Journal of Cognition最新文献_第8页

Evidence for Two Types of Task Conflict in a Color-Digit Stroop Task. 颜色-数字 Stroop 任务中两种任务冲突的证据

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-12 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.386

Ronen Hershman, Eldad Keha, Ayelet Sapir, Elisabeth M Weiss, Avishai Henik, Liane Kaufmann

{"title":"Evidence for Two Types of Task Conflict in a Color-Digit Stroop Task.","authors":"Ronen Hershman, Eldad Keha, Ayelet Sapir, Elisabeth M Weiss, Avishai Henik, Liane Kaufmann","doi":"10.5334/joc.386","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.386","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, we conducted a Stroop-like task in which the participants were required to decide whether the presented stimulus, which could be either a colored digit or a colored rectangle, consisted of more or less than five colors. Like other Stroop-like tasks, the stimuli could be congruent (the stimulus was a digit that was equal to the presented number of colors), incongruent (the stimulus was a digit that was different than the presented number of colors), or neutral (a colored rectangle). We utilized a two-to-one response setting so that in some incongruent trials the digit and the number of colors would elicit the same response (e.g., the digit 3 containing two colors; both are smaller than 5), while in some incongruent trials, the digit and the number of colors would elicit different responses (e.g., the digit 3 containing 6 colors). This enabled us to measure both conflicts arising from stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-response compatibilities. Our results indicated the existence of stimulus-stimulus compatibility (SSC), stimulus-response compatibility (SRC), and task conflict. Interestingly, these effects were in interaction with the number of colors, so that in small numbers, SSC and SRC were found, and in large numbers, SRC and task conflict were found. Moreover, the results suggest that our task includes two types of task conflict that are raised due to three different tasks: processing the meaning of the digit vs. estimating the number of colors and counting the number of colors vs. estimating the number of colors.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11243766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What is the Role of Spatial Attention in Statistical Learning During Visual Search? 空间注意力在视觉搜索期间的统计学习中起什么作用？

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-11 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.382

Aidai Golan, Aniruddha Ramgir, Dominique Lamy

{"title":"What is the Role of Spatial Attention in Statistical Learning During Visual Search?","authors":"Aidai Golan, Aniruddha Ramgir, Dominique Lamy","doi":"10.5334/joc.382","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.382","url":null,"abstract":"Our ability to learn the regularities embedded in our environment is a fundamental aspect of our cognitive system. Does such statistical learning depend on attention? Research on this topic is scarce and has yielded mixed findings. In this preregistered study, we examined the role of spatial attention in statistical learning, and specifically in learned distractor-location suppression. This phenomenon refers to the finding that during visual search, participants are better at ignoring a salient distractor at a high-probability location than at low-probability locations - a bias persisting long after the probability imbalance has ceased. Participants searched for a shape-singleton target and a color-singleton distractor was sometimes present. During the learning phase, the color-singleton distractor was more likely to appear in the high-probability location than in the low-probability locations. Crucially, we manipulated spatial attention by having the experimental group focus their attention on the target's location in advance of the search display, using a 100%-informative spatial precue, while the control group was presented with a neutral, uninformative cue. During the subsequent test phase, the color-singleton distractor was equally likely to appear at any location and there were no cues. As expected, the results for the neutral-cue group replicated previous findings. Crucially, for the informative-cue group, interference from the distractor was minimal when attention was diverted from it (during learning) and no statistical learning was observed during test. Intertrial priming accounted for the small statistical-learning effect found during learning. These findings show that statistical learning in visual search requires attention.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11243762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial "Embodiment in the Metaverse: How Real and Virtual Bodies in Interaction Affect Cognition". 社论 "元宇宙中的体现：互动中的真实与虚拟身体如何影响认知"。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-06-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.374

Claudia Repetto, Giuseppe Riva

引用次数: 0

Prospective Distractor Information Reduces Reward-Related Attentional Capture. 前瞻性干扰信息会减少与奖励相关的注意力捕捉。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-06-17 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.375

Justin Mahlberg, Daniel Pearson, Mike E Le Pelley, Poppy Watson

{"title":"Prospective Distractor Information Reduces Reward-Related Attentional Capture.","authors":"Justin Mahlberg, Daniel Pearson, Mike E Le Pelley, Poppy Watson","doi":"10.5334/joc.375","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.375","url":null,"abstract":"Motivationally salient stimuli, such as those associated with reward, can automatically gain attentional prioritisation - even when individuals are motivated to ignore such stimuli. This 'attentional bias for reward' has often been interpreted as evidence for involuntary Pavlovian 'sign tracking' behaviour. The prioritisation of reward-signalling distractors may additionally reflect a drive to gain information about the state of the world, irrespective of the particular reward that is being signalled. In the current study we assessed whether forewarning participants on each trial as to the upcoming features of a distractor would reduce reward-related attentional capture. This manipulation reduces the information provided by the distractor, without affecting the magnitude of the signalled reward. Using eye tracking in Experiment 1, we found that reward-related attentional capture was virtually eliminated when participants were informed of the upcoming distractor colour (relative to the baseline condition when no information was provided). In Experiment 2, using a response-time version of the task, we again found a significant reduction in reward-related attentional capture when participants received information about the colour of an upcoming distractor, or information about the value of the upcoming reward. Finally, in Experiment 3 we assessed whether participants were using the pre-trial information to strategically inhibit attention to the upcoming distractor colour. The results of these experiments are discussed within the context of information-seeking accounts of reward-related attentional capture effects.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11192094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence for Automatic, Stimulus Driven, Arithmetic Processing of Single-digit Multiplication Problems. 刺激驱动的自动算术处理个位数乘法问题的证据。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-06-05 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.372

Eldad Keha, Daria Klotsvog, Sarit Ashkenazi, Eyal Kalanthroff

{"title":"Evidence for Automatic, Stimulus Driven, Arithmetic Processing of Single-digit Multiplication Problems.","authors":"Eldad Keha, Daria Klotsvog, Sarit Ashkenazi, Eyal Kalanthroff","doi":"10.5334/joc.372","DOIUrl":"10.5334/joc.372","url":null,"abstract":"Certain stimuli can automatically trigger different behaviors in a stimulus-driven manner. To investigate whether mathematical equations automatically trigger the tendency to engage in arithmetic processing, we asked whether the presentation of multiplication equations in an irrelevant dimension can trigger the automatic task of arithmetic processing and if so, which processes are involved. To that end, we employed a color-naming task in which participants had to name the color of different stimuli, such as: mathematical equations (e.g., 4 × 6 = 24), neutral-symbols (e.g., ####), neutral-words (e.g., building), and same-number strings (e.g., 11111), which appeared as one of four different colors. We found that mathematical equations and regular words in the irrelevant dimension triggered more task conflict (i.e., color naming's reaction time was longer) as compared to same-number strings. In addition, we found evidence for the automatic activation of different numerical processes; such that large-size equations (7 × 9 = 63) triggered more conflict as compared with small-size (2 × 3 = 6) equations and same-parity incorrect equations (3 × 2 = 8) triggered more conflict as compared to different-parity incorrect equations (4 × 2 = 9). We found no evidence indicating a distinction between the correct and incorrect equations. We discussed the relevance of the findings to the automaticity of arithmetic abilities and other domains in numerical cognition.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11160399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Curve of Learning With and Without Instructions. 有指导和无指导的学习曲线。

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-06-03 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.373

Leendert van Maanen, Yuyao Zhang, Maarten De Schryver, Baptist Liefooghe

引用次数: 0

Two Attentional Processes Subserving Working Memory Differentiate Gifted and Mainstream Students 两种服务于工作记忆的注意过程区分了资优学生和主流学生

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.5334/joc.370

Janice Johnson, Steven J. Howard, J. Pascual-Leone

引用次数: 0

Putting the Spotlight Back Onto the Flanker Task in Autism: Autistic Adults Show Increased Interference from Foils Compared with Non-autistic Adults 重新关注自闭症患者的侧翼任务：与非自闭症成人相比，自闭症成人受到的箔片干扰更多

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.5334/joc.369

Daniel Poole, James A. Grange, Elizabeth Milne

{"title":"Putting the Spotlight Back Onto the Flanker Task in Autism: Autistic Adults Show Increased Interference from Foils Compared with Non-autistic Adults","authors":"Daniel Poole, James A. Grange, Elizabeth Milne","doi":"10.5334/joc.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.369","url":null,"abstract":"Autistic people may have a less focused spotlight of spatial selective attention than non-autistic people, meaning that distracting stimuli are less effectively suppressed. Previous studies using the flanker task have supported this suggestion with observations of increased congruency effects in autistic participants. However, findings across studies have been mixed, mainly based on research in children and on response time measures, which may be influenced by differences in response strategy between autistic and non-autistic people rather than differences in selective attention. In this pre-registered study, 153 autistic and 147 non-autistic adults completed an online flanker task. The aims of this study were to test whether increased congruency effects replicate in autistic adults and to extend previous work by fitting a computational model of spatial selective attention on the flanker task to the data. Congruency effects were increased in the autistic group. The modelling revealed that the interference time from the foils was increased in the autistic group. This suggests that the activation of the foils was increased, meaning suppression was less effective for autistic participants. There were also differences in non-interference parameters between the groups. The estimate of response caution was increased in the autistic group and the estimate of perceptual efficiency was decreased. Together these findings suggest inefficient suppression, response strategy and perceptual processing all contribute to differences in performance on the flanker task between autistic and non-autistic people.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interindividual Differences in Cognitive Variability Are Ubiquitous and Distinct From Mean Performance in a Battery of Eleven Tasks 认知变异性的个体间差异无处不在，且与十一项任务的平均成绩不同

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.5334/joc.371

N. Judd, Michael Aristodemou, T. Klingberg, R. Kievit

引用次数: 0

When Load is Low, Working Memory is Shielded From Long-Term Memory’s Influence 负荷低时，工作记忆不受长时记忆的影响

Journal of Cognition Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.5334/joc.368

L. Bartsch, Gidon T. Frischkorn, P. Shepherdson

{"title":"When Load is Low, Working Memory is Shielded From Long-Term Memory’s Influence","authors":"L. Bartsch, Gidon T. Frischkorn, P. Shepherdson","doi":"10.5334/joc.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.368","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies found that episodic long-term memory (eLTM) enhances working memory (WM) performance when both novel and previously learnt word pairs must be retained on a short-term basis. However, there is uncertainty regarding how and when WM draws on eLTM. Three possibilities are (a) that people draw on eLTM only if WM capacity is exceeded; (b) that there is always a contribution of eLTM to WM performance, irrespective of whether prior knowledge is helpful or not; or (c) benefits of prior knowledge are specific to comparisons between conditions which are similarly ambiguous concerning whether LTM may be useful. We built on the assumption that under conditions of a contribution from LTM, these LTM traces of memoranda could benefit or hamper performance in WM tasks depending on the match between the traces stored in LTM and the ones to-be stored in WM in the current trial, yielding proactive facilitation (PF) and proactive interference (PI), respectively. Across four experiments, we familiarized participants with some items before they completed a separate WM task. In accordance with possibility (a) we show that there are indeed conditions in which only WM contributes to performance. Performance deteriorated with the addition of stimuli from eLTM when WM load was low, but not when it was high; and an exchange of information between LTM and WM occurred only when WM capacity was exceeded, with PI and PF effects affecting immediate memory performance in verbal and visual tasks only at higher set sizes.","PeriodicalId":32728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognition","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0