International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Linear stability of pipe flow with magnetic field and internal heat source: A non-Darcian approach","authors":"Ashok Kumar , Akshay Saini , Ashok Kumar , Anup Singh Negi","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the stability of convective flow in a vertical pipe with a magnetic field, driven by an internal heat source. To formulate governing equations, the non-Darcy Brinkman Forchheimer extended model has been used and solved numerically by the Chebyshev spectral collocation method (CSCM). Stability analysis is conducted for various fluids (mercury and liquids) corresponding to Prandtl numbers (<span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>) of 0.0248 and 7, showing that increasing the magnetic field enhances the stability region, with varying effects on critical wave number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and critical Grashof number (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) depending on <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>. The analysis reveals that the magnetic field increases the velocity profile in the central region, while decreasing it near the boundary, with the velocity profile near the boundary increasing with the Darcy number (<span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>). Increasing Hartmann number (<span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>) significantly stabilizes the flow by suppressing convective motion through Lorentz forces. For <span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0248</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> increases from <span><math><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> at <span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>03</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> at <span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span>, indicating requirement of higher buoyancy to trigger convection. Similarly, for <span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> rises from <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Reducing <span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span> enhances porous resistance, resulting in wea","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109808"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of liquid film over the horizontal circular tube with reverse wind velocity","authors":"Huanhao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuhong Ren,&nbsp;Kaixin Zheng,&nbsp;Zhanwei Wang,&nbsp;Lin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unsaturated falling film evaporation has numerous applications due to its high heat transfer efficiency. Heat transfer characteristics of circular tube without wind has been extensively investigated, while the heat transfer with wind velocity is rarely studied. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of liquid film outside the circular tube is investigated by using a transient simulation model. The influence of wind velocity, liquid Reynolds number, heat flux and tube diameter are elucidated. Comparisons of simulation data and experimental value is conducted with a mean deviation of 5.6 % and 4.3 % under the condition with and without wind velocity. The results show that the local heat transfer coefficient (HTC) increase with wind velocity, and the average HTC with wind is about 5.28 %–15.83 % larger than the condition without wind. The increase of liquid Reynolds number and heat flux can effectively enhance the HTC before the critical value of 576 and 40<span><math><mspace></mspace><mi>kW</mi><mo>/</mo><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>·</mo><mi>K</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></span>. The HTC decrease with the increase of diameter, and the average HTC of 14 and 19 <span><math><mi>mm</mi></math></span> circular tube is approximately 15.72 %, 6.96 % greater than that of 25.4 <span><math><mi>mm</mi></math></span>. Furthermore, a correlation for calculating the average HTC is developed according to the simulation data with a mean difference of 4.3 %. The research results provide a theoretical support for the development and design of evaporative condenser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109850"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of a rapid design method for flow and heat transfer performance of two-phase cooling plates in electronic device cooling","authors":"Da Shi ,&nbsp;Benhao Yin ,&nbsp;Xiancai Chen ,&nbsp;Shen Du ,&nbsp;Ya-Ling He","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the potential technologies to address electronic device cooling challenge, two-phase cooling plates require rapid prediction of the inter-channel flow distribution and heat source temperature for effective design. To this end, this study first developed a non-time-varying thermal network model for two-phase cooling plates, incorporating the thermal coupling effect among multiple heat sources and the thermal spreading resistance in multi-level heat conduction paths. Subsequently, a one-dimensional steady-state distributed parameter model was established to describe the flow and heat transfer process of two-phase refrigerant within cooling plates. Through linearization treatment, rapid simultaneous determination of parameters such as pressure, flow rate, and enthalpy across all computational units was achieved. Finally, by integrating these two models, a rapid simulation method for evaluating the flow and heat transfer performance of two-phase cooling plates was proposed. This method demonstrated strong universality and computational efficiency by solving linear equations only. Compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics and experimental results, the calculation errors for both heat source temperature and inter-channel flow distribution were less than 7 %. Furthermore, the effects of geometric parameters and uniform/non-uniform heat loads on cooling plate performance were analyzed using this method. This study can provide valuable references for the practical design of two-phase flow cooling plates used in cooling applications for steady thermal power distribution devices, such as power electronics and battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaheuristic optimization and sensitivity analysis of porous medium parameters for enhanced natural convection heat transfer under sinusoidal boundary conditions","authors":"Hasan Sajjadi ,&nbsp;Amin Emamian ,&nbsp;Saeed Ghorbani","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, natural convection flow within a porous cavity subjected to sinusoidal temperature boundary conditions is investigated using the multiple-relaxation-time Lattice Boltzmann Method. The main objective is to optimize and analyze the sensitivity of the porous medium characteristics to maximize heat transfer performance, expressed by the average Nusselt number. A design space is constructed based on four key parameters: porosity, Darcy number, Rayleigh number, and phase deviation. To efficiently explore this design space, a novel integrated framework is developed for the first time by combining Lattice Boltzmann Method, an Artificial Neural Network, and metaheuristic optimization algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Grey Wolf Optimizer. Various tools were employed to implement the optimization process: initially, an artificial neural network was used for interpolation and regression, followed by several metaheuristic optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and grey wolf optimizer to identify the optimal design point. The multiple-relaxation-time Lattice Boltzmann method was applied to analyze and simulate the flow and heat transfer fields at each design point. The results indicate that the optimized configuration yields a maximum average Nusselt number, corresponding to specific values of porosity, Darcy number, Rayleigh number, and phase deviation. Among these, the Darcy number and phase deviation were found to have the most and least significant impact, respectively, on maximizing the average Nusselt number. These findings were further validated by the results of the global sensitivity analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative topology optimization method for two-type triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) heat exchanger","authors":"Zhichao Men,&nbsp;Wenjiong Chen,&nbsp;Shutian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different types of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) exhibit distinct heat transfer and flow characteristics. Combining them may yield complementary performance benefits, yet previous studies have focused only on optimizing single-type TPMS. To address this, we propose a collaborative topology optimization method for hybrid structures incorporating both I-graph-wrapped package (IWP) and F-rhombic dodecahedron (F-RD) types. A major contribution is the development and validation of an effective porous media model for F-RD TPMS. Using the effective models of both types, we establish a material interpolation model and a topology optimization formulation aimed at minimizing average temperature under pressure drop constraints. The optimized hybrid TPMS structure significantly outperforms the original single-type design, reducing peak temperature by 35.5 °C, pressure drop by 38.08 %, and material usage by 17 %. It also surpasses the optimized IWP-only design, further reducing peak temperature by 8.23 °C and material consumption by 17 %. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework enables effective multi-type TPMS optimization, simultaneously enhancing thermal performance and enabling lightweight heat exchanger designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109840"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and testing of a portable on-desk-size Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooler for Central Saudi Arabia's climate","authors":"Fayez Aldawi","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooler (M-cycle cooler) provides sub-wet-bulb cooling without adding humidity to the supply air. However, unlike direct evaporative cooler, M-cycle has been developed only at large scales primarily for commercial applications. This study introduces the design and testing of a novel, portable, desk-sized M-cycle cooler for localized spot cooling under Saudi Arabia's climate conditions (30–50 °C and 10–30 % relative humidity). A total of around 30 experiments is conducted, varying thermal and fluid parameters. A super-hydrophilic micro-cotton-coated membrane was used to enhance efficiency by ensuring a uniform, thin water film in the working channels. The effects of inlet airflow, airflow ratio, inlet temperature, and relative humidity are analyzed to evaluate this small cooler's suitability for Central Saudi Arabia. Results demonstrated the feasibility of achieving sub-wet-bulb supply temperatures under specific flow conditions. Higher airflow ratios yielded colder outlet temperatures but reduced supply air mass flow, with an optimal airflow ratio maximizing cooling capacity. The cooler's efficiency improved in warmer, drier conditions, delivering greater temperature drops. This compact cooler is ideal for small desk spaces, providing efficient localized dry cooling solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109820"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective shape optimization of a longitudinal fin with temperature-dependent properties and internal heat generation using orthogonal collocation and differential evolution","authors":"Fran Sérgio Lobato ,&nbsp;Fábio de Oliveira Arouca","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work studies the multi-objective design of a longitudinal fin. The energy transfer process along the fin is modeled by assuming that heat is dissipated from the surface to the environment through natural convection and radiation, while also accounting for internal heat generation within the fin. In this context, the objective is to determine the optimal fin geometry that maximizes both the heat transfer rate at the base and efficiency. To achieve this, Bezier curves are used to define the control points that characterize the geometry. The Orthogonal Collocation Method is employed to simulate the boundary value problem representing the process of interest. The MODE algorithm is then applied to optimize the fin geometry. The influence of the parameters that characterize the mathematical model, as well as the energy contributions, is also investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides a promising approach for integrating the energy balance. Furthermore, it allows for the selection of a point with a good trade-off between the considered objectives, enabling the enhancement of heat transfer through the optimal fin geometry for each point on the Pareto curve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109821"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal pyrolysis optimization and production forecasting in heterogeneous shale formations for enhanced oil recovery with large language models","authors":"Bin Chen ,&nbsp;Ka Gao ,&nbsp;Hangling Sun ,&nbsp;Chenyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Huinan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil shale, a significant unconventional fossil energy resource, plays a crucial role in global energy security. However, its complex composition and heterogeneous nature pose substantial challenges for efficient extraction and utilization, often resulting in suboptimal energy yields and environmental concerns. This study presents an innovative approach called <strong>Ling</strong>u-<strong>G</strong>raph <strong>H</strong>ybrid <strong>N</strong>etwork (LingGHN) to optimizing oil shale extraction and thermal utilization processes, addressing critical challenges in fossil energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. We develop a comprehensive framework that elucidates complex relationships among key parameters governing shale oil production, capturing the intricate dynamics of oil shale composition, reactive processes, and production indicators. Our method offers unprecedented insights into subsurface mechanics, demonstrating significant improvements in predicting oil yield and quality under various extraction conditions. Notably, this approach enables the identification of optimal operational parameters for maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impact in oil shale utilization. The integration of domain-specific knowledge enhances the framework’s ability to generate physically meaningful insights, bridging the gap between data-driven predictions and chemical engineering principles. Our findings contribute to the broader goal of optimizing fossil energy use while supporting the transition to more sustainable energy systems. This research not only advances the field of energy chemistry but also demonstrates the potential of innovative systems in addressing complex challenges in fossil fuel utilization, carbon management, and energy conversion technologies. Our relevant code can be utilized at <span><span>https://github.com/AmbitYuki/Machine-Learning/tree/main/H-SRSF</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109844"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management of high-power systems via aluminum vapor chambers: fabrication and characterization","authors":"Yuankai Yang,&nbsp;Yingxi Xie,&nbsp;Zhanbo Liang,&nbsp;Yunpeng Yao,&nbsp;Shu Yang,&nbsp;Yong Li,&nbsp;Longsheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address challenges in manufacturing and phase-change heat transfer for lightweight, high-performance large-area aluminum vapor chambers (LAVCs) in demanding applications such as aerospace thermal management and battery cooling, this study fabricated a cost-effective LAVC (604 mm × 298 mm) using sintering and brazing. Brazing produced a uniform dendritic structure, ensuring reliable bonding, while sintering formed a multilayer wire mesh wick that reduced thermal resistance. The effects of filling ratio and gravity orientation on thermal performance were systematically investigated. Under lateral orientation, the LAVC performance improved steadily as the filling ratio increased from 80 % to 120 %. In contrast, under vertical orientation, higher filling ratios provided superior performance below 400 W, but beyond this point only the 100 % filling ratio continued to improve, reaching the ultimate power limit. The gravity-assisted vertical LAVC achieved a 560 W heat transfer limit (7× that of an aluminum plate), a minimum thermal resistance of 0.061 K/W, and an effective thermal conductivity of 13,410.4 W/(m·K). Infrared imaging further verified rapid heat spreading, excellent temperature uniformity, and mitigation of hot spots. These results demonstrate that lightweight, large-area LAVCs offer high power-handling capability and stable operation in complex thermal management scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109848"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application and development of Pennes' biological heat transfer model in human comfort and thermal therapy","authors":"Chongyuan Li ,&nbsp;Junkai Yao ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Li ,&nbsp;Yin Wei ,&nbsp;Mengsheng Li ,&nbsp;Yuhao Shen ,&nbsp;Gaowei Shao ,&nbsp;Haichao Feng ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since Pennes' bioheat equation was proposed in 1948, bioheat transfer research has seen many insightful models, yet challenges like tissue heterogeneity, dynamic changes, and complex boundary conditions persist. Given that there is currently no comprehensive literature that systematically reviews the development and wide application of the Pennes equation, This review examines the equation's applications in human thermal comfort and thermotherapy, highlighting its role in modeling heat conduction in biological tissues. Studies show that Pennes-based models aid in understanding physiological processes, enable the development of novel medical tools, and have broad uses in TCM moxibustion and thermal comfort assessment. The review further discusses the model's potential in personalized medicine and AI integration, emphasizing the need for continued research to advance thermoregulatory insights, clinical solutions, and disease thermodiagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 109724"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}