International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Effect of channel thickness on the particle diffusion and permeability of carbon nanotubes a membrane in reverse electrodialysis process using molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Shuai Sun ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh ,&nbsp;Younis Mohamed Atiah Al-zahy ,&nbsp;Salman Saeidlou ,&nbsp;Khursheed Muzammil ,&nbsp;Soheil Salahshour ,&nbsp;S. Mohammad Sajadi ,&nbsp;Hani Sahramaneshi","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adopting innovative technology and solutions is critical for ensuring clean water. Several methods may be used to remove salts from water. They may be divided into two categories: membranes and heat. Reverse electrodialysis, which uses a membrane, is an efficient way of separating substances. Prior research investigated system-level factors, but the nanoscale mechanisms that drive ion and water penetration across membranes were poorly understood. This study closed a research gap by investigating the influence of carbon nanotube membrane thickness on particle mobility and fluid dynamics in reverse electrodialysis systems. The research is contributed to the enhancement of energy conversion efficiency and membrane performance in reverse electrodialysis systems by offering a comprehensive understanding of the influence of channel thickness on particle transport and selectivity through the carbon nanotube membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations using the LAMMPS software package are conducted to examine the effect of carbon nanotube thickness variation (1-layer vs 2-layer) on fluid flow, ionic current, hydrogen bonding, and fluid density. To the findings, increasing the thickness of a carbon nanotube from one layer to two layers decreases the fluid flow rate to 203.79 atoms/ns and the current from 5.31 e/ns to 5.15 e/ns. Additionally, the number of broken hydrogen bonds decreases from 116 to 105, indicating decreased permeability and increased stability of the hydrogen-bonding network. In addition to offering useful information for the construction of more effective and selective membranes in renewable energy applications, these results provided a molecular understanding of how carbon nanotube thickness affected reverse electrodialysis effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109155"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An AI-driven innovative approach for void fraction prediction to estimate drag coefficient","authors":"Junfeng Li ,&nbsp;Zhenhong Liu ,&nbsp;Yunyu Qiu ,&nbsp;Da Wang ,&nbsp;Ryo Yokoyama ,&nbsp;Jinbiao Xiong ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Yunzhong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we propose an innovative artificial intelligence (AI) -based method to estimate drag coefficients in two-phase flows by predicting void fraction. To solve the problem of the limited application range of traditional empirical relationships, four AI models, namely random forest, Transformer, Mamba and ridge regression, are used in this study to train and predict horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow void fraction database (6554 data points). By analyzing the influence of input parameter combination, it is found that liquid velocity plays a key role in reducing the prediction error, and the optimal parameter combination is pipe diameter to length ratio, pressure and liquid velocity. The results show that the random forest model has the best performance, with a mean error (ME) is only 1.32 %. Further research has shown that the Transformer model has high accuracy in evaluating the effects of a single parameter. Finally, the high accuracy of random forest in estimation of drag coefficient is verified by the correlation formula between void fraction and drag coefficient. This study reveals the potential of AI model in the prediction of complex two-phase flow parameters, and provides a new idea for intelligent prediction of drag coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109132"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive review of optimization strategies for phase change materials: Techniques, applications, and challenges in thermal storage systems","authors":"Mohsen Izadi ,&nbsp;Ioan Pop ,&nbsp;Sabir Ali Shehzad ,&nbsp;Faris Alqurashi ,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Ahmad Hajjar ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mahariq","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are widely recognized for their potential in thermal energy storage systems due to their high latent heat capacity. However, their practical application is significantly hindered by low thermal conductivity, which limits the charging and discharging rates of energy. This review provides a comprehensive and critical synthesis of recent passive techniques developed to enhance the thermal performance of PCMs. These include finned structures, porous media, nanoparticle dispersion, geometrical modifications, and multi-PCM strategies. Quantitative comparisons show that the use of fins can reduce melting time by up to 65 %, while metallic porous matrices can improve thermal conductivity by over 500 %. Incorporation of nanoparticles has demonstrated up to 25 % enhancement in heat transfer rates, albeit with increased viscosity. Geometrical innovations and multi-PCM layering have enabled tailored thermal responses across temperature ranges, suitable for applications such as solar thermal systems and building-integrated energy storage. Furthermore, this review identifies trade-offs associated with each method, including design complexity, cost, and material compatibility, and presents a comparative performance table to guide selection based on system requirements. Hybrid enhancement strategies, such as nanoparticle-doped PCMs embedded in metal foams, are also proposed as a promising direction for future research. The review concludes with specific, forward-looking insights, highlighting opportunities for PCM-based solutions in solar desalination, cold-chain transport, and passive building cooling under real-world constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convective flow between inclined plates using Cartesian coordinate system","authors":"Noureen ,&nbsp;Dil Nawaz Khan ,&nbsp;Naeem Ullah ,&nbsp;Marouan Kouki ,&nbsp;Sana Ahmed Khalil Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the convective transport of thermal energy in flow, maintained between inclined, rectangular, and heated walls. The convection process and non-uniform stream velocity at the centre of these particular channels have developed the fluid motion, whereas, the diffusion of heat and behavior of flow in the whole channel is examined by considering the different thermal and dynamical situations in the flow domain. Both walls of this channel are heated and have uniform temperatures, however, temperature distribution is significantly changed in the flow regime with the variation of thermal and geometrical characteristics. The problem is formulated in terms of two-dimensional continuity and Navier-Stokes equations in a rectangular coordinate system. The leading equations, i.e., PDEs and the associated boundary condition (BCs), are converted into a set of ODEs with the help of proper similarity transformation. Asymptotic (perturbation) and numerical (bvp4c package) procedures are employed to solve the resulting problem. The perturbation technique is applicable for small parameter values and these ranges of dimensionless numbers meet the criteria of convergent series solutions for the problem in hand, whereas, the numerical method provides solutions across a widespread range of governing constraints in the problem. Remember that the final equations are equipped with a slope for the upper wall of the channel, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and two components of Grashof number. To the best of the author's knowledge, a self-similar solution of the forced convective flow in this particular structure and the specified BCs has not been studied using the Cartesian coordinate system. The impacts of various parameters have been noted on the graphs for velocity, temperature distribution, skin friction and the rate of heat transfer coefficient. The temperature profile is effectively enhanced particularly for gases and liquid flow within a converging (diverging) channel with the change of various parameters. However, the temperature profiles decrease for certain parameters, such as:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>water flow in a converging channel when the slope of the wall (<span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>) lies in the range <span><math><mn>0</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.33</mn></math></span>,</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>flow of water and air in a converging channel when the Grashof number is varied for assisting and opposing flow.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109143"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three approaches (experimental, simulation and ANN) based investigation of thermal characteristic and correlation for frustrum roughened solar air heater","authors":"Dharam Singh,&nbsp;Vikash Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This investigation is an attempt to use the concept of artificial roughness (AR) and enhance the heating capacity of solar air heater (SAH). Frustrum shaped roughness geometry has been fabricated using different sizes punch and die. Frustum roughness having more contact surface area with flowing fluid leading to more heat transfer. The work reported experimental, simulation and artificial neural network (ANN)-based investigation. Enhancement in thermal characteristic of frustrum shaped roughened SAH has been discussed with including fluid flow physics. Main roughness and flow parameter was relative frustum pitch (p/e = 8–14), relative frustum height (e/D_h = 0.013–0.054), Relative frustum height to base diameter (e/d₁ = 0.37–0.75), relative frustum diametral ratio (d₁/d₂ = 1.33–3). Maximum augmentation in Nusselt number (Nu) for varying e/D_h, p/e, d₁/d₂ and e/d₁ was 222, 226, 241 and 237 that of friction factor (f) was 0.019, 0.021, 0.022, and 0.021. Collected experimental data was also used to develop mathematical correlation between thermal characteristic (Nu and f) with roughness and flow parameter. Derived mathematical also validate by comparing correlation predicted value with ANN predicted values. ‘Nu’ and ‘f’ values from statistical correlation was in close agreement to the ANN predicted values with mean deviation being ±9.5 % for Nu and 12 % for f.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109108"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial thermal conductance at the gas-solid interface: microscopic energy transport mechanisms and the thermal rectification phenomenon","authors":"Chenchen Lu ,&nbsp;Xujun Xu ,&nbsp;Yanhua Cheng ,&nbsp;Zheyong Fan ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Junhua Zhao ,&nbsp;Ning Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal conductance across gas-solid interfaces is the primary pathway for thermal dissipation in low thermal conductivity materials. However, research on energy transport at the gas-solid interface is limited, leaving the mechanisms that influence thermal properties unclear. In this study, we systematically investigate the microscopic behavior of gas on solid surfaces and decouple two distinct collision modes that influence energy transfer efficiency: immediate reflection and adsorption-reflection. Our findings reveal an intrinsic thermal rectification up to 30 % at the gas-solid interface, indicating that asymmetric energy transfer occurs. This asymmetry in energy transfer efficiency arises from variations in the proportion of the two collision behaviors. Collision frequency is a key factor influencing energy transport efficiency across gases with varying densities. Additionally, a convergence point is observed when a dense gas layer adsorbs at the solid interface, where gas interactions dominate interfacial thermal conductance. These findings offer new insights into the microscopic mechanisms of energy transport at the gas-solid interface, providing a foundation for optimizing thermal properties in insulation materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109153"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer enhancement on micropillar surfaces","authors":"Binbin Ma,&nbsp;Zhongchao Zhao,&nbsp;Mengke Sun,&nbsp;Bao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs Bayesian optimization to tune four machine leaning models for establishing a mapping between the heat transfer coefficient and the morphology of the heated surface. This is performed considering previous experimental data, which includes 544 samples collected from 16 types of micropillars. Additionally, an analysis is carried out to assess the importance of the input parameters. The results show that the Extra Trees model provides the best predictive accuracy, outperforming three widely used empirical correlations. It attains a coefficient of determination (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em>) of 0.99343 and the lowest normalized root mean square error (<em>NRMSE</em>) of 0.082763. Additionally, the top three most important descriptors are mean beam length (<em>MBL</em>), height (<em>h</em>), and capillary resistance number (<em>Cr</em>). Finally, predictions are made using this optimized model with the most influential descriptor configurations across various heat flux conditions. The findings indicate that taller micropillars, greater <em>Cr</em>, and wider MBL improve heat transfer performance under lower heat flux conditions due to lower flow resistance and a larger heat transfer area. In contrast, under high heat flux conditions, shorter micropillars, smaller <em>Cr</em>, and narrower <em>MBL</em> lead to better heat transfer performance due to easier bubble detachment and an enhanced capillary pumping effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109116"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaporation heat transfer characteristics of R290 in a chevron type plate heat exchanger under various operating conditions","authors":"Seunghwan Im ,&nbsp;Changho Han ,&nbsp;Dongchan Lee ,&nbsp;Yong Tae Kang ,&nbsp;Yongchan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>R290 has emerged as a promising alternative for R410A and R32 due to its excellent thermodynamic properties and low environmental impact. However, studies on the evaporation heat transfer characteristics of R290 in chevron-type plate heat exchangers (PHEs) remain limited. This study investigates the evaporation heat transfer performance of R290 in a chevron-type PHE under various operating conditions and compares the results with those of R410A and R32. Experiments are conducted by varying mass flux, heat flux, and saturation temperature, respectively. The average heat transfer coefficient of R290 was 4.54 kW·m⁻²·K⁻¹, which was 24.3% and 12.6% higher than that of R410A and R32, respectively, due to its larger specific volume. However, the average frictional pressure drop of R290 was 112% and 64.1% higher than that of R410A and R32, respectively, owing to the greater difference in saturated specific volumes. New correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor of R290, R410A, and R32 in chevron-type PHEs are developed by incorporating the two-phase Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and thermophysical refrigerant properties, with deviations within ±15%. Despite its higher pressure drop, R290 remains a compelling alternative to R410A and R32 due to its superior heat transfer performance and reduced environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109139"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The numerical study on flow and heat transfer performance of convergent swirl cooling chamber roughed with different dimples in turbine blade leading edge","authors":"Guangwen Jiang ,&nbsp;Jianmin Gao ,&nbsp;Wengang Yang ,&nbsp;Chenjie Wang ,&nbsp;Sen Yang ,&nbsp;Dejin Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the internal cooling structure of the gas turbine blade leading edge, aiming to promote the heat transfer performance of the swirl cooling channel (SCC) inner walls by adding dimple structures to those walls. The study compares and analyzes the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the straight smooth swirl cooling channel, the smooth converging swirl cooling channel and the converging swirl cooling channels with spherical dimples, 45° oblique dimples as well as 60° oblique dimples. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the impact of different wall temperatures, inlet Reynolds numbers and channel wall structures on the heat transfer performance of the internal swirl cooling channel of the blade leading edge. The computational results indicate that among all dimple structures studied in this work, spherical dimples exhibit superior heat transfer performance, with an average wall Nusselt number 21.16 % higher than that of the converging swirl cooling channel without dimples. For different swirl cooling channels in this work, the front surface average Nusselt number tends to ascend with an increasing inlet <span><math><mi>Re</mi></math></span>, and the rate of ascent diminishes as the <span><math><mi>Re</mi></math></span> increases. As the inlet Reynolds number increases from 10,000 to 100,000, for these 5 different swirl cooling channels, the front surface average Nusselt number increases by 508.29 %, 442.58 %, 478.75 %, 472.48 %, and 483.41 %, respectively. As the wall temperature is increased from 30 °C to 70 °C, the heat transfer effect is only enhanced by 4.22 %. Although we newly proposed decorating the convergent swirl cooling channel with the oblique dimple to try to achieve higher heat transfer performance, the overall results show that the spherical dimple roughed swirl cooling channel shows higher heat transfer performance and lower pressure loss than the 45° and 60° oblique dimples. When designing the internal cooling channels of the turbine blade leading edge, if a converging swirl cooling structure is adopted, it is recommended to consider decorating the spherical dimples to the swirl channel wall as heat transfer enhancement structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109137"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cool retention technology using permanent magnets on natural convection of air","authors":"Takuya Masuda ,&nbsp;M.M.A. Alam ,&nbsp;Yasutaka Hayamizu ,&nbsp;Toshio Tagawa","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A magnetic field was applied with permanent magnets to the natural convection of oxygen-containing air in a cubic container consisting of a pair of vertical walls maintained at different temperatures. Two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed on this configuration to investigate the change in heat transfer due to the arrangement and shape of the prismatic magnets. The governing equations were discretized using the finite volume method and solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. The accuracy of the numerical code was validated by solving a magnetic quadrupole problem, and the results showed good agreement with previous studies. The nondimensional parameters were set as Prandtl number <span><math><mi>Pr</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.71</mn></math></span>, Rayleigh number <span><math><mi>Ra</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>⁵</mo></math></span>, and magnetic number <span><math><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>Ma</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>10</mn></math></span>. The primary magnet shape considered was a square cross-section occupying 16 % of the container's cross-sectional area. The magnets were shifted so that their central axes varied within the ranges <span><math><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>pm</mi></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>1.5</mn></math></span> or <span><math><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>pm</mi></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>1.5</mn></math></span>. When the magnet was positioned near the top or right side of the container, the Nusselt number (<span><math><mi>Nu</mi></math></span>) significantly decreased, ranging from 3.38 % to 22.3 % and from 0.781 % to 37.4 % respectively for <span><math><mi>Ma</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></math></span>. Notably, <span><math><mi>Nu</mi></math></span> reached its minimum when the central axis of the magnet was located at <span><math><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>pm</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.84</mn></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 109127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}