Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Performance and mechanism of a novel electro-magnetic treatment for improving the cold flowability of waxy crude oil","authors":"Yiwei Xie ,&nbsp;Hongying Li ,&nbsp;Bing Liang ,&nbsp;Quande Li ,&nbsp;Yang Su ,&nbsp;Chaoyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiabao Kang ,&nbsp;Zhaoming Yang ,&nbsp;Huai Su ,&nbsp;Zhongli Ji ,&nbsp;Jinjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the framework of achieving carbon neutrality, the transformation of pipeline transportation modes, coupled with the poor flowability of crude oil, has raised the standards for ensuring the flow assurance of oil pipelines. Improving the cold flowability of waxy crude oil is crucial for flow assurance. Previous studies have demonstrated that electric or magnetic treatment could have such efficacy. However, the combined treatment of electric and magnetic fields has never been investigated. This paper introduces such a novel exploration, revealing a quite encouraging synergistic effect on cold flowability improvement. Specifically, the crude oil was first exposed to a magnetic field above its WAT, followed by an electric field below the WAT. For the studied crude oil, the synergistic treatment achieved a 50 % reduction in viscosity, compared to 24 % and 30 % reductions for magnetic and electric treatment alone, respectively. Although magnetic treatment showed limited effect on weakening the structural strength of the oil gel, it significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the electric field, increasing the yield stress reduction from 77 % to 84 %. Attention must be paid to the non-monotonic influences of magnetic field strength, treatment duration, and temperature. Mechanistically, magnetic treatment reduced the crude oil’s impedance, indicating an enhanced dispersion of resins and asphaltenes. This improved dispersion allowed for greater adsorption of resins and asphaltenes onto wax particles during subsequent electric treatment, thus making the electric treatment much more effective. These new findings reveal the electro-magnetorheological effects of crude oil, guiding advanced flowability improvement technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing biodiesel production and tribocorrosion resistance with MWCNT–COOH @TiO2 nanocatalysts","authors":"Younis Muhsin Younis Al-Ani,&nbsp;Majid Ahmadlouydarab","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study marks a significant advancement in sustainable energy by demonstrating the potential of novel nanocatalysts to efficiently transesterify used cooking oils into biodiesel. A nanocatalyst consisting of titanium dioxide and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was selected for its large specific surface area and high catalytic efficiency in biodiesel production. Prepared through impregnation followed by calcination, the nanocatalyst was thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR–FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The optimum parameters of the transesterification process were determined by Taguchi method as 30 min of reaction at a temperature of 50 °C a stirrer speed of 600 rpm with a nanocatalyst concentration of 400 mg and the oil-to-methanol ratio 1:6. Under these conditions, this nanocatalyst afforded a 98.4 % biodiesel yield, effectively converting waste oil into renewable energy. The biodiesel, with a flash point of 148 °C and a viscosity of 4.2 mm²/s, met the required specifications according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for applications. Furthermore, the nanocatalyst reusability 91.2 % efficiency after three cycles.</div><div>The nanocatalyst was reported to reduce wear rates by 9.46%, 10%, and 14.3% compared to functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, according to ASTM G99 standards on a wear test. The wear resistance is enhanced by the formation of a protective oxide layer, which provides smoothness to the surface with solid protection against wear. Combining a high biodiesel yield and low wear provides a route to increase the efficiency and sustainability of energy processes. This highly efficient and durable nanocatalyst can be applied in the transesterification of waste cooking oil as an economical and eco-friendly procedure to produce biodiesel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High organic loading rate treatment of palm oil mill effluent using a pilot-scale integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor: A comprehensive performance study","authors":"Cheau Chin Yap ,&nbsp;Abu Danish Aiman Bin Abu Sofian ,&nbsp;Yi Jing Chan ,&nbsp;Soh Kheang Loh ,&nbsp;Mei Fong Chong ,&nbsp;Lian Keong Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates a pilot-plant Integrated Anaerobic-Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) at a high Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 30.0 gCOD/L.day. Conducted over 118 days, the research aimed to optimise operational parameters to meet discharge standards. The system’s effectiveness was measured by its ability to reduce Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) alongside methane production and process stability. Results showed high removal efficiencies: BOD (99.95 %), COD (99.58 %), and TSS (99.24 %), with a consistent methane yield of 0.218 ± 0.032 LCH₄/gCOD_removed. These outcomes confirm the IAAB’s capability to maintain effluent quality with BOD under 20 mg/L, complying with the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia standards without pH adjustment. The study supports the IAAB’s efficiency in handling significant pollutant loads with stable performance and substantial biogas production, presenting it as a viable solution for sustainable energy management in the palm oil industry. Future research will investigate co-digestion processes to enhance methane yield and economic viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First field application of functionalized nanoparticles-based nanofluids in thermal enhanced oil recovery: From laboratory experiments to cyclic steam stimulation process","authors":"Carlos A. Franco ,&nbsp;Camilo A. Franco ,&nbsp;Lina M. Salinas ,&nbsp;Luis G. Alzate ,&nbsp;Daniela Molina ,&nbsp;Gabriel J. Rendón ,&nbsp;Cristian C. Obregón ,&nbsp;Sergio H. Lopera ,&nbsp;Oscar E. Medina ,&nbsp;Farid B. Cortés","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for fossil fuels and the depletion of light crude oil reserves have driven the petroleum industry to focus on exploiting heavy crude oils, which present significant challenges in recovery and processing. To address these challenges, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies are being developed, with a strong emphasis on advances in catalysis and nanomaterials science. This research significantly contributes to developing new technologies for petroleum exploitation by introducing a novel nanofluid designed to facilitate in-situ upgrading of heavy oil, improving its quality for downstream refining and fuel production. The nanofluid, engineered to enhance the productivity of a heavy oil reservoir under cyclic steam stimulation, targets improvements in oil recovery and fuel-quality indicators such as API gravity and viscosity. Laboratory tests demonstrated the nanofluid’s capability to reduce oil viscosity, improve oil mobility, and selectively interact with heavy oil fractions like resins and asphaltenes. Displacement tests simulating steam injection conditions showed an improvement in oil recovery, increasing from 56 % to 76 % after nanofluid application. The treatment also led to a notable increase in API gravity, from 11.6° to 29.2°, and a significant reduction in viscosity, from 39,987 cP to 104 cP, indicating enhanced crude oil quality, critical for refining and fuel production. Field trials in two wells in Colombia demonstrated the nanofluid’s practical effectiveness, with production increases averaging 97 % and incremental yields of 11,966 barrels in well A and 3213 barrels in well B. Post-treatment, the crude oil exhibited sustained improvements in quality, with API gravity increasing from 11.6° to 13.4° and viscosity decreasing from 39,987 cP to 11,734 cP. These results confirm the long-term durability of the nanofluid’s effects and its potential to enhance fuel production from heavy oil reservoirs. Additionally, the field trial indicated a 48 % reduction in operational costs, primarily due to decreased steam generation and lower CO₂ emissions, highlighting the environmental and economic benefits of nanofluid technology for petroleum exploitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutual promotion of CoP/CNT/Ni2P by heterojunction structural design and intrinsic activity coupling for water splitting","authors":"Guo Yu ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Songjia Hou ,&nbsp;Haoyang Han ,&nbsp;Qing Zhou ,&nbsp;Zuoyi Yan ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Haohong Li ,&nbsp;Huidong Zheng ,&nbsp;Meiqing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design of highly stable and active bifunctional catalysts for electrolytic water remains a significant challenge. In this study, self-supported CoP/CNT/Ni₂P bifunctional catalysts with three-phase heterojunction nanostructures were constructed by a multi-step electrodeposition and phosphorylation strategy. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope showed that CoP/CNT/Ni₂P was a three-phase heterojunction nanostructure, and scanning electron microscope results of CoP/CNT/Ni₂P suggested the successful introduction of carbon nanotube (CNT). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate a shift in the elemental binding energy in CoP/CNT/Ni₂P, which is believed to contribute to the electrocatalytic reaction. The incorporation of CNT enhances charge transfer within the multiphase catalyst and maximizes the exposure of catalytically active sites, achieving an increase in catalyst performance. As anticipated, the CoP/CNT/Ni₂P catalyst displays high catalytic activity for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (61 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²) and the oxygen evolution reaction (342 mV at 100 mA cm⁻²), in addition to exhibiting long-term stability at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² over 40 h. The electrolyzer comprising CoP/CNT/Ni₂P_(+,−) necessitates a modest operating voltage of 1.52 V to attain 10 mA cm⁻² during alkaline water splitting, thereby outperforming the commercial catalyst Pt/C||IrO₂ and earlier reports. This study provides guidance for the development of ultra-high activity and durability catalysts for water splitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ thermite combustion of micro magnesium fuel and lunar regolith simulant nanoparticles","authors":"Connor J. MacRobbie,&nbsp;Anqi Wang,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Hickey,&nbsp;John Z. Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant heat generation will be required for humans and equipment to the lunar night. In this work, we investigate the use of a sustainable in-situ thermite material as a fuel to provide the thermal energy required to keep components in working conditions. Magnesium is used as a reactive metal fuel, with lunar regolith simulant ball milled to sub-micron sizes as a solid oxidizer producing exothermic reactions. Enhanced combustion is achieved by controlling particle size and composition of the thermite mixture. Simulant particles ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns in diameter are tested, as well as the magnesium fuel compositions of 20% to 40% by weight. Small pellets of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height are ignited by laser in both air and vacuum to quantify the combustion properties in different environments. High speed video, infrared camera and pyrometry techniques are taken to quantify the sample combustion properties. These pellets demonstrate the burning rates between 2.3 and 5.9 mm/s and temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1480 °C in vacuum and in air conditions, respectively. The samples composed of 20% magnesium and 80% regolith simulant release around 400 J/g, and sustain elevated temperatures for 15 s after combustion, making them suitable for in-situ lunar heating. Novel 2D temperature mapping allows greater understanding of the simulant thermite combustion. Based on the results, we discuss the design considerations that would need to be made in the creation of an in-situ metal fuel heating lunar system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133722"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of combustion and emissions characteristics of low blend ratio of 2-methylfuran/ 2-methyltetrahyrofuran with gasoline in a DISI engine","authors":"Rafiu K. Olalere ,&nbsp;Gengxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoye Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Ma ,&nbsp;Hongming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nearing depletion of fossil fuels and the possible consequences of its emissions on the global climate has prompted a worldwide probe for their alternatives. 2-methylfuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran are considered promising alternative fuels for spark ignition engines. In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of low blending ratio MF20 (2-methylfuran 20 %, gasoline 80 % by volume) and MTHF20 (2-methyltetrahydrofuran 20 %, gasoline 80 % by volume) were first implemented and compared to neat gasoline in a single-cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine. The combustion performance of the test fuels was analyzed across a range of loads from 3.5 to 8.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure and fuel injection timings between 180 and 280 crank angle degrees before top dead center. Meanwhile, the compositions of the hydrocarbon emissions were experimentally investigated using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy technique. Results show that MF20 exhibits advanced spark timing flexibility of 8 and 7 crank angle degrees before top dead center compared to the unleaded gasoline and MTHF20 respectively at the peak load. MTHF20 exhibits the highest maximum cylinder pressure at medium load compared to other fuels but drops sharply at peak load accompany with the audible knock. Additionally, MTHF20 exhibits specific fuel consumption advantage over MF20 across the entire load range. The unburned furan of the total hydrocarbon emissions was recorded to be 3 % of total hydrocarbon emissions. The concept of low blending ratio furan-based fuel proposed could provide a solution for the transition period of carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133799"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of methanol energy substitution ratio and diesel injection timing on a methanol/diesel dual-fuel direct injection engine","authors":"Xiaojun Yin ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Ren ,&nbsp;Lixin Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Duan ,&nbsp;Erjiang Hu ,&nbsp;Ke Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dual-direct injection technology is a very promising method to improve the mixture organization and combustion process of dual-fuel engines. In this paper, the performance of a modified dual-fuel engine fueled with methanol and diesel has been explored experimentally at various methanol energy substitution ratios (ESR_Ms) and diesel injection timings (SOI_Ds). Independent injection of methanol and diesel is realized in real time and accurately through a dual-direct injection system with by two different in-cylinder injectors based on engine operating status. The results show that the dual-direct injection technology has great potential to expand the operating range of the engine, with the improvement of indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and the reduction of pollutant emissions. It is noted that ESR_M and SOI_D are both very significant factors to influence the combustion phasing and exothermic process. As the SOI_D advances, the combustion process is enhanced and the HC, CO and soot emissions are limited, while the NO<em>_x</em> emissions are sacrificed to some extent. By optimizing of ESR_M, synchronous optimization of ITE and NO<em>_x</em> has been realized. As the ESR_M increases, the ITE increases first, achieving a maximum value of 41.5% at 50% ESR_M, and then decreases quickly, which is opposite to the HC and CO emissions. However, NO<em>_x</em> and soot emissions are consistently reduced as the ESR_M increases. Compared with SOI_D, the ITE is highly sensitive to the ESR_M. Moreover, the combustion stability can be enhanced effectively through the collaborative optimization of SOI_D and ESR_M.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vesicle-Shaped Co-Ni-S designed by first principles screening and d-Band center control for active hydrogen evolution","authors":"Youbin Zheng ,&nbsp;Ze Li ,&nbsp;Hao Guo ,&nbsp;Cunyin Liu ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Chen ,&nbsp;Xiumei Han ,&nbsp;Liang Dong ,&nbsp;Jianbing Zang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is considered as an effective pathway for hydrogen production. Herein, to obtain efficient HER catalyst, density functional theory is employed to figure out the optimal candidate for nickel sulfide. Guided by the mechanistic screening, the highly active HER electrocatalyst, Co-substituted Ni₃S₄, is synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method, resembling a vesicle composed of a broken spherical membrane and encapsulated clusters of nanospheres. Cracks on membrane provide a rational entry for reactant molecules to be enclosed in the vesicle. Additionally, the enhanced intrinsic activity also attributes to the upward shift of the d-band center. From the reaction energy diagrams, the decomposition of H₂O* is confirmed as the rate-determining step (RDS) and the energy required for the RDS is efficiently lowered by the elevated d-band center, which made the catalyst achieves 185 mV overpotential at 100 mA·cm⁻² and 38 mV at 20 mA·cm⁻² lower than utmost Co-Ni-S relative electrocatalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133743"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and thermal characterizes of ventilation-controlled fire in coal mine dead-end roadway: An experimental investigation","authors":"Jingxin Wang ,&nbsp;Baolin Qu ,&nbsp;Yu Meng ,&nbsp;Chenguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Bing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ventilation conditions can significantly affect the fire behavior of dead-end roadway fires. Due to the unique characteristics of coal mine dead-end roadways, fires in such environments are prone to transition into ventilation-controlled fires, presenting a significant threat to mine production and personnel safety. In this study, several small-scale experiments were used to investigate the thermal characteristics and critical conditions for ventilation-controlled combustion in dead-end roadway fires. The findings show that the flame range, flame length, smoke temperature, and fuel mass loss rate are significantly higher in ventilation-controlled fires than in fuel-controlled fires. Lower ventilation velocities lead to an earlier transition to ventilation-controlled combustion and higher mass loss rates. Besides, a prediction model for dead-end roadway fires based on fuel-to-air equivalent ratio is proposed to forecast the combustion type. The critical fuel-to-air equivalence ratio for the occurrence of ventilation-controlled fires is 0.08–0.11. In addition, the oxygen volume fraction in the downstream smoke of the fire source will stabilize at about 2 % and 15 % in ventilation-controlled fires and fuel-controlled fires, respectively. When the combustion changes from fuel-controlled to ventilation-controlled combustion, the CO yield will rise rapidly. Moreover, when the ventilation velocity is lower than the critical ventilation velocity, combustion often transitions to ventilation-controlled combustion. The outcomes of this research offer a novel perspective into the fire behavior of dead-end roadways, offering valuable guidance for firefighting and rescue operations in similar structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133765"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}