Ali N Kamali, José M Bautista, Michael Eisenhut, Haleh Hamedifar
{"title":"Immune checkpoints and cancer immunotherapies: insights into newly potential receptors and ligands.","authors":"Ali N Kamali, José M Bautista, Michael Eisenhut, Haleh Hamedifar","doi":"10.1177/25151355231192043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355231192043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Checkpoint markers and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been increasingly identified and developed as potential immunotherapeutic targets in various human cancers. Despite valuable efforts to discover novel immune checkpoints and their ligands, the precise roles of their therapeutic functions, as well as the broad identification of their counterpart receptors, remain to be addressed. In this context, it has been suggested that various putative checkpoint receptors can be induced upon activation. In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, as crucial immune response against malignant diseases as well as other immune central effector cells, such as natural killer cells, are regulated <i>via</i> co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals from immune or tumor cells. Studies have shown that exposure of T cells to tumor antigens upregulates the expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors, leading to T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion. Although targeting immune checkpoint regulators has shown relative clinical efficacy in some tumor types, most trials in the field of cancer immunotherapies have revealed unsatisfactory results due to <i>de novo</i> or adaptive resistance in cancer patients. To overcome these obstacles, combinational therapies with newly discovered inhibitory molecules or combined blockage of several checkpoints provide a rationale for further research. Moreover, precise identification of their receptors counterparts at crucial checkpoints is likely to promise effective therapies. In this review, we examine the prospects for the application of newly emerging checkpoints, such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), new B7 family proteins, and B- and T-cell lymphocyte attenuator, in association with immunotherapy of malignancies. In addition, their clinical and biological significance is discussed, including their expression in various human cancers, along with their roles in T-cell-mediated immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"25151355231192043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/26/9a/10.1177_25151355231192043.PMC10469281.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10154206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naveena Mary Cherian, Dravya Anna Durai, Muhammed Jaisel, Divyansh Sharma, Juny Sebastian, Chetak Kadabasal Basavaraja, Merrin Mathew
{"title":"Active surveillance of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccines in a tertiary care hospital.","authors":"Naveena Mary Cherian, Dravya Anna Durai, Muhammed Jaisel, Divyansh Sharma, Juny Sebastian, Chetak Kadabasal Basavaraja, Merrin Mathew","doi":"10.1177/25151355231193975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355231193975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent disease and save lives, but it may also produce some undesirable adverse events (AEs)which may affect healthy individuals. Therefore, the monitoring of AE following immunization (AEFIs) is necessary. The objective of this study was to assess the AEs following COVID-19 vaccinations in a tertiary care hospital.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The study was conducted as active vaccine safety surveillance for a period of 6 months among the COVID-19 vaccine beneficiaries of the study site. Active surveillance was conducted <i>via</i> initiating two telephone contacts. The first surveillance was conducted in 8 days and the second surveillance after 28 days of post-vaccination. All identified AEs following immunizations (AEFIs) were reported and analysed by the AEFI investigation team at the study site. The causality assessment of each identified AEFI was performed using the World Health Organization's causality assessment algorithm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2927 enrolled study population completed the study with a response rate of 80.85%. The study identified 902 AEFIs from 614 study populations with an incidence rate of 20.97%. Of which 794 and 79 AEFIs were associated with COVISHIELD™ and COVAXIN<sup>®</sup>, respectively. The majority of the events were reported among the age group of 18-29 years. Overall, only three events were serious and no deaths were reported among the study population. A total of 75.59% of events had a consistent causal association with vaccination and were categorized as vaccine product-related reactions. The study identified various factors such as gender (<i>p</i> = 0.019), age (<i>p</i> < 0.05), co-morbid status (<i>p</i> = 0.032) and dose number (<i>p</i> = 0.001) as potential predictors for development of AEFI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified only 0.33% of events as serious, and 99.67% of the study population recovered from the AEFIs, which reveals that COVISHIELD™ and COVAXIN<sup>®</sup> have a generally favourable safety profile. However, close monitoring is required to identify the potential signals, as the safety data from the clinical trials are limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"25151355231193975"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/db/dd/10.1177_25151355231193975.PMC10460577.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10466751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COVID-19 vaccine immune response in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia: a systematic review.","authors":"Unaiza Faizan, Lakshmi G Nair, Maroun Bou Zerdan, Majid Jaberi-Douraki, Faiz Anwer, Shahzad Raza","doi":"10.1177/25151355231190497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355231190497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with plasma cell dyscrasia are at a higher risk of developing a severe Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) infection. Here we present a systematic review of clinical studies focusing on the immune response to the COVID-19 vaccination in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia and to utilize the results to improve day-to-day practice.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic Review.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Online databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid, and Cochrane) were searched following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Only articles published in the English language were included. Out of 59 studies, nine articles (seven prospective and two retrospective studies) were included in this systematic review. Abstracts, case reports, and case series were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all nine studies (<i>N</i> = 1429), seroconversion post-vaccination was the primary endpoint. Patients with plasma cell disorders had a lower seroconversion rate compared to healthy vaccinated individuals and the overall percentage of seroconversion ranged between 23% and 95.5%. Among patients on active therapy, lower seroconversion rates were seen on an anti-CD38 agent, ranging from 6.5 up to 100%. In addition, a significantly lower percentage was recorded in older patients, especially in those aged equal to or greater than 65 years and those who have been treated with multiple therapies previously. Only one study reported a statistically significant better humoral response rate with the mRNA vaccine compared to ADZ1222/Ad26.Cov.S.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Variable seropositive rates are seen in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia. Lower rates are reported in patients on active therapy, anti-CD38 therapy, and elderly patients. Hence, we propose patients with plasma cell dyscrasias should receive periodic boosters to maintain clinically significant levels of antibodies against COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>PROSPERO ID: CRD42023404989.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"25151355231190497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/52/10.1177_25151355231190497.PMC10461737.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10120545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its determinants among residents of Ambo Town, West Shewa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Tamirat Bekele Beressa, Milkessa Tafa, Gudeta Duga Geresu, Amente Jorise Bacha, Diriba Alemayehu Gadisa","doi":"10.1177/25151355231178150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355231178150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccines against COVID-19 are critical for preventing and managing COVID-19 because immunization is one of the most active and cost-effective health strategies for infectious disease prevention. Knowing the community's willingness and factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance will support the design of effective promotion strategies. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its determinants among the Ambo Town community.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires from 1 to 28 February 2022. Four kebeles were selected randomly, and the systematic random sampling procedure was used to select the households. SPSS-25 software was used for data analysis. Ethical approval was received from the Institutional Review Committee of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Ambo University, and data were kept confidential.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Of the 391 participants, 385 (98.5%) of the respondents were not vaccinated for COVID-19, and around 126 (32.2%) of the respondents said that they would receive the vaccine if the government provided it. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that males were 1.8 times more likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.074-3.156) as compared to females. The acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine was lower by 60% in those who tested for COVID-19 as compared to those who were not tested (AOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.27-0.69). Moreover, the participants who had chronic diseases were two times more likely to accept the vaccine. Acceptance of the vaccine was reduced by half among those who believed that there was a scarcity of data on its safety (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.26-0.80).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance was low. To enhance the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, the government and different stakeholders should strengthen public education using mass media about the advantages of getting the COVID-19 vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"25151355231178150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3c/f7/10.1177_25151355231178150.PMC10291218.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9717591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influenza vaccination coverage rates and other related factors in high-risk groups in Birjand, East of Iran.","authors":"Azadeh Ebrahimzadeh, Bita Bijari, Amin Azarnoosh, Fatemeh Shakhs Emampour","doi":"10.1177/25151355221140229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221140229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Influenza is an acute respiratory disease with the highest mortality rate in the high-risk groups. Vaccination is a key public health strategy to prevent influenza in high-risk people. This study aimed to assess the influenza vaccination coverage rate and identify its demographic determinants in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes in Birjand, Eastern Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 400 patients (300 diabetic, 60 dialysis, and 40 COPD patients) from September 2017 to August 2018. Using interview method, we completed a questionnaire containing the patients' demographic characteristics, questions about patients' knowledge and attitude toward influenza vaccination, the influenza vaccination history, and the most common causes for vaccination. The relationship between the type of disease and patients' characteristics (exposure) with vaccination coverage (outcome) was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 58.7 ± 11.3 years. Also, 58.8% of the patients received at least one dose of the vaccine and the regular injection rate was 32.8%. The coverage of influenza vaccine in dialysis patients was significantly higher than other patients (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The mean knowledge score was 6.17 ± 2.15 out of maximum 9 scores. There was a positive association between age [<i>p</i> = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 1.04] and patients' knowledge (<i>p</i> < 0.001, OR = 1.42) with the vaccination coverage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The coverage of influenza vaccine in high-risk patients in Birjand was low. Hence, it is essential to increase the knowledge of high-risk groups about the importance of influenza vaccination and facilitate their access to vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221140229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/65/2c/10.1177_25151355221140229.PMC9703479.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40723215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam Kara, Gavrilo Lazovic, Farah Chohan, Jannel A Lawrence, Mahnoor Sukaina, Omoyeme Edaki, Kester Nedd
{"title":"Third wave COVID-19 delta variant breakthrough infection in a Hispanic-dominant suburb of Miami, Florida: ethical dilemma and vaccination hesitancy.","authors":"Sam Kara, Gavrilo Lazovic, Farah Chohan, Jannel A Lawrence, Mahnoor Sukaina, Omoyeme Edaki, Kester Nedd","doi":"10.1177/25151355221128086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221128086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The peak of the third wave of COVID-19 infection was in the summer (August-September) of 2021, dominated by the Delta variant. Florida was the epicenter of the third wave with more than 151,449 cases in the first week of August with a positivity rate of 20%. The purpose of this study is to identify the percentage of COVID-19 infection in vaccinated patients in a minority population in south Florida and to elucidate the relationship, if any, between demographics and breakthrough infections, the rate of vaccine hesitancy, as well as the willingness to receive the monoclonal antibody REGEN-COV for the treatment of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was performed at the Emergency Department, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Spring Campus, located in Hialeah, the fourth largest city in Florida. Hialeah is dominated (94.7%) by Hispanics and Latinos. This city represents a cross-sectional sample of US cities in general and Florida in specific. We enrolled 127 COVID-19 PCR-positive patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The infection in vaccinated patients (breakthrough) was found to be about one in three (34%). Despite the high infection rate and mounting death toll, about 73% of our unvaccinated patients answered no to the question 'knowing the consequences of being infected with COVID-19 and the fact that you are positive, would you have chosen to be vaccinated earlier?' However, about 27% of these patients agreed to receive the vaccine and 20.5% received the monoclonal antibody REGEN-COV.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study revealed that vaccine hesitancy in South Florida continues to be a major challenge, especially with the emergence of mutations including Delta plus and Omicron.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221128086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/16/10.1177_25151355221128086.PMC9548452.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lymphadenopathy subsequent to Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Corona virus vaccine: ultrasound findings and clinical implications.","authors":"Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Navdeep Kaur, Amandeep Kaur, Shivane Garg","doi":"10.1177/25151355221124018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221124018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Post anti-COVID-19 vaccine lymphadenopathies have been recently described in literature, from different parts of the world. Although there have been studies on lymphadenopathy following mRNA vaccines, there is a paucity of studies on lymphadenopathy following inactivated viral vaccines, such as Covishield.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In this study, we explored lymphadenopathy subsequent to Covishield vaccine in terms of its various ultrasound parameters in the Indian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This hospital-based longitudinal study was conducted among 50 adult beneficiaries of Covishield vaccine. Sociodemographic details and relevant clinical history were recorded using a semi-structured performa. Detailed ultrasound (USG) examination of the bilateral axillae was done on the day of vaccination and after 6-12 days post vaccination. Vaccine beneficiaries were evaluated for the presence of any vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy and described the presence, number, size, morphology, cortical thickness, and presence or absence of echogenic hilum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of total (63) lymph nodes evaluated sonologically, majority (80.9%) of lymph nodes showed the features of benign lymphadenopathy. However, 12.6% (8/63) lymph nodes showed diffusely thickened cortex with preserved central echogenic hilum, 4.76% (3/63) lymph nodes showed eccentric cortical thickness with preserved hilar pattern, while only one lymph node showed diffuse cortical thickening with loss of central echogenic hilum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With an increase in vaccination coverage, clinicians are likely to confront increasing cases of vaccine-associated axillary lymphadenopathy. Therefore, they should exercise care, that contemporary anti-COVID-19 vaccination can present an aetiology of axillary lymph nodes with suspicious USG features.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221124018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/30/ad/10.1177_25151355221124018.PMC9482933.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33468414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.","authors":"Arthur Young","doi":"10.1177/25151355221115011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221115011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While antibodies garner the lion's share of attention in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, cellular immunity (T cells) may be equally, if not more important, in controlling infection. Both CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells are elicited earlier and are associated with milder disease, than antibodies, and T-cell activation appears to be necessary for control of infection. Variants of concern (VOCs) such as Omicron have escaped the neutralizing antibody responses after two mRNA vaccine doses, but T-cell immunity is largely intact. The breadth and patient-specific nature of the latter offers a formidable line of defense that can limit the severity of illness, and are likely to be responsible for most of the protection from natural infection or vaccination against VOCs which have evaded the antibody response. Comprehensive searches for T-cell epitopes, T-cell activation from infection and vaccination of specific patient groups, and elicitation of cellular immunity by various alternative vaccine modalities are here reviewed. Development of vaccines that specifically target T cells is called for, to meet the needs of patient groups for whom cellular immunity is weaker, such as the elderly and the immunosuppressed. While VOCs have not yet fully escaped T-cell immunity elicited by natural infection and vaccines, some early reports of partial escape suggest that future VOCs may achieve the dreaded result, dislodging a substantial proportion of cellular immunity, enough to cause a grave public health burden. A proactive, rather than reactive, solution which identifies and targets immutable sequences in SARS-CoV-2, not just those which are conserved, may be the only recourse humankind has to disarm these future VOCs before they disarm us.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221115011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/88/10.1177_25151355221115011.PMC9425900.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40338593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving health literacy with mumps, measles and rubella (MMR) vaccination: comparison of the readability of MMR patient-facing literature and MMR scientific abstracts.","authors":"Tina Downey, Beverley C Millar, John E Moore","doi":"10.1177/25151355221118812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221118812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Historically, there have been many factors that have influenced mumps, measles and rubella (MMR) vaccine uptake, including media bias, social/economic determinants, parental education level, deprivation and concerns over vaccine safety. Readability metrics through online tools are now emerging as a means for healthcare professionals to determine the readability of patient-facing vaccine information. The aim of this study was to examine the readability of patient-facing materials describing MMR vaccination, through employment of nine readability and text parameter metrics, and to compare these with MMR vaccination literature for healthcare professionals and scientific abstracts relating to MMR vaccination.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The subscription-based online Readable program (readable.com) was used to determine nine readability indices using various readability formulae: Established readability metrics (<i>n</i> = 5) (Flesch-Kinkaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, SMOG Index, Flesch Reading Ease and New Dale-Chall Score), as well as Text parameters (<i>n</i> = 4) (sentence count, word count, number of words per sentence, number of syllables per word) with 47 MMR vaccination texts [patient-facing literature (<i>n</i> = 22); healthcare professional-focused literature (<i>n</i> = 8); scientific abstracts (<i>n</i> = 17)].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patient-facing vaccination literature had a Flesch Reading Ease score of 58.4 and a Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of 8.1, in comparison with poorer readability scores for healthcare professional literature of 30.7 and 12.6, respectively. MMR scientific abstracts had the poorest readability (24.0 and 14.8, respectively). Sentence structure was also considered, where better readability metrics were correlated with significantly lower number of words per sentence and less syllables per word.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Use of these readability tools enables the author to ensure their research is more readable to the lay audience. Patient co-production initiatives would help to ensure that not only can the target audience read the literature, but that they understand the content. Increased patient-centric focus groups would give better insights into reasons for MMR-associated vaccine hesitation and vaccine refusal.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221118812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/90/13/10.1177_25151355221118812.PMC9400405.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33444683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measles-rubella vaccine-associated MOG-antibody positive acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis with optic neuritis in a child.","authors":"Madhumati Otiv, Abhijeet Botre, Pawan Shah","doi":"10.1177/25151355221115016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25151355221115016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measles-rubella (MR) vaccine-associated encephalopathy is rare and coexistence with optic neuritis (ON) has never been reported. Only two patients (one child and one adult) had 'MR Vaccine-associated myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein antibody (MOGAb) positive encephalopathy'. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a surface myelin protein, is the target of the immune system in this disease. We describe a critical unique case of 'post-MR Vaccine, MOG-antibody positive Acute Disseminated Encephalo-Myelitis (ADEM) with optic neuritis', who recovered with immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33285,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"25151355221115016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/44/38/10.1177_25151355221115016.PMC9373146.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40610792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}