical cooling zones at the slag-stave interface, exacerbating such non-uniformity. This study incorporates dynamic slag behavior into computational models, and thermo-mechanical simulations show that increasing furnace gas temperature from 1500 °C to 1750 °C reduces average slag thickness by 86.9%, while cooling stave peak temperature and maximum thermal deformation increase by 529.5% and 497%, respectively. Temperature-driven interfacial dynamics induce a distinct “edge-thin, center-thick” slag morphology with a maximum thickness variation of 7.76 mm. This is attributed to high-efficiency heat transfer tubes, which generate elliptical cooling zones at 1750 °C, causing significant interfacial temperature gradients (Δ<em>T</em> = 784.5 °C, ranging 590.3–1519.55 °C) and thus reducing local slag thickness from 8.70 mm to 0.94 mm. Direct in-situ measurement of the variable slag layer is challenging, as conventional electronic sensors cannot withstand such extreme temperatures. To address this, a multi-source data fusion approach (integrating cooling water thermodynamics, tube wall temperatures, and interfacial heat flux) is adopted, identifying three nonlinear relationships: (1) strong inverse correlation (<em>R</em>² = 0.9989) between average slag thickness and cooling water temperature difference; (2) negative correlation (<em>R</em>² = 0.9973) between average slag thickness and tube wall temperature; (3) localized inverse correlation (<em>R</em>² = 0.9134) between interfacial temperature and slag thickness. These findings provide a reference model for precise control of slag uniformity and for predicting cooling stave cracking and deformation. Furthermore, they clarify the synergistic interactions among slag, furnace walls, and cooling tubes. The results challenge the conventional ‘maximize heat transfer’ approach and advance theoretical frameworks for optimizing kilns and furnaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 110775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven artificial neural network-based Levenberg-Marquardt approach for predicting heat flux in magnetized viscoelastic fluid flow around a solid sphere","authors":"Kezheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Khalid Masood ,&nbsp;Zeeshan ,&nbsp;Nehad Ali Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixed convection (MC) arises from the mutual effects of buoyancy-driven free convection and externally induced forced convection, both of which significantly influence heat and momentum transport. This study examines MC flow of a viscoelastic fluid across a spherical surface under magnetic and buoyancy effects. This study introduces, for the first time, a hybrid numerical–data-driven framework that integrates the Keller–Box finite-difference method (KBFDM) with a Levenberg–Marquardt–optimized recurrent neural network to accurately model magnetically influenced MC flow (ANN-LMA). The governing nonlinear equations are converted into dimensionless and solved numerically to generate a reliable dataset for training and validation of the ANN model. The influences of key parameters, including the Prandtl number <span><math><mfenced><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>Pr</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span>, viscoelastic parameter <span><math><mfenced><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>K</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span>, mixed convection parameter <span><math><mfenced><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>₁</mo><mo>≤</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span>, and magnetic parameter <span><math><mfenced><mrow><mn>0.2</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span>, are analyzed through velocity and temperature profiles. Results indicate that increasing Prandtl number reduces both velocity and temperature, while stronger viscoelastic effects suppress velocity and enhance thermal distribution. An upsurge in the MC factor augments both flow and temperature fields. The precision of the hybrid model is verified using mean square error, regression analysis, and error histograms, achieving high precision with errors in the range of 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁸.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 110732"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of performance of bifurcations in thermal systems with new correlations for estimating Nusselt number and loss coefficient","authors":"Sarangrab Roy Chowdhury,&nbsp;Kaustav Pradhan","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Branching networks are continuously being contemplated for use in compact heat transfer systems. They are constructed by connecting straight tubes through bifurcations. The present study investigates the thermo-hydraulic performance of three different bifurcation geometries, viz. symmetric Y-bifurcation, T-bifurcation and asymmetric Y-bifurcation. The velocity and temperature contours show a complementary nature wherein low velocity regions correspond to high temperatures and vice-versa. New quantitative parameters viz. relative secondary strength (<em>E</em>_s/t), velocity non-uniformity (δ_<em>v</em>), temperature non-uniformity (δ_<em>t</em>) and the performance index (ξ) are introduced to understand the effects of the geometry on the flow field and thermal performance. The T-bifurcation shows the best heat transfer performance, but also the worst hydraulic performance. On the other hand, the asymmetric Y-bifurcation shows the worst heat transfer performance, but the best hydraulic performance. Based on the values of the performance index, it is concluded that the performance of the asymmetric Y-bifurcation is better than that of the symmetric Y-bifurcation, which in turn performs better than the T-bifurcation. However, the non-uniform flow distribution in the asymmetric geometry may lead to issues when such bifurcations are connected in series and parallel to form a distribution network. A comparison of the pressure loss obtained by the CFD simulations with theoretical estimations shows the utility of the comprehensive numerical framework. New correlations are also proposed to determine the Nusselt number and loss coefficient as functions of the bifurcation angle and Reynolds number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110116"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication modeling of spiral bevel and hypoid gears","authors":"Wenzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanbing Li ,&nbsp;Yiru Chen ,&nbsp;Feng Yin ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Han Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For spiral bevel and hypoid gears under high-speed and heavy-duty conditions, time-varying meshing interface experiences high temperature rises due to thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) effect. While considering the rough tooth surface asperities, it is easy to break the oil film, and this becomes mixed state easily induces various failures such as pitting, scuffing, and wear. Currently, the mixed TEHL mechanism is a very tough task for spiral bevel and hypoid gears, owing to temperature effect lacking systematic in-depth analysis. In full consideration of time-varying geometric and kinematic characteristics, an innovative mixed TEHL modeling is proposed. This model comprehensively considers many factors such as lubricant temperature rise, solid heat conduction, arbitrary directionality of interface speed, rheological properties of the lubricant, actual surface roughness, and elastic deformation of the tooth surface. In this paper, a semi-system approach is utilized to discretize and solve the Reynolds equation for excellent iterative convergence and high computational efficiency. This approach enables numerical simulation across the entire spectrum, from full-film lubrication to mixed lubrication, and ultimately to boundary lubrication. Comparing with the empirical data, a set of hypoid gears in automobile main reducer transmission system is exercised to validate high precision of this modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization configuration of cylinder-shaped magnets for augmenting the performance of conical stills","authors":"Mohammed El Hadi Attia ,&nbsp;M. Koraiem M. Handawy ,&nbsp;K. Harby ,&nbsp;Mohamed Benghanem ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdelgaied","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most countries face increasing challenges in providing drinkable water due to the scarcity of water resources and the high costs of conventional desalination technologies that rely on fossil fuels. Solar stills are considered one of the most important sustainable and low-cost solutions; however, their limited productivity and efficiency restrict large-scale deployment. In this study, a traditional conical solar still (TCSS) was enhanced by incorporating low-cost cylindrical magnets (CSS-CSM&amp;1, CSS-CSM&amp;3, CSS-CSM&amp;5, and CSS-CSM&amp;7) to modify water molecule behavior and improve heat transfer. The systems were evaluated through comprehensive 6E analysis along with two sustainability indicators. The results showed that water productivity increased by 23.3 %, 41.9 %, 64.5 %, and 85.8 % for CSS-CSM&amp;1, CSS-CSM&amp;3, CSS-CSM&amp;5, and CSS-CSM&amp;7, respectively, compared to the TCSS. Thermal efficiency improved from 35.5 % in the TCSS to 45.5 %, 52.0 %, 60.3 %, and 67.9 %, corresponding to relative increases of 28.4 %, 46.5 %, 70.1 %, and 91.5 %. Exergy efficiency rose by 41.8 %, 104.4 %, 176.8 %, and 249.1 %, respectively. The cost of production (CPL) decreased by 12.4 %, 18.3 %, 24.6 %, and 28.9 %, while the payback period was shortened from 76 days (TCSS) to 66, 62, 57, and 54 days. Environmentally, net lifetime CO₂ mitigation increased from 18.8 tons (TCSS) to 24.2, 27.8, 32.1, and 36.1 tons for the modified solar stills, resulting in carbon credit returns of 273.13 $, 351.33 $, 402.66$, 464.94$, and 523.42$, respectively. Furthermore, the Sustainability Index (SI) improved from 1.02 (TCSS) to 1.06 (CSS-CSM&amp;7), while the Improvement Potential (IP) decreased from 2050.23 to 1893.12.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110174"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of nano-PCM latent-sensible thermal energy storage enclosures","authors":"Farooq H. Ali ,&nbsp;Qusay Rasheed Al-Amir ,&nbsp;Hameed K. Hamzah ,&nbsp;Lioua Kolsi","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To provide consistent energy supply, solar water heating systems often incorporate both sensible and latent heat storage. The current study corresponds to a numerical investigation of a combined latent-sensible thermal energy storage enclosure using a phase change material (PCM) and water. The PCM domain (latent section) contains a coiled heat transfer tube that provides heat input (simulating solar radiation) and is separated by a solid copper wall from the surrounding water (sensible section). We examine the effect of dispersing copper nanoparticles in PCM on its melting performance. The Simulations are performed using the Galerkin finite element method to couple the heat transfer and fluid flow, using the enthalpy-porosity formulation to model the PCM phase change. An iterative scheme couples the PCM and water domains through the copper interface, and overall energy balance is verified at each time step. All external walls are insulated, and a time-dependent thermal input at the internal tube mimics diurnal solar heating. Results show that the PCM region achieves a significantly higher energy storage capacity than an equal mass of water, underscoring the advantage of latent heat storage. The water's average temperature increased almost linearly during charging, while the PCM's temperature remained nearly constant during the phase change. Adding copper nanoparticles (up to 2% by volume) to PCM provided only a modest improvement in melting rate, and higher nanoparticle concentrations offered no significant enhancement. These findings show that excessive nanoparticle loading yields diminishing returns in PCM thermal performance, consistent with prior studies. Overall, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the dual PCM-water storage configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110548"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on high-pressure gas jet characteristics under high backpressure conditions for hydrogen internal combustion engines","authors":"Shenghao Yu ,&nbsp;Dong Xie ,&nbsp;Jin Qian ,&nbsp;Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Dong ,&nbsp;Jiangshan Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen internal combustion engines face challenges in achieving efficient fuel-air mixing under high-backpressure conditions, where hydrogen jet diffusion is notably suppressed. This study experimentally investigates gas jet characteristics utilizing a high-pressure constant-volume chamber and high-speed schlieren imaging, employing helium as a validated surrogate to ensure safety. Results demonstrate that increasing backpressure significantly attenuates jet momentum by diminishing the pressure differential and amplifying aerodynamic drag. Specifically, for the 2.5 mm nozzle operating at 1 MPa injection pressure, lowering the backpressure from 0.75 MPa to 0.5 MPa boosted the peak jet tip velocity by 45%. Regarding late-stage development at 1.6 ms after the start of injection, this pressure reduction led to a 27% extension in jet penetration and a remarkable 81.78% increase in entrained gas mass. Furthermore, while larger nozzles enhance peak velocity and overall air entrainment due to higher mass flow rates, they exhibit lower initial tip velocities attributed to inertial delays and increased frontal drag. High backpressure was also found to constrain radial expansion, thereby weakening the influence of nozzle diameter on jet width, and shifted the peak velocity occurrence earlier. Ultimately, low backpressure promotes mixing through stronger velocity gradients, whereas large nozzles maximize air entrainment via expanded jet-air interfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110555"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on spray cooling heat transfer enhancement mechanisms based on capillary imbibition and evaporation models","authors":"Qin Ni,&nbsp;Bingqing Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building on prior research on spray cooling with vapor–liquid separation structures, this study examines ethanol additives at varying concentrations and their effect on heat transfer across three surfaces (S1, S2, S3) with different copper mesh coverage, using theoretical modeling and experiments. S1 consists of only micropillars, S2 is a semi-micromesh surface that retains part of the mesh for capillary pumping while leaving micropillars exposed for droplet impact and vapor escape, and S3 is a fully-micromesh surface.</div><div>Capillary liquid supply is modeled with Darcy's law, while evaporation in the porous medium incorporates diffusion and Stefan convection. A mathematical model describes wicking and evaporation, showing that capillary uptake decreases with microfilm thickness and ethanol concentration. With DI water, initial uptake velocity reaches 150.4 m/s—about 181 times higher than through full-layer penetration and 5.4 times higher than with 60 % ethanol solution. During early phase-change heat transfer, evaporation rate falls with heat flux; when it nears zero, boiling dominates, suggesting a predictor of critical heat flux. Heat transfer curves reveal performance improves with greater mesh coverage. On the fully-micromesh surface, DI water achieves the best results, with maximum heat flux reaching 821.4 W/cm² due to higher uptake rates and latent heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 110245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}