Journal of Cognition最新文献_第8页

Determinants of Face Recognition: The Role of Target Prevalence and Similarity 人脸识别的决定因素：目标普遍性和相似性的作用

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.5334/joc.339

Lionel Boudry, Jeffrey D. Nador, Meike Ramon

{"title":"Determinants of Face Recognition: The Role of Target Prevalence and Similarity","authors":"Lionel Boudry, Jeffrey D. Nador, Meike Ramon","doi":"10.5334/joc.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.339","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of facial identity processing typically assess perception (via matching) and/or memory (via recognition), with experimental designs differing with respect to one important aspect: Target Prevalence. Some designs include “target absent” (TA) among “target present” (TP) trials. In visual search tasks, TA trials shift an observer’s decisional criterion towards a stricter one, increasing misses. However, decisional biases will differ between individuals and across an individual’s decisions as well. In this way, excluding TA trials ensures comparable levels of expectation and thus a more controlled decisional bias both within and between observers by not considering correct rejections and false alarms. However, TA trials may occur, e.g., in police line-ups, where it is important to consider observers’ face recognition ability net of the potential biases introduced by TA and TP trials. And, while these have been investigated in numerous other stimulus domains, their effects have not yet been extended to face recognition. We therefore sought to fill this void by testing different versions of the previously established Models Memory Test, which measures old/new recognition of experimentally learned facial identities. Our study found significant expectation effects, driven by target prevalence that persist even given prevalence changes. This implies that face recognition – even measured with naturalistic changes – is influenced by prior perceptual decisions.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"5 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139957811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Does Foreign-Accented Speech Affect Credibility? Evidence from the Illusory-Truth Paradigm 外来言论会影响可信度吗？来自虚幻真理范式的证据

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.5334/joc.353

Anna Lorenzoni, Rita Faccio, Eduardo Navarrete

{"title":"Does Foreign-Accented Speech Affect Credibility? Evidence from the Illusory-Truth Paradigm","authors":"Anna Lorenzoni, Rita Faccio, Eduardo Navarrete","doi":"10.5334/joc.353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.353","url":null,"abstract":"In a pioneering study, Lev-Ari and Keysar (2010) observed that unknown statements are judged less credible when uttered with foreign accent compared to native accent. This finding was interpreted in terms of processing fluency; when intelligibility is reduced, the credibility of the message decreases. Here, we use the illusory truth paradigm to explore how accent affects credibility. In a between-participant design, participants were exposed to unknown statements uttered by native-accented or foreign-accented speakers. After a distractor task, the same statements were presented with new statements, and participants assessed their truthfulness. Truthfulness ratings were higher for repeated statements than for new statements, replicating the illusory truth effect. Contrary to the processing fluency hypothesis, the effect was similar in both the foreign-accented and native-accented speech groups. A new group of participants rated the speakers’ voices on various social traits. A negative bias against foreign speakers was observed. However, this negative-bias did not affect truth ratings.The impact of foreign-accented speech on message credibility is discussed in the context of two factors, processing fluency and out-group stereotype activation.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"1 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139958618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Specificity of Motor Contributions to Auditory Statistical Learning 听觉统计学习的运动贡献特异性

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.5334/joc.351

Sam Boeve, R. Möttönen, E. Smalle

{"title":"Specificity of Motor Contributions to Auditory Statistical Learning","authors":"Sam Boeve, R. Möttönen, E. Smalle","doi":"10.5334/joc.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.351","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical learning is the ability to extract patterned information from continuous sensory signals. Recent evidence suggests that auditory-motor mechanisms play an important role in auditory statistical learning from speech signals. The question remains whether auditory-motor mechanisms support such learning generally or in a domain-specific manner. In Experiment 1, we tested the specificity of motor processes contributing to learning patterns from speech sequences. Participants either whispered or clapped their hands while listening to structured speech. In Experiment 2, we focused on auditory specificity, testing whether whispering equally affects learning patterns from speech and non-speech sequences. Finally, in Experiment 3, we examined whether learning patterns from speech and non-speech sequences are correlated. Whispering had a stronger effect than clapping on learning patterns from speech sequences in Experiment 1. Moreover, whispering impaired statistical learning more strongly from speech than non-speech sequences in Experiment 2. Interestingly, while participants in the non-speech tasks spontaneously synchronized their motor movements with the auditory stream more than participants in the speech tasks, the effect of the motor movements on learning was stronger in the speech domain. Finally, no correlation between speech and non-speech learning was observed. Overall, our findings support the idea that learning statistical patterns from speech versus non-speech relies on segregated mechanisms, and that the speech motor system contributes to auditory statistical learning in a highly specific manner.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"324 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139833397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.5334/joc.349

S. Ishiguro, Satoru Saito

引用次数: 0

Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children 探索工作记忆能力和效率过程，了解小学生的工作记忆训练成果

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.5334/joc.348

Alexandra S. L. Tan, R. C. Lau, Peter J. Anderson, Susan Gathercole, M. Bellgrove, Joshua F Wiley, M. Spencer-Smith

{"title":"Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children","authors":"Alexandra S. L. Tan, R. C. Lau, Peter J. Anderson, Susan Gathercole, M. Bellgrove, Joshua F Wiley, M. Spencer-Smith","doi":"10.5334/joc.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.348","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the abundance of research evaluating working memory training outcomes in children, few studies have examined the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This study aimed to contribute understanding by exploring whether working memory capacity (maximum span) and/or efficiency (basic and cognitive processing speeds), two proposed cognitive mechanisms, are associated with children’s working memory performance immediately and 6-months post-intervention. We used data from a previous trial in primary school children (7–11 years) who completed working memory training (n = 52) or an active control (n = 36), comprising 10 sessions (each 20-minutes) in class over two weeks. Children completed five working memory measures at baseline, immediately and 6-months post-intervention: two Backwards Span and two Following Instructions measures (same paradigms as training activities), and one n-back measure (different paradigm). Maximum span, basic and cognitive processing speeds, and performance were calculated for each measure. Associations between change in maximum span, processing speeds and change in performance on the working memory measures from baseline to immediately and 6-months post-intervention did not differ between groups (all p < .05). Maximum span, processing speeds and performance on working memory measures did not differ between groups. Findings provide little evidence that the studied capacity or efficiency processes contribute to understanding working memory training outcomes in primary school children. Furthermore, working memory training did not have benefits for children’s working capacity, efficiency or performance up to 6-months post-intervention. It is of interest for future studies to explore cognitive mechanisms, including strategy use, maximum span and information processing, in datasets where training effects are observed.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139792070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children 探索工作记忆能力和效率过程，了解小学生的工作记忆训练成果

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.5334/joc.348

Alexandra S. L. Tan, R. C. Lau, Peter J. Anderson, Susan Gathercole, M. Bellgrove, Joshua F Wiley, M. Spencer-Smith

{"title":"Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children","authors":"Alexandra S. L. Tan, R. C. Lau, Peter J. Anderson, Susan Gathercole, M. Bellgrove, Joshua F Wiley, M. Spencer-Smith","doi":"10.5334/joc.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.348","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the abundance of research evaluating working memory training outcomes in children, few studies have examined the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This study aimed to contribute understanding by exploring whether working memory capacity (maximum span) and/or efficiency (basic and cognitive processing speeds), two proposed cognitive mechanisms, are associated with children’s working memory performance immediately and 6-months post-intervention. We used data from a previous trial in primary school children (7–11 years) who completed working memory training (n = 52) or an active control (n = 36), comprising 10 sessions (each 20-minutes) in class over two weeks. Children completed five working memory measures at baseline, immediately and 6-months post-intervention: two Backwards Span and two Following Instructions measures (same paradigms as training activities), and one n-back measure (different paradigm). Maximum span, basic and cognitive processing speeds, and performance were calculated for each measure. Associations between change in maximum span, processing speeds and change in performance on the working memory measures from baseline to immediately and 6-months post-intervention did not differ between groups (all p < .05). Maximum span, processing speeds and performance on working memory measures did not differ between groups. Findings provide little evidence that the studied capacity or efficiency processes contribute to understanding working memory training outcomes in primary school children. Furthermore, working memory training did not have benefits for children’s working capacity, efficiency or performance up to 6-months post-intervention. It is of interest for future studies to explore cognitive mechanisms, including strategy use, maximum span and information processing, in datasets where training effects are observed.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139851866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Body Map Beyond Perceptual Experience. 超越感知经验的身体地图

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-02-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.347

Daniele Gatti, Fritz Günther, Luca Rinaldi

{"title":"A Body Map Beyond Perceptual Experience.","authors":"Daniele Gatti, Fritz Günther, Luca Rinaldi","doi":"10.5334/joc.347","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.347","url":null,"abstract":"The human body is perhaps the most ubiquitous and salient visual stimulus that we encounter in our daily lives. Given the prevalence of images of human bodies in natural scene statistics, it is no surprise that our mental representations of the body are thought to strongly originate from visual experience. Yet, little is still known about high-level cognitive representations of the body. Here, we retrieved a body map from natural language, taking this as a window into high-level cognitive processes. We first extracted a matrix of distances between body parts from natural language data and employed this matrix to extrapolate a body map. To test the effectiveness of this high-level body map, we then conducted a series of experiments in which participants were asked to classify the distance between pairs of body parts, presented either as words or images. We found that the high-level body map was systematically activated when participants were making these distance judgments. Crucially, the linguistic map explained participants' performance over and above the visual body map, indicating that the former cannot be simply conceived as a by-product of perceptual experience. These findings, therefore, establish the existence of a behaviorally relevant, high-level representation of the human body.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139681622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orthographic and Phonological Code Activation in Deaf and Hearing Readers. 聋人和听障读者的正字法和音素编码激活。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.326

Phillip J Holcomb, Emily M Akers, Katherine J Midgley, Karen Emmorey

{"title":"Orthographic and Phonological Code Activation in Deaf and Hearing Readers.","authors":"Phillip J Holcomb, Emily M Akers, Katherine J Midgley, Karen Emmorey","doi":"10.5334/joc.326","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.326","url":null,"abstract":"Grainger et al. (2006) were the first to use ERP masked priming to explore the differing contributions of phonological and orthographic representations to visual word processing. Here we adapted their paradigm to examine word processing in deaf readers. We investigated whether reading-matched deaf and hearing readers (n = 36) exhibit different ERP effects associated with the activation of orthographic and phonological codes during word processing. In a visual masked priming paradigm, participants performed a go/no-go categorization task (detect an occasional animal word). Critical target words were preceded by orthographically-related (transposed letter - TL) or phonologically-related (pseudohomophone - PH) masked non-word primes were contrasted with the same target words preceded by letter substitution (control) non-words primes. Hearing readers exhibited typical N250 and N400 priming effects (greater negativity for control compared to TL or PH primed targets), and the TL and PH priming effects did not differ. For deaf readers, the N250 PH priming effect was later (250-350 ms), and they showed a reversed N250 priming effect for TL primes in this time window. The N400 TL and PH priming effects did not differ between groups. For hearing readers, those with better phonological and spelling skills showed larger early N250 PH and TL priming effects (150-250 ms). For deaf readers, those with better phonological skills showed a larger reversed TL priming effect in the late N250 window. We speculate that phonological knowledge modulates how strongly deaf readers rely on whole-word orthographic representations and/or the mapping from sublexical to lexical representations.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139681654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Blessing in Disguise: Flanking Words Can Cancel Language Switch Costs. 变相的祝福：侧翼词能降低语言转换成本

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.332

Aaron Vandendaele, Nicoleta Prutean, Mathieu Declerck

引用次数: 0

Do Love You Me? Failure to Notice Word Transpositions is Induced by Parallel Word Processing. 你爱我吗？并行词语处理会导致无法注意词语转换

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-01-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.335

Joshua Snell, Alline Nogueira Melo

{"title":"Do Love You Me? Failure to Notice Word Transpositions is Induced by Parallel Word Processing.","authors":"Joshua Snell, Alline Nogueira Melo","doi":"10.5334/joc.335","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.335","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research has shown that readers may to fail notice word transpositions during reading (e.g., the transposition of \"fail\" and \"to\" in this sentence). Although this transposed word (TW) phenomenon was initially taken as evidence that readers process multiple words in parallel, several studies now show that TW-effects may also occur when words are presented one-by-one. Critically however, in the majority of studies TW-effects are weaker in serial presentation. Here we argue that while word position coding may to some extent proceed post-lexically (allowing TW-effects to occur despite seeing words one-by-one), stronger TW-effects in parallel presentation nonetheless evidence a degree of parallel word processing. We additionally report an experiment wherein a sample of Dutch participants (N = 34) made grammaticality judgments about 4-word TW sentences (e.g., 'the was man here', 'the went dog away') and ungrammatical control sentences ('the man dog here', 'the was went away'), whereby the four words were presented either serially or in parallel. Ungrammaticality was decidedly more difficult to notice in the TW condition, but only when words were presented in parallel. No effects were observed in the serial presentation whatsoever. The present results bolster the notion that word order is encoded with a degree of flexibility, and further provide straightforward evidence for parallel word processing during reading.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139681651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0