Fuel最新文献

{"title":"A novel approach for expeditiously assessing residual carbon recovery from coal gasification slag","authors":"Baolin Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Zhang,&nbsp;Le Li,&nbsp;Yufei Liu,&nbsp;Chenming Gao,&nbsp;Bin Xue,&nbsp;Peng Zhi,&nbsp;Wei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual carbon recovery from coal gasification slag (CGS) is a promising approach for the cascade utilization of CGS, while the inherent complexity and multistep processes in different separation techniques to achieve high-efficiency extraction hampered the rapid assessment of the residual carbon recovery potential. In this study, a self-designed simple water flow classifier was employed to extract the residual carbon from CGS by adjusting the superficial water flow velocities (SWFV). The results revealed the non-uniform carbon and ash distribution in CGS was the basis of residual carbon recovery, while the fine particles with lower carbon content significantly affected the separation efficiency of residual carbon in the water flow classifier. Based on this, a rapid and efficient method for assessing the residual carbon recovery was proposed by combining screening with water flow classification. Particles coarser than 0.075 mm after screening were subjected to water flow classification for carbon extraction. When the SWFV was 36 × 10⁻³ m/s, the carbon content of the floating slag increased to 78.78 %, the recovery rate of combustible reached 76.69 %, and the carbon content of tailings reduced to 8.57 % simultaneously. This method holds the capacity to evaluate the feasibility of the carbon extraction process from CGS, presenting significant potential for the process optimization and large-scale implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135923"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale Elucidation of kerogen heterogeneity in Lucaogou Formation based on experiment and simulation: Structural Determinants of reactivity and stability for shale oil conversion","authors":"Youjie Li ,&nbsp;Huifei Tao ,&nbsp;Zhuanhong Lu ,&nbsp;Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Yan ,&nbsp;Zaibo Xie ,&nbsp;Zhongping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite breakthroughs in continental shale oil exploitation within the Lucaogou Formation of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, China, divergent structural and molecular characteristics between the kerogens of the upper and lower sub-members remain poorly understood. This study bridged this knowledge gap by integrating multiscale experimental characterizations—solid-state ¹³C NMR, XPS, Py-GC/MS, FT-IR, and XRD—with computational simulations and revealed the influence of kerogen structure on shale oil conversion. Variations in aliphatic carbon distributions and degree of aromatic polymerization within Lucaogou kerogens directly account for differences in produced shale oil properties. Specifically, upper-section kerogen contains predominantly linear methylene chains, while lower-section kerogen features highly branched aliphatic chains and abundant aliphatic rings. Elevated aromatic substitution in upper kerogen promotes hydrocarbon generation through dealkylation, while higher condensation in lower kerogen suppresses thermal cracking. Nitrogen and sulfur species in kerogen primarily exist as aromatic heterocycles, which may inhibit free radical reactions at lower temperatures. Quantum chemical analysis was performed on molecular models constructed from experimental data. This analysis shows that oxygen atoms bonded to aromatic rings create potential electrophilic substitution sites on specific aromatic carbon atoms. Furthermore, alicyclic rings demonstrate higher susceptibility to ring-opening reactions. This is attributed to their lower bond dissociation energy compared to other C<img>C bonds structures. The HOMO-LUMO (highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) distribution enhances site-specific reactivity, governed by substituent electronic effects and conjugation. These findings elucidate critical structure–function relationships, offering theoretical guidance for Lucaogou shale oil exploration and conversion processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135898"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore structure evolution of anthracite modified by CO2 foam fracturing fluid under different temperature and pressure conditions","authors":"Yangfeng Zheng ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhai ,&nbsp;Shuxun Sang ,&nbsp;Aikun Chen ,&nbsp;Jizhao Xu ,&nbsp;Yong Sun ,&nbsp;Hexiang Xu ,&nbsp;Hongyang Xu ,&nbsp;Yongshuai Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ foam fracturing technology has significant potential for enhancing coalbed methane (CBM) recovery. Intrusion of the CO₂ foam fracturing fluid into coal seams alters coal pore and fracture structures, thereby influencing CBM recovery. However, coal pore structural evolution modified by CO₂ foam fracturing fluid under varying reservoir temperatures and injection pressures remains unclear. To address this, a self-constructed high-temperature and high-pressure reactor was used to modify anthracite under different temperature (30–60℃) and pressure (3–6 MPa) conditions for 15 h. The pore structure and mineral composition of the modified anthracite were subsequently analyzed using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that temperature and CO₂ pressure significantly affected the modified coal-pore structure. Specifically, as the temperature decreased or the CO₂ pressure increased, the average pore diameter, total and effective porosities, NMR permeability, proportion of free fluid, and adsorption pore fractal dimension <em>D</em>₂ showed increasing trends, whereas the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)-specific surface area, and fractal dimensions <em>D</em>₁, and <em>D</em>_S decreased. Moreover, the combined effects of carbonic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the CO₂ foam promoted the dissolution of clay and carbonate minerals, resulting in an increase in the number of surface fractures, pore enlargement, and the transformation of isolated pores into interconnected fractures. Pore structure evolution is primarily driven by mineral, and organic matter dissolution and fracturing, and CO₂ adsorption-induced matrix swelling. After performing CO₂ foam fracturing in deep high-temperature coal seams, implementing higher shut-in pressures can further enhance CBM recovery. These findings provide a fundamental theoretical basis for engineering applications of CO₂ foam fracturing technology to enhance CBM recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135929"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser direct writing of graphene-encapsulated MoNi4 nanoparticles on carbon cloth as a self-supporting electrode for enhanced electrochemical urea oxidation","authors":"Xiaobing Liu,&nbsp;Yuzhou Sun,&nbsp;Zizheng Xing,&nbsp;Luhan Hou,&nbsp;Yi Nie,&nbsp;Tielong Li,&nbsp;Haitao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-based catalysts have garnered significant attention for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), primarily due to the pivotal role of NiOOH as the active phase. However, practical applications are often hindered by poor electrical conductivity and sluggish Ni2⁺/Ni3⁺ redox transitions. In this work, we present a self-supporting electrode composed of graphene encapsulated Mo-doped nickel nanoparticles grown on carbon cloth (NiMo/G/CC). The strategic Mo doping not only enhances the formation of NiOOH by accelerating the Ni2⁺→Ni3⁺ transition but also modulates the electronic structure in synergy with graphene’s high conductivity. Consequently, the optimized electrode achieves an impressive current density of 100 mA cm⁻2 at 1.38 V vs. RHE, outperforming many state-of-the-art UOR catalysts. Furthermore, the protective graphene encapsulation greatly improves electrode stability under prolonged operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135913"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of machine learning algorithms in estimation of syngas fractions and exergy values for gasification of biomass-lignite mixtures in fixed and fluidized bed gasifiers","authors":"Mislina Cakar ,&nbsp;Mert Akin Insel ,&nbsp;Hasan Sadikoglu ,&nbsp;Ozgun Yucel","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earth’s environmental challenges, such as climate change and pollution, require urgent emission reductions. A thermochemical method that transforms carbon-rich substances into syngas, biomass gasification produces clean hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier. This process ensures high carbon conversion efficiency while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This study examines the gasification of nine biomass-lignite blends using fluidized-bed and fixed-bed gasifiers. A wide range of biomass samples blended with lignite enabled the analysis of different sample characteristics and their impact on the gasification technique. ASPEN Plus® simulations assess the effects of biomass-to-lignite ratio, equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (SBR), and reactor temperature on syngas fraction and system efficiency. Machine learning models gaussian process regression (GPR), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree (DT) predict syngas and product gas exergy values, providing a data-driven optimization approach. For hazelnut shell validation, R2 values were 0.98 for the fixed-bed model and 0.96 for the fluidized-bed model. The Random Forest algorithm demonstrated the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.93), outperforming other models. The study also analysed the amount of data required and demonstrated robust models capable of learning with limited data. Since a significant portion of the machine learning process involves dataset creation, the ability to learn from small datasets is crucial. This highlights the significance of data-efficient learning in machine learning applications. Findings contribute to advancing biomass gasification for cleaner hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135883"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative numerical study of Fe2O3 reduction using CO and H2 for direct iron production","authors":"Kavin Ravichandran ,&nbsp;Natalia Ramos Goncalves ,&nbsp;Pasquale Daniele Cavaliere","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) production using carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) as reducing agents, modelled through Ansys Twin Builder. The simulations evaluate conversion efficiency, gas utilization, energy demand, and environmental performance under industrial-scale conditions. A simplified and idealized system is adopted, where iron ore pellets are assumed to be composed entirely of hematite (Fe₂O₃), with complete reduction to metallic iron (Fe) and negligible dust formation.</div><div>The model simulates the reduction of 300 tons of pellets per hour, corresponding to 206.25 tons of Fe₂O₃. Based on stoichiometric reactions (Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ and Fe₂O₃ + 3H₂ → 2Fe + 3H₂O), the simulation estimates the production of approximately 144.2 tons of metallic iron per hour. For the hydrogen-based route, ∼104,200 m³/h of H₂ is required (including 20 % excess), resulting in a gas utilization efficiency of 83.3 %. Under the same conditions, the CO-based route emits approximately 1.18 tons of CO₂ per ton of Fe, while the H₂-based route achieves zero direct CO₂ emissions. Despite the higher total energy demand of the hydrogen route due to its endothermic nature and the positive enthalpy change, the significant reduction in carbon intensity positions hydrogen as a promising pathway for cleaner DRI production. These findings support the transition of the steel industry toward low-carbon technologies, contributing to compliance with future regulatory frameworks and international decarbonization targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135885"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-tuning SiO2 nanosphere size and hydrothermal reaction temperature toward urchin-like copper phyllosilicate hollow nanospheres catalyst in dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation","authors":"Yihua Wang ,&nbsp;Jiyang Wei ,&nbsp;Mingling Sun ,&nbsp;Fei Li ,&nbsp;Yishu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Miao ,&nbsp;Ling Lin ,&nbsp;Yuangen Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the relationship between the size of SiO₂ nanospheres (SNS) and their surface hydroxyl concentration was investigated. Three types of SNS with diameters of 510  nm, 170  nm, and 100  nm were used as supports to synthesize a series of Cu/SNS-140 catalysts via a hydrothermal method at 140 °C. The influence of SNS size on the structure and relative amount of copper phyllosilicate was explored, identifying ∼ 170  nm as the optimal SNS size for forming urchin-like copper phyllosilicate hollow nanospheres. Subsequently, the effect of hydrothermal reaction temperature on the formation of these structures was studied. The results showed that both suitable SNS size and hydrothermal reaction temperature (140 °C) are critical for achieving the ideal morphology. Among the prepared catalysts, Cu/SNS-M−140 exhibited the best performance in the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO), achieving a DMO conversion of 99.9 % and ethylene glycol selectivity of 96.3 % at 190 °C, with a TOF of 27.9  h⁻¹. The superior activity is attributed to its unique hollow structure, which enhances hydrogen enrichment and spatial restriction effects. This work offers valuable guidance for the rational design of copper phyllosilicate-based hollow nanostructured catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135907"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and catalytic properties analysis of Ni-Ca-Al bi-functional materials derived from layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors: Influence of Ca sources on performance of sorption enhanced steam methane reforming","authors":"Mengjin Xu ,&nbsp;Xin Xiao ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) technology holds significant potential as a medium-term solution to address energy shortages. For SESMR, highly effective bi-functional material is the key requirement for economic operation. In this study, layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and calcium chloride anhydrous as calcium sources were proposed for SESMR. LDH precursor facilitates the construct of the porous structure of catalytic-sorption bi-functional materials. The characterization results indicated that the strong interactions between metallic elements in bi-functional material with calcium nitrate as calcium source (NCABNs) result in the smallest particle size of Ni and the highest element dispersion, which are beneficial for the catalytic performance and CO₂ sorption performance. Additionally, the hydrogen yield of 95.83% in the pre-breakthrough stage and the menthane conversion rate of 99.38% further indicated the excellent catalytic performance and CO₂ sorption performance of NCABNs. Based on the analysis of thermogravimetric data, NCABNs was applied to conduct the SESMR-regeneration cyclic tests. The CO₂ sorption process was obviously observed in 10 cyclic tests with the CO₂ volume concentration in the pre-breakthrough stage fluctuated around 3 %. Moreover, the textural properties of NCABNs were still retained after the cyclic tests. The low coke graphitization in NCABNs was demonstrated by Raman data with an I_D/I_G of 1.4, which represents the coke can be easily removed by CO₂. The performance of the reported catalyst-sorbent system is encouraging for further studies for SESMR and other reforming techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135895"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic-coupled ozone oxidation of Shengli lignite for efficient preparation of high-quality humic acid","authors":"Chuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Chen Xu Chen ,&nbsp;Wen Li ,&nbsp;Jing-Pei Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humic acid (HA) is a natural organic substance with significant applications in modern agriculture, ecological restoration, and life sciences. However, the oxidative dissociation of organic matter fragments from lignite leads to polymerization, resulting in low soluble yields. The mechanical and cavitation effects of ultrasonic effectively reduces coal particle size, facilitating their oxidation in the presence of ozone. Additionally, the reactive free radicals generated by the ultrasonic-coupled ozone enhances the oxidizability of the reaction system. The organic matter conversion and HA yield without ash from Shengli lignite (SL) oxidized by ultrasonic-coupled ozone are 82.51% and 49.88%, respectively. The characterization results reveal that the oxidation process primarily breaks the C–O and C–C bridge bonds in SL, and HA has more polar functional groups (–COOH). This study provides a novel approach for efficiently preparing HA from lignite through ultrasonic-coupled ozone oxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135864"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of exhaust heat recovery and hydrogen production by steam methane reforming under different operating conditions of the HCNG engine","authors":"Muhammad Ihsan Shahid ,&nbsp;Muhammad Farhan ,&nbsp;Anas Rao ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saddam Hussain ,&nbsp;Xianlei Zhu ,&nbsp;Hamza Ahmad Salam ,&nbsp;Tianhao Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Fanhua Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen production plays a crucial role in advancing clean energy technologies, particularly in the transportation and power generation sectors. However, conventional hydrogen production methods are often constrained by high energy consumption and limited efficiency. This study proposes a novel approach to enhance hydrogen production efficiency by utilizing exhaust heat from hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engines in conjunction with the steam methane reforming (SMR) process. By recovering and repurposing exhaust heat, the study aims to boost overall system efficiency and assess hydrogen generation under various operating conditions in HCNG engines. The experiment analyzes the exhaust heat at hydrogen ratios (10 %, 20 %, 30 %), EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) ratios (24 %, 27 %, 29 %), engine load (50 %, 75 %, 100 %) and speed (1100, 1200, 1500) rpm under stoichiometric conditions. This study aims to simulate hydrogen production through the SMR process employing ASPEN Plus software. It also evaluates the heat duties of the reformer and heat exchangers involved in the SMR system. The simulation is conducted under various engine operating conditions, incorporating different exhaust temperatures, mass flow rates, and levels of available exhaust heat to assess their impact on hydrogen production performance. The rate of hydrogen production increased by 41.45 % by raising the steam-to-methane ratio (S/C) from 1 to 6 and increased by 20.11 % by raising the temperature of the reformer from 973 K to 1273 K. The hydrogen was formed at a rate of 6.85 kg/hr, with a reformer temperature of 1273 K, utilizing an additional heat duty for the reformer. The maximum heat recovered from the exhaust of the HCNG engine was 77.26 kW out of a total of 83.86 kW at specific conditions with a 20 % hydrogen fraction. Under these conditions, the engine efficiency was 36.03 %, while the overall maximum system efficiency of the HCNG engine after hydrogen production is 82.32 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135853"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}