International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Research progress on the failure modes and failure mechanisms of the transpiration cooling structure","authors":"Haochen Xu ,&nbsp;Ruiyi Su ,&nbsp;Yichuan He ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengzhi Hu ,&nbsp;Dawei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the speed of flight increases, high-speed vehicles experience enormous thermal loads when flying through the atmosphere, rendering traditional passive cooling techniques insufficient. Transpiration cooling, as an efficient active cooling technology, offers a cooling capacity of up to 10³-10⁵W/cm², with demonstrated advantages over other active cooling methods: it reduces coolant consumption by approximately 2/3 compared to convection cooling, achieves 35% higher cooling efficiency than regenerative cooling at equivalent coolant injection ratios, and reduces structural weight by 8.6% relative to convection cooling systems. Furthermore, the technology demonstrates remarkable shape adaptability. However, despite its potential, the technology still faces several failure issues in technical applications, which hinder its use on high-speed vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the failure modes and failure mechanisms of transpiration cooling structures in high-speed vehicles. The failure modes are classified and summarized according to five aspects: the intrinsic properties of materials, pore structure uniformity, unique properties of the coolant, external factors of high-speed vehicles, and coolant supply methods. Regarding these failure modes, this paper further analyzes the underlying causes of each failure mode and prospects future research trends on failure issues. While transpiration cooling technology holds great potential for the thermal protection of high-speed vehicles, overcoming these challenges remain essential to improving its efficiency and ensuring reliable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109399"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature distribution and freezing range of a railway tunnel in cold regions under high-speed train piston effect","authors":"Jiangrong Hou ,&nbsp;Yuanming Lai ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Luo ,&nbsp;Tianli Lan ,&nbsp;Fenglei Han ,&nbsp;Fan Yu ,&nbsp;Qinguo Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-speed train piston effect redistributes the temperature field and increases the frost damage of tunnel in cold regions. To reveal the temperature distribution and freezing range of a tunnel in cold regions under train piston effect, field monitoring and simulation studies are conducted. The results indicate that piston effect causes the air pressure in tunnel to fluctuate violently, and creates a pressure difference between train head and train tail. As a high-speed train enters tunnel, air in front of train head is pushed toward the tunnel exit, while air outside the tunnel is drawn into the tunnel, and flows toward the low-pressure zone behind train tail. Under the influence of piston effect, the tunnel temperature decreases, the freezing length increases from 1462 to 1605 m, and the freezing depth is also amplified. The maximum and minimum freezing depths occur at tunnel entrance and tunnel exit, respectively. The most significant effect is located at the tunnel side wall close to train. Air temperature at the tunnel site, train speed and train formation length have significant influence on the freezing range. Both the freezing length and freezing depth increase with lower air temperature, higher train speed and longer train formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109400"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CFD based optimization procedure of operating parameters for an impinging jet on moving fabric subject to thermal dipping process","authors":"Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida ,&nbsp;Ali M. Mohsen ,&nbsp;Muntadher Abed Hussein ,&nbsp;Husam Rajab ,&nbsp;Ali Chamkha","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A numerical study was conducted to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a thermal processing jet box oven, typically used in the textile and tire manufacturing industries. The internal enclosure of the jet box was optimized in four consecutive steps by varying the distance between the jet nozzles, the distance between the jet nozzle tip and the impinged fabric, the jet confinement, and also the ratio of the jet velocity to the fabric movement velocity. To quantify the influence of each parameter and to define optimum operating condition, a non-dimensional parameter, <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math></span>, was introduced as a measure of the thermal uniformity of the fabric compared to a reference case. It was found that increasing the distance between the jet nozzles leads to an increase in thermal uniformity of the fabric and to a decrease in the maximum normal stress imposed on the fabric. The results also demonstrated that increasing the distance between the jet nozzle tip and the impinged fabric leads to an improved thermal uniformity of the temperature distribution on the fabric and the jet confinement configuration has a significant influence on the temperature distribution of the fabric. An optimum value for the jet confinement parameter exists. The ratio of the jet velocity to the fabric movement velocity was shown to have a direct impact on the temperature distribution of the fabric and on the maximum normal stress on the fabric. With the increase in the velocity of the impinging jet, the temperature of the fabric and the normal pressure force imposed on its sides were found to increase. Overall after optimizing the operating conditions, the thermal uniformity in the fabric was improved by 84.45 %, as compared to a reference case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109367"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation analysis of NEPCM-water mixture in a π-shaped cavity","authors":"Ahmed M. Hassan ,&nbsp;Mohammed Azeez Alomari ,&nbsp;Abdellatif M. Sadeq ,&nbsp;Faris Alqurashi ,&nbsp;Mujtaba A. Flayyih","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal systems utilizing nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in complex geometries offer promising solutions for efficient energy storage and management under electromagnetic control. This study aims to investigate double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation in a π-shaped cavity with wavy lid containing NEPCM-water mixture subjected to a transverse magnetic field. The mathematical model employs the Boussinesq approximation for density variations while disregarding viscous dissipation and chemical interactions. Governing equations are solved using finite element analysis with Galerkin's method across wide parametric ranges of Reynolds (25–100), Richardson (0.1–10), Lewis (1–5), Stefan (0.1–0.9) numbers, fusion temperature (0.1–0.9), NEPCM concentration (0.01–0.04), and Hartmann number (0–80). Results demonstrate that Reynolds and Richardson numbers significantly enhance heat and mass transfer (up to 204 % increase in Nusselt number), while magnetic fields substantially suppress convective transport (60.5 % reduction in Nusselt number). NEPCM concentration improves thermal performance by 39.3 % with minimal effect on mass transfer. Entropy generation analysis reveals that thermal irreversibilities dominate, with both magnetic field strength and NEPCM concentration reducing system irreversibilities. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing thermal energy storage systems with electromagnetic regulation in applications ranging from solar collectors to electronic cooling solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109395"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsteady hydromagnetic motion of non-miscible fluids via an inclined co-axial porous cylinders","authors":"Pramod Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Priya Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109334","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is known from the literature that there are several studies that have examined the motion of hydromagnetic fluid through various conduits under the assumption that induced magnetic and electric fields are negligible. However, when an electrically conducting fluid flows under the influence of an external magnetic field, then an electromotive force (EMF) is induced. This EMF pushes the charges, creating an induced current which generate its own magnetic field. These EMFs and induced currents further increased or decreased the separation of charges within the fluid element to achieve the electrical equilibrium state and hence affect the induced electric field within the fluid element. These induced electric and magnetic fields are inherently linked to the fluid motion and become significant when the magnetic Reynolds number is sufficiently large. The motivation behind the present work lies in understanding the complex interactions of magnetic fields with the motion of fluids when both the induced electric and magnetic fields are strongly coupled with the fluid flow. This work have investigated the unsteady hydrodynamic flow of electrically conducting immiscible micropolar–Newtonian fluids through an annular domain formed by two concentric, inclined cylinders and filled with porous media, in the presence of induced magnetic and electric fields. This model presents convection flow of immiscible fluids under the influence of a significant magnetic Reynolds number with thermal relaxation time and employs the Navier’s slip conditions for velocity at the cylinder’s boundaries. The transport of non-miscible fluids within a porous medium under the existence of externally imposed uniform magnetic field is governed by the Brinkman model, and the governing differential equations associated with the model are solved by the Laplace Transform Finite Difference (LTFD) method, along with the Stehfest algorithm for numerical inversion. The numerical solution of hydrodynamic properties, along with induced magnetic and electric fields, is displayed for various emerging parameters, such as permeability parameter, Hartmann number, magnetic Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and slip parameter. The noteworthy findings of the present investigation are that the impact of the magnetic Reynolds number on the immiscible fluids’ velocity is negligible at the interface region, and the influence of the magnetic interactions parameter is inversely proportional to the induced magnetic field. This study also concluded that by enhancing the Grashof number, the pressure gradient and flow rate are increased. Further, this study concluded that by increasing 50% of the Prandtl number, the interfacial temperature of non-miscible fluids is decreased by 35.32%, while an increase in thermal relaxation time results in an approximate 33.01% enhancement in the rate of heat transfer. The results of the present study may be applicable in liquid-metal cooling, fuel cells, and nuclear r","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109334"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing effective measurement time in rocket sled tests: A phase change material-based compensation method for coaxial thermocouples","authors":"Tianchen Huang,&nbsp;Bin Xu,&nbsp;Wenhan Wang,&nbsp;Xing-ni Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rocket sled is a ground-based high-speed testing facility designed to simulate aerodynamic thermal environments and material performance of high-speed aircrafts under extreme conditions. To accurately measure surface heat flux of rocket sleds, this study proposed a compensation method that uses thermal regulation properties of phase change materials (PCMs) for coaxial thermocouple reference junctions, which allows heat flux inversion based on semi-infinite body approximation through surface temperature and thermophysical properties of material. Based on numerical simulations, this study systematically analyzed thermophysical properties and geometric parameters of coaxial thermocouples, thermal conductivity and latent heat of PCM, and effective measurement time under different Mach numbers. Results demonstrated that undersized thermocouple diameters made measurement junction overheating and inversion results overestimated, thus requiring appropriate diameter enlargement. Under 2.5 <em>Ma</em> with heat flux of 1 MW·m⁻², by utilizing PCM for reference junction compensation, effective measurement time extended to 13.16 s, which was 112 % longer than that of stainless steel. Under 5 <em>Ma</em> and 13 MW·m⁻² heat flux conditions, the effective measurement time was extended to 6.77 s, increasing by 86.5 % compared to stainless steel. Furthermore, thermophysical analysis of PCM indicated that PCM with high latent heat and low thermal conductivity can more effectively prolong measurement time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization analysis of heat transfer and flow behavior in flat-plate pulsating heat pipe with sintered powder wick layer","authors":"Yue Xie ,&nbsp;Yuliang Yin ,&nbsp;Shijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiangdong Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within this work, a flat-plate pulsating heat pipe (FPPHP) utilizing sintered powder wicks on both the channel walls and bottom was proposed. Using visualization techniques, the vapor-liquid flow pattern evolution, quasi-steady flow motion modes, and heat transfer performance of the FPPHP with sintered powder wicks as well as a FPPHP with smooth channels were analyzed. And more, through comparison, the influence of the sintered powder wicks on the thermo-hydrodynamic characteristics of the FPPHPs was summarized. Results indicate that the vapor-liquid flow patterns existing in both FPPHPs predominantly consist of bubbly flow, slug flow, annular flow, along with the transitional flow from bubbly to slug flow. Under vertical orientation, the quasi-steady flow motion modes of the FPPHPs include stagnation (S), intermittent pulsation (S&amp;P), and small pulsations/large pulsations (P). These modes are accompanied by various vapor-liquid flow behaviors, such as bubble growth and aggregation, the coalescence between bubbles and slugs, and the fragmentation of extended slugs. After start-up, the thermal resistance of the FPPHP with sintered powder wicks is lower than that with smooth channels under different filling ratios, which demonstrates the beneficial influence of introducing capillary wicks on heat transfer of FPPHP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of graphene nanoplate size and heat flux on nanofluid heat exchanger performance: A molecular dynamics approach","authors":"Zhongxiu Yang ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Dheyaa J. Jasim ,&nbsp;Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh ,&nbsp;Salman Saeidlou ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Bahrani ,&nbsp;S. Mohammad Sajadi ,&nbsp;Soheil Salahshour ,&nbsp;Ali Mohammadi Hasanabad","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to enhance the thermal efficiency of nanofluid-based heat exchangers by exploring the simultaneous effects of external heat flux and graphene nanoplate sizes on thermal and structural characteristics. Effective heat transfer is a critical requirement for managing heat in microscale systems, where optimizing the thermal performance of nanofluids can improve device performance. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out of a sinusoidal inner surface copper heat exchanger coated with silicon nanoparticles to demonstrate atomic-level interaction within the nanofluid. The significant findings showed that while an external rising heat flux decreased heat flux from 41.7 to 37.26 W/m² and thermal conductivity of nanofluid from 14.53 to 13.80 W/m·K, only an increase in viscosity from 0.32 to 0.49 mPa·s, the agglomeration time of nanoparticles decreased from 3.71 to 3.33 ns and friction coefficient from 0.022 to 0.015, could indicate a difference in particle behavior responding to the thermal stress. However, the size of the graphene nanoplate from 5 to 15 Å increases the heat flux from 40.05 to 46.77 W/m² and thermal conductivity of the nanofluid from 14.15 to 14.99 W/m·K, since the larger graphene nanoplate films can produce a more substantial covalent bonding and link interlayer coupling. In contrast, the larger nanoplate also enhanced viscosity from 0.30 to 0.39 mPa·s, aggregation time from 3.64 to 4.01 ns, and friction coefficient from 0.020 to 0.026, which indicated lower particle mobility. This study was the first of its kind to contribute to the existing knowledge gap by investigating the simultaneous effect of both the nanoplate size and external heat flux in an oscillating microchannel heat exchanger. The knowledge provided offers an experimental pathway in optimizing the nanofluid properties and the heat exchanger geometry for improved thermal management for compact and microscale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the thermal performance of a phase change energy storage assisted ventilation system via unit structure optimization for data center","authors":"Hongli Xu ,&nbsp;Jiri Zhou ,&nbsp;Xing Liang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Yi ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wu ,&nbsp;Ruiyong Mao ,&nbsp;Zujing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This numerical study aims to improve the melting uniformity of the phase change plate (PCP) by optimizing structure, enhancing the energy efficiency of PCP's application in the ventilation system of data centers. The anterior-to-posterior slope ratio (<em>W</em>_<em>r</em>), fin configuration, and volume of the PCP are optimized. For the practical application of the PCP with an optimized structure and configuration, the effects of ambient temperature, air supply velocity, phase change temperature and thermal conductivity have been studied. The main results are as follows: (i) When the PCP changes from a rectangular body to a trapezoidal body, the uniformity of melting is improved by 93 %. The average cooling range of PCP increases by 0.5 °C, and the energy-saving rate increases by 22 %. (ii) The structure of the PCP with the volume of 19 L, a <em>W</em>_<em>r</em> of 1.5 and double fin arranged horizontally parallel to the PCP effectively shorts the charging time from 14 h to 11.6 h. (iii) A nonlinear functional relationship between the cooling performance of the system and the main four variables is proposed. This work provides guidelines for the application of PCP in data center.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109396"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of multiple complex crude oil condensation points based on least squares support vector machine","authors":"Xiaoqin Xiong ,&nbsp;Ziwei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaokai Xing ,&nbsp;Ning Xu ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prediction of multiple complex crude oil condensation points has attracted great attention in oil and gas industry. In this paper, firstly, a least squares vector machine parameter optimization method based on Bayesian algorithm is proposed, and a prediction model is established and applied to predict the condensation point of various complex crude oils. Then, the proposed algorithm is compared with the existing condensation point prediction methods and the standard Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model. Thirdly, it confirms the feasibility of the proposed method for actual production processes, ensuring the safety and stability of crude oil transportation. Results show that: (a) The Bayesian algorithm uses probabilistic surrogate models and collection functions to effectively optimize the parameters of the model to the most suitable values. (b) The LSSVM algorithm based on Bayesian optimization increases the computation time and maximum absolute deviation (MAD) of the samples. (c) Although the method proposed in this article slightly increases computation time, it can achieve higher accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 109319"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}