Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Production of hydrogen during electro-oxidation of urea using Ni-based catalysts modified with Mn and Zn supported on a Vulcan carbon matrix","authors":"F.A. Gómez-Gómez ,&nbsp;E. Castañeda-Morales ,&nbsp;S. Vázquez-Bautista ,&nbsp;Yueyin Li ,&nbsp;L. Chen ,&nbsp;J.A Wang ,&nbsp;E. Ramírez-Meneses ,&nbsp;D.M. Morales ,&nbsp;A. Susarrey-Arce ,&nbsp;A. Manzo-Robledo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urea electrooxidation offers a promising alternative for hydrogen generation, applicable in electrolysis and direct urea fuel cells (DUFC), typically using noble metal electrocatalysts. In this study monometallic (Ni/C) and bimetallic (NiMn/C and NiZn/C) catalysts synthesized via a deposition-impregnation method were evaluated. Structural and physicochemical characterization through XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS, and XPS confirmed the presence of semispherical metal and metal oxide nanoparticles within a highly dispersed carbon matrix. Catalytic performance was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing high faradaic currents (∼5 mA) linked to nickel redox processes and urea oxidation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated that NiMn/C exhibited a lower charge-transfer resistance at 0.6 V vs. SHE, effectively reducing oxidation potential. In-situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy identified intermediate species during anodic polarization, with intensified peaks above 0.6 V indicating NiOH/NiOOH redox processes and the formation of carbonates and nitrogen oxides. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) detected ionic currents corresponding to various species, including NO₂, NO, N₂, NH₃, N₂O, and O₂. Selectivity studies showed that Ni/C achieved a 93% conversion to molecular nitrogen, while Ni₂₅Zn₇₅/C reached 68% conversion to ammonia, and Ni₇₅Mn₂₅/C favored nitrogen oxide production. Hydrogen generation was higher at the cathode under acidic conditions compared to alkaline. Stability tests via chronoamperometry at 0.65 V vs. SHE revealed a stable current (∼0.4 mA), particularly for Ni₇₅Mn₂₅/C, indicating enhanced tolerance to reaction intermediates due to improved bimetallic interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138654"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on small species and PAHs formation of ethylene inverse diffusion sooting flames with diethyl ether additions","authors":"Bingkun Wu ,&nbsp;Tianjiao Li ,&nbsp;Hang Ren ,&nbsp;Kaixuan Yang ,&nbsp;Jinkai Xu ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Su ,&nbsp;Mingxiao Chen ,&nbsp;Yaoyao Ying ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presented the experimental and numerical investigation of diethyl ether (DEE, CH₃CH₂–O–CH₂CH₃) blending effects on chemistry of ethylene (C₂H₄) inverse diffusion sooting flames for the first time. Experimental measurements employing online gas chromatography (GC) quantitatively characterized the mole fraction distributions of major products and key intermediates. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen (H₂) concentrations show an overall increase under DEE addition, while carbon monoxide (CO) is reduced. Moreover, acetylene (C₂H₂), ethylene (C₂H₄), diacetylene (C₄H₂), vinyl acetylene (C₄H₄), and benzene (A1) formation are suppressed, while methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propargyne (C₃H₄-P), and propylene (C₃H₆) production experiences notable enhancement. For numerical simulation, a newly coupled DLR-DEE mechanism was developed and validated against experimental data for both DEE pyrolysis and C₂H₄ diffusion flames, demonstrating good agreement in predicting key species profiles. Kinetic analysis of A1 formation showed that DEE addition perturbed the C₂H₄ combustion network through the introduction of ethyl (C₂H₅) radicals from its primary decomposition pathway (&gt;80% yield) and via the subsequent generation of methyl (CH₃) radicals from the majority (&gt;50%) of the resulting C₂H₅O. This restructuring made C₂H₂ and C₃H₃ the key rate-limiting species for A1 formation. Specifically, reduced C₂H₂ concentration and its conversion efficiency to C₃H₃ precursors, coupled with inhibited C₃H₃ self-addition kinetics, collectively lead to decreased A1 production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138658"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ammonium bisulfate on synergistic mercury removal over V2O5-based SCR catalysts","authors":"Jiajian Chen,&nbsp;Tingfeng Shan,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Jiali Peng,&nbsp;Hongmin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts promote SO₂ oxidation to SO₃, which reacts with NH₃ to form ammonium bisulfate (ABS). Despite extensive reports on ABS-related deactivation and operability issues, its coverage- and location-dependent impact on synergistic Hg⁰ removal remains unclear. Here, we systematically interrogate how ABS coverage (constructed ex situ via NH₄HSO₄ impregnation), temperature, and flue-gas composition govern Hg⁰ removal over V₂O₅/TiO₂ and V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ catalysts. XRD confirms that ABS does not introduce new crystalline phases but forms a surface overlayer that promotes particle agglomeration and decreases thermal stability. On V₂O₅/TiO₂, low ABS coverage (≈5 wt%) markedly enhances Hg⁰ removal, whereas higher coverage suppresses activity via active-site masking. In contrast, V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ shows reduced efficiency at low ABS levels but progressively recovers as coverage increases, highlighting Mo-mediated modulation of surface acidity and redox properties. Notably, ammonium sulfate (AS) exerts opposite effects: it significantly boosts Hg⁰ removal on V₂O₅/TiO₂ but strongly inhibits V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂. Temperature-programmed tests reveal a decline in Hg⁰ removal with increasing temperature, with maxima of 53% (V₂O₅/TiO₂–ABS) and 68% (V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂–ABS) at 200 °C. Gas composition is decisive: SO₂, NH₃, and mixed atmospheres inhibit Hg⁰ control, whereas O₂ and NO promote oxidation. Spectroscopic analyses indicate that ABS reshapes surface acidity, alters the local chemical environment, and induces V⁵⁺→V⁴⁺ transitions, thereby modulating Hg binding. These results clarify the dose–response role of ABS coverage in SCR mercury control and provide guidance for tailoring acidity and redox characteristics to achieve robust multi-pollutant control under complex flue-gas conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138723"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to “Surface tension predictions of pure organic components: An artificial neural network approach” by Queiroz et al. (2025)","authors":"A. Mulero ,&nbsp;M. Pierantozzi ,&nbsp;V. Vadillo-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;I. Cachadiña","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138714"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defect-engineered halloysite nanotubes anchored with ultrafine Pd nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic hydrogenation of phenol","authors":"Chunyan Tu,&nbsp;Ruonan Pan,&nbsp;Luhan Liu,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Wenlin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel defect-engineered strategy was developed to fabricate highly efficient Pd catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone. By fine-tuning the post-alkali treatment, we successfully tailored the microstructure of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) supports, selectively removing Al–OH sites without forming any amorphous structures. This precise engineering allowed for the uniform dispersion of ultrafine Pd nanoparticles within the HNTs’ lumen. A comprehensive analysis using CO-DRIFTS, TEM, H₂-TPD, CO₂-TPD, and Py-IR techniques revealed that the Pd/1.2M-HNTs catalyst possessed rich Pd step sites with a strong H₂ dissociation ability. Furthermore, the unique acid–base properties of the modified HNTs support moderate the adsorption strength of cyclohexanone, ensuring high selectivity by promoting its timely desorption and limiting over-hydrogenation. The optimized catalyst exhibited superior catalytic performance with a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 341 h⁻¹ and excellent stability. This work highlights a facile and effective approach to control the support structure at the molecular level, offering new insights for the rational design of catalysts for hydrogenation reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138589"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling mercury re-emission in wet flue gas desulfurization systems: A dual experimental and computational study on the inhibition mechanism","authors":"Haiyu Huang,&nbsp;Xinyan Yu,&nbsp;Rujin Tian,&nbsp;Xin Guo,&nbsp;Runjie Hu,&nbsp;Yanqing Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elemental mercury (Hg⁰) re-emission within Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (WFGD) systems is a major challenge for mercury control in coal-fired power plants. To address the issue, this study systematically combined experimental and computational methods to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of two stabilizers –Na₂S and 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trithionetrisodium salt (TMT). Experiments demonstrated that both stabilizers effectively mitigated mercury re-emission under diverse realistic WFGD operating conditions and especially exhibited high stability across varied temperatures and pH values. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided mechanistic insight. They confirmed that the inherent re-emission mechanism relates to the pre-adsorbed Hg²⁺ forming unstable coordination structures with SO₂. Both stabilizers inhibited this process by competitively binding with Hg²⁺. Specifically, Na₂S reduced the re-emission rate through the precipitation of HgS, while TMT achieved inhibition via thiol chelation. We found that elevated temperatures weakened the Hg-S^2- bonds but enhanced the binding affinity between TMT and Hg²⁺. Furthermore, the presence of H⁺ slightly reduced the inhibition efficiency of both stabilizers. In the Na₂S system, H⁺ enhanced the S^2--Hg²⁺ coordination but also promoted the formation of SO₂-Hg-OH. For the TMT system, H⁺ mitigated the triazine ring-Hg²⁺ interaction and enhanced SO₂-Hg²⁺ binding. These findings offer crucial theoretical guidance for the optimal selection of stabilizers and the optimization of operational conditions for efficient mercury control in WFGD systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138696"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural modeling on cement mechanical properties under carbonation reactions and its implications to well integrity","authors":"Zhuang Sun,&nbsp;Rafael Salazar-Tio,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar,&nbsp;Andrew Fager,&nbsp;Bernd Crouse","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ geological storage involves the CO₂ injection into subsurface reservoirs through wells. Cementing is a critical component of well construction and is necessary for mechanical integrity as well as hydraulic sealing of wells. The injected CO₂ can react with the hydrated materials in the cementing. This chemical process, often called carbonation reactions, can have a significant impact on the microstructure, mechanical properties and durability of the well cementing. However, there is no published work that focuses on the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of cement caused by carbonation reactions and its implications to well integrity at a large scale. This study aims to solve this multiscale challenge of well integrity during CO₂ geological storage. First, an image processing technique was developed to capture the changes in cement 3D microstructure due to carbonation and bicarbonation processes. Second, we perform simulation steps to calculate the cement mechanical properties under various levels of carbonation reactions and validate the simulation results with laboratory experiments. The simulation results show that carbonation and bicarbonation processes lead to a non-trivial evolution of the constitutive relationship. Third, the microstructure simulation provides input to a multistage finite element model to evaluate the well stability. The results indicate that the carbonation process can adversely impact the well stability as it may induce tensile failure and damage to the cement. This work shows that advanced numerical models are powerful tools to ensure the cement integrity of CO₂ storage projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138555"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic evaluation of gasifiers driven by the high-enthalpy plasma supply","authors":"Vadim A. Kuznetsov ,&nbsp;Martin Gräbner ,&nbsp;Ronny Schimpke. ,&nbsp;Dirk Uhrlandt ,&nbsp;Andreas Richter","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study overviews gasifiers driven by thermal and microwave plasma which primarily produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Industrially available plasma generation methods are described. Analysis of plasma gasification systems revealed eight distinct designs and their features. Counter current systems matured to industrial scale (up to 7000 kg/h of municipal solid waste), though tar cracking is not forced by plasma integration. The cold gas efficiency (∼61%) is similar to the autothermal industrial systems. Cross current systems reached technology readiness levels of 4–5 (up to 60 kg/h) but require long-term testing for stationary state balancing. In co-current downdraft systems wood and low-ash, plastic-rich municipal solid waste were processed (&lt;110 kg/h). The drawback is that plasma temperature is limited by ash melting. A horizontal co-current design was proven at feeding rates of 400 kg/h in a 12 months’ run on municipal solid waste with slagging ash discharge, whereas cold gas efficiencies of ∼ 53% were reached that are comparable to conventional gasifiers. Entrained flow designs require good plasma-feedstock mixing, which is hard to ensure at throughputs far below 90 kg/h of coal. Arc and microwave discharge integrated solutions suffer from the feeding-caused instabilities of the discharge and require high energy consumption (&gt;10 kWh/kg). The furnace-like designs, which have a throughput of up to 437 kg/h, also suffer from arc instabilities resulting in energy consumptions of &gt; 4 kWh/kg due to a poor energy distribution. A counter current design was determined to be the most mature one, while horizontal co-current designs promise better performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138538"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of pyrolysis bio-oils of varying upgrading levels in FCC co-processing with VGO: Benefits and limitations","authors":"Thibault Ourlin ,&nbsp;Ferran Torres Marti ,&nbsp;Robbie Venderbosch ,&nbsp;Serdar Çelebi ,&nbsp;Seda Karahan ,&nbsp;Yannick Mathieu ,&nbsp;Avelino Corma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO) and two biocrudes derived from it, a Stabilized and Deoxygenated Pyrolysis Oil (SDPO) and a near oxygen-free Hydrotreated Pyrolysis Oil (HPO), were co-processed independently with a Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO) feed in a transported-bed reactor (MicroDowner Unit, MDU) over a commercial FCC equilibrium catalyst. This study examines the influence of bio-oil upgrading severity, incorporation ratio (5–50 wt%), and catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTO = 5–30 g/g) on conversion, product distribution, coke formation, and deoxygenation pathways under typical industrial FCC conditions aimed at maximizing middle distillates. At low blending levels (≤ 10 wt%), upgraded bio-oils had minimal effect on overall conversion and liquid yields; however, FPBO severely deactivated the catalyst even at 5 wt%. Increasing the upgrading severity of pyrolysis oil (FPBO → SDPO → HPO) reduced coke selectivity by up to 75%, preserved gasoline (C₅–C₁₂) and kerosene (C₁₀–C₁₈) yields, and enhanced biogenic carbon recovery into liquid fuels (from 16% for FPBO to 65% for SDPO and 76% for HPO at 80% conversion). In all cases, deoxygenation proceeded primarily via dehydration during FCC coprocessing (&gt;90% for SDPO and HPO). However, for FPBO, due to its different oxygenated-compound composition, decarboxylation and decarbonylation mechanisms also contributed significantly. It has been found that phenol derivatives are the most refractory among the oxygenated compounds in pyrolysis oil and are not efficiently removed during preliminary upgrading or catalytic cracking, leading to their accumulation in the recovered liquid products even after FCC processing. Altogether, this study clearly indicates that pretreatment of pyrolysis bio-oil, such as deep hydrodeoxygenation, is essential to ensure seamless integration into existing FCC operations and to maximize renewable carbon incorporation into drop-in fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138622"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional spherical ordered mesoporous Al-MCM-48 solid acid catalysts for the rapid conversion of biomass-derived GVL to butene","authors":"Haibiao Yu ,&nbsp;Yudong Li ,&nbsp;Yuanting Du ,&nbsp;Ruixi Yang ,&nbsp;Weijun Shan ,&nbsp;Yuejiao Wang ,&nbsp;Ruan Chi ,&nbsp;Ying Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The catalytic production of butene from biomass-derived γ-valerolactone (GVL) plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable energy development. In this paper, MCM-48 featuring a large surface area and ordered three-dimensional mesoporous structure, was prepared using a hydrothermal method with CTAB as the template agent. The final solid acid <em>x</em>wt%Al-MCM-48 catalysts were then synthesized via a simple impregnation method, using AlCl₃ as the aluminum source and ethanol as the solvent. It was found that aluminum species exist on the surface of MCM-48 in tetra-, quintu-, and <em>hexa</em>-coordinated forms, which leads to the formation of a substantial number of weak Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Although the introduction of Al species further reduces the specific surface area of the catalyst, the optimal 9wt%Al-MCM-48 catalyst still maintains a high value of 651 m²·g⁻¹, with the largest number of weak acid sites, amounting to 0.60 mmol·g⁻¹. The ordered three-dimensional mesoporous structure, large number of surface weak acid sites, and suitable ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid endow the 9wt%Al-MCM-48 catalyst with high catalytic activity for the conversion GVL to butene. Upon optimization of the reaction parameters, the 9wt%Al-MCM-48 catalyst achieves a butene yield of over 90% within a 90 min reaction period at 300 °C. Further evaluation of the catalyst’s cycling stability revealed that it maintains 74% of butene yield following five consecutive cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138603"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}