Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of ammonia energy ratio and injection timing for ammonia diesel dual-fuel engines based on RSM","authors":"Yanhui Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Hu ,&nbsp;Weihuang Zhong ,&nbsp;Yanshuai Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is a zero-carbon fuel with environmental and sustainable advantages, but its combustion performance is relatively poor. The poor combustion of pure ammonia can be effectively compensated by diesel ignition of ammonia. This paper investigated the impact of different diesel injection timings (ITs) on engine combustion and emission characteristics at different ammonia energy ratios. Subsequently, a response surface model was developed to optimize three parameters, namely ammonia energy ratio, injection timing, and intake pressure. The aim was to achieve an optimal trade-off between multiple objectives such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and unburned ammonia emissions. Advancing the injection timing has been shown to markedly improve combustion characteristics and decrease emissions of unburned ammonia. This is due to the fact that advancing the injection time provides better premixing of the ammonia-diesel fuel, which results in a more uniform and fuller combustion. It was also found that a proper reduction in intake pressure helped to reduce NO and N₂O emissions. In addition, the developed response surface model was proved to be statistically significant through analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The optimized best match is a 20.32 % ammonia energy ratio with injection timing of −18 °CA and intake pressure of 183000.13 Pa. At this time, the NO emission is 268.322 ppm, the unburned ammonia emission is 1647.947 ppm, and the N₂O emission is 251.68 ppm. These findings provide a valuable reference for the research and application of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133660"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planar growth, facet-oriented La2O3 (003) in CuLa catalysts: Enhancement in charge transport and water adsorption for methanol steam reforming","authors":"Qingli Shu,&nbsp;Yujing Xiang,&nbsp;Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dispersion of active components and the strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) are closely associated with the lifespans and activities of catalysts in methanol steam reforming (MSR). In this study, a copper-based (Cu-based) catalyst featuring a unique lamellar structure and (003) facet for lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) was prepared by the molten salt impregnation method for the first time. Compared to the unmodified Cu/γ-Al₂O₃/Al catalyst, the lifetime was enhanced eightfold, reaching 150 h. La₂O₃ can lead to the formation of a fence structure, which enhances the dispersion of Cu through a domain-limiting effect. Additionally, the Cu atoms near the Cu(111)/La₂O₃(003) interface exhibit a higher degree of electron loss compared to La₂O₃ with polycrystalline facets. This characteristic contributes to the enhanced water adsorption and dissociation capacity of CuLa catalysts. These two factors lead to superior catalytic activity and lifespan of CuLa-2 h. This study offers insights into catalyst microstructure and green chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133612"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nickel-carbon composites toward supercapacitor and self-charging systems: A review","authors":"Longqian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Gao ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Huishan Shang ,&nbsp;Yafei Zhao ,&nbsp;Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing highly efficient and low-cost supercapacitors as energy storage devices has been identified as one of the most prospective approaches for solving the intermittency and spatial unbalance problems related to the utilization of renewable clean energies (water, wind and solar). Electrode materials, as the core components in supercapacitors, require meticulous designing and tuning because they directly determine the performance of the supercapacitors. In recent years, nickel-carbon composites have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors attributing to their low manufacturing cost, outstanding mechanical properties and excellent electrochemical performance including high specific capacitance and long cycle stability resulting from the strong compatibility and synergy between nickel and carbon. Even though researches on nickel-carbon composites for supercapacitors emerge in large numbers, there is still very few special reviews on the development of nickel-carbon composites for supercapacitors. To this end, in this paper, the research progress of nickel-carbon composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors and their applications in self-charging are reviewed. Firstly, the research background and significance of supercapacitors are briefly introduced. Secondly, the energy storage mechanisms of the high-performance nickel-carbon composites and their structural design are presented. Thirdly, recent research progress of different types of nickel-carbon composites as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors including advantages, problems and future development directions are elaborately described. Finally, the applications of nickel-carbon composites-based supercapacitors in the field of self-charging energy storage are demonstrated. We believe this paper can provide guidance for the design and application of high-performance nickel-carbon composites as supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133639"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow and heat transfer for non-Newtonian CO2 mixed fluid injection in the wellbore","authors":"Shijie Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Li ,&nbsp;Zhaozhong Yang ,&nbsp;Liangping Yi ,&nbsp;Daqian Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CCUS (Carbon capture, utilization, and storage) is a crucial approach to addressing the climate crisis caused by fossil fuels. CO₂ (carbon dioxide) injection is a vital process in both geological CO₂ geological sequestration and utilization. Understanding the flow and heat transfer during CO₂ injection is essential for the technological design and analysis of CO₂ behavior in geological formations. Although the flow and heat transfer of pure CO₂ have been extensively studied, the complex non-Newtonian properties of fluids caused by the interaction of CO₂ with the additives remain underexplored. This study developed a rheological model of non-Newtonian CO₂ mixed fluid by performing experiments at various temperatures and pressures. The friction factor and flow mechanisms of non-Newtonian CO₂ mixed fluid were then analyzed using the finite volume method. Finally, the transient temperature and pressure during different injection operations were numerically simulated. The findings indicate that non-Newtonian CO₂ mixed fluid exhibits shear-thinning properties, which intensify under high temperatures and pressures. The frictional resistance to the flow of non-Newtonian CO₂ mixed fluid is reduced due to a slippage effect that creates a more uniform velocity profile. The field injection case demonstrates that our model can accurately predict the variations and magnitudes of pressure and temperature. Optimizing the injection rate, duration, and shutdown time proved feasible for managing BHT (bottomhole temperature), which provides insights for optimizing injection design and CO₂ utilization efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133647"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in CO2 hydrogenation – Investigating a CNG pilot plant in Poland","authors":"Aleksander Krótki ,&nbsp;Tadeusz Chwoła ,&nbsp;Lucyna Więcław-Solny ,&nbsp;Adam Tatarczuk ,&nbsp;Tomasz Spietz ,&nbsp;Szymon Dobras ,&nbsp;Janusz Zdeb","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ hydrogenation technology has regained interest in recent years due to changes in global climate and energy policies. There is also a need to develop efficient methods for disposing of carbon dioxide and storing excess renewable electricity. A well-known Sabatier reaction is used for the CO₂ hydrogenation process. However, large-scale implementation of CO₂ hydrogenation has not been pursued due to the widespread availability and low cost of natural gas. In addition, most research to date has used technically clean CO₂. This gap leads the researchers to investigate the process using real CO₂ taken directly from an industrial plant at this technological readiness level of 6. In addition, the CO₂ for the hydrogenation process was separated from the flue gas using amine absorption. Synthetic methane (SNG) was produced by the reaction of CO₂ captured from flue gas (using amine absorption) with H₂ obtained from water electrolysis using surplus renewable energy. The CO₂ hydrogenation process takes place in a two-stage catalytic reactor.</div><div>The process also involves using part of the energy from the exothermic reaction process of CO₂ hydrogenation. The energy feeds the desorption process in the CO₂ amine capture plant. The authors of the article have patented the method of integration. The study tested the impact of process parameters on the conversion rates of CO₂ to methane (temperature, system pressure, CO₂ source, and cooling temperature between reactor stages). The study also investigated the process’s repeatability and addressed the issue of heat loss during the hydrogenation stages. A long-term (200 h) hydrogenation test was conducted to determine the CO₂ conversion for the novel microchannel reactor design and catalyst performance over time. The system achieved a CO₂ conversion rate of 99.4 % at a gas flow rate of 8.8 kg/h and a temperature of 299.8˚C for the first hydrogenation stage and 335.2˚C for the second hydrogenation stage, with a system pressure of 9.3 bar_a. This highlights the importance of optimizing temperature and pressure to improve CO₂ conversion rates and designing processes that minimize heat loss during hydrogenation. A comparison of the operation of a pilot plant for synthetic CO₂ and CO₂ generated from an amine carbon capture plant was also performed. The higher-produced CNG comprised approximately 94.6 % CH₄, 4.8 % H₂, and 0.9 % CO₂. The gas composition allows for its injection into the gas grid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133599"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the promotional mechanisms of N-doping on the adsorption behaviors of dioxins from sintering flue gas by coconut shell-derived hierarchical porous carbon","authors":"Xiaoxiao Ding ,&nbsp;Yatao Yang ,&nbsp;Weihong Jiao ,&nbsp;Zequan Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhanggen Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heteroatom doping into the activated carbon (AC) has been proved to be one of powerful tools to remove dioxins from sintering flue gas. However, the fact that the intrinsic enhanced mechanism of specific nitrogen species still remains unanswered makes the choice and design of AC suitable for dioxins elimination difficult. Herein, nitrogen-doping AC with alterable N species were prepared by melamine modification to in-depth illuminate the promotional roles of N-containing groups on the adsorption of chlorobenzene (CB) (a model compound for dioxins) over ACs through experimental and density functional theory (DFT). The results demonstrated that the N-doping was obviously conducive to CB adsorption, and pyrrole N group with the strongest adsorption energy (−0.84 eV) between AC-pyrrole and CB was determined to be the key adsorption sites for CB. ACM600 with more pyrrole N group prominently improved the chemical adsorption of total adsorption amount from 8.18 % to 15.12 %. The adsorption mechanism of CB onto ACs was governed by physical adsorption and weak chemical adsorption, which was attributed to the synergistic effects of π-π stacking interaction and hydrogen bonds, and the π-π stacking interaction dominated the adsorption interactions. The introduction of heteroatom N enhanced the adsorption capacity by promoting the chemical reactivity and π-electron density distribution of AC, and forming more significant π-π stacking interaction with the π-acceptor. The study provided a sound theoretical guideline and scientific foundation for the design and estimation of carbonaceous materials for dioxins abatement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133640"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of plasma and preheating in assisting premixed ammonia/air flames: A DNS study","authors":"Mohammad Shahsavari ,&nbsp;Nilanjan Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Shenghui Zhong ,&nbsp;Agustin Valera-Medina ,&nbsp;Mehdi Jangi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, Direct Numerical Simulations are utilized to investigate turbulent premixed NH₃/air flames assisted by two distinct methods: non-equilibrium nanosecond plasma discharges and preheating, while maintaining equal input energy levels for both methods. The results show that plasma is more effective than preheating in increasing the turbulent burning velocity, namely by up to 31% under lean and by 26% in rich conditions. Furthermore, the flame structure is less affected by turbulence when using plasma. A negative correlation between flame displacement speed and local flame curvature is observed for all cases. Furthermore, negatively curved parts of the flame front are dominated by the reaction mode of combustion. In contrast, the positively curved parts are controlled by flame propagation mode in both preheated and plasma-assisted cases. It is shown that, when plasma is utilized, NO emissions are less sensitive to local heat release rate, and the amount of NO emissions is found to be 19% lower in comparison to the preheated case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133645"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of CO2 displacement oil with modified diffusion model in high water cut oil reservoir","authors":"Lanlan Jiang ,&nbsp;Hongxu Xiang ,&nbsp;Xiaerbati ,&nbsp;Jintao Xu ,&nbsp;Junchen Lv ,&nbsp;Hongwu Lei ,&nbsp;Ning Wei ,&nbsp;Yongchen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many oilfields have entered a high-water content stage after years of water-driven extraction, leading to common multiphase coexistence scenarios. However, current studies mainly focus on two-phase flow, and the influence of CO₂-oil–water three-phase flow diffusion is insufficiently addressed. In this study, a two-dimensional pore three-phase flow-diffusion model was developed to simulate a more realistic exfoliation process. The effects of temperature, pressure, and injection velocity on the recovery rate were comparatively analyzed. The simulation results show that the modified model improves the recovery rate by 4.9% and the prediction accuracy by 20.8%, which is more consistent with the experimental results. Temperature significantly affects crude oil viscosity and transforms CO₂ from the liquid to the supercritical state, enhancing mobility and recovery. Increased pressure raises CO₂ solubility in oil and reduces clustered residual oil formation. Higher injection velocities create a greater driving effect, increasing breakthrough exits and improving recovery, though they may also result in less effective CO₂ distribution horizontally or vertically, thus reducing recovery. The study, which investigates the influence of CO₂-oil–water three-phase flow diffusion, is characterized by its methodological rigor. It not only considers the impact of the aqueous phase on CO₂ oil displacement but also corrects the model error when diffusion is not considered, thereby enhancing the reliability of our findings and providing a reference for mass transfer studies in multi-liquid-phase systems at the pore scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133616"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate based on hollow spherical MnCo2O4.5 under carbon defect and morphology modulation","authors":"Xin Yu ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Zhao ,&nbsp;Guofei Zhang ,&nbsp;Sirong Li ,&nbsp;Yanzhi Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Yan ,&nbsp;Xin Tian ,&nbsp;Xuechun Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a one-step preparation of carbon-rich MnCo₂O_4.5 precursors are achieved by adding glucose in a hydrothermal environment. Subsequently, MnCo₂O_4.5 catalytic materials with different carbon defect contents are obtained by controlling the calcination temperature, which enables the simultaneous release of great heat during the thermal decomposition of catalytic AP. This specially designed MnCo₂O_4.5 catalytic material has a hollow structure and exhibits good dispersion and a large specific surface area. The high-temperature decomposition temperature (<em>T_HTD</em>) of ammonium perchlorate (AP) is reduced from 473.48 ℃ to 301.32 ℃ after adding 2 wt% catalytic materials. The catalytic materials resulte in a threefold increase in the decomposition heat release of AP (from 888.26 J·g⁻¹ to 2616.98 J·g⁻¹). It also reduced the activation energy (<em>E_a</em>) by half, from 296.8 kJ·mol⁻¹ to 146.2 kJ·mol⁻¹, greatly facilitating the reaction. Consequently, the reaction rate (<em>k</em>) is doubled, from 0.44 s⁻¹ to 0.97 s⁻¹. The bimetallic synergistic effect of MnCo₂O_4.5 itself, combined with the carbon material, significantly improved its performance in catalysing the thermal decomposition of AP. In addition, the combustion of carbon materials not only provides additional heat for AP pyrolysis but also further enhances the combustion of the Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene Composite Solid Propellant (HTPB-CSP) system. The introduction of this catalytic material reduces the CSP ignition delay time by 13 ms, allowing for a faster and more intense combustion process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133666"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimised 0D model for the simulation of single iron particle combustion","authors":"Marcel Kuhmann,&nbsp;Vincent Robin,&nbsp;Ashwin Chinnayya,&nbsp;Zakaria Bouali","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133436","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This paper proposes a 0D modelling strategy for the combustion of a single iron particle. The primary objective was to accurately represent the evolution of the particle temperature, including key parameters such as the peak temperature &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and associated characteristic burn time &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;τ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and oxidation dynamics in a wide range of conditions. An optimisation approach, rather than a purely mechanistic model, was chosen to further close the current gap between numerical simulations and experimental observations. The model considers oxidation processes, heat transfer, solid–liquid phase changes and dissociative evaporation. Intra-particle reaction rates are controlled by external &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; diffusion combined with an optimised &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; absorption reduction quantity &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;γ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, but at the end of the combustion process by a more adequate empirical kinetic rate. A first combustion stage involving the reaction &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;FeO&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is followed by two successive stages with the respective reactions &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;FeO&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Fe&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. This oxidation strategy is based on the Fe-O phase diagram and experimental observations of oxidation beyond FeO. Mass and enthalpy balances for the particle gave its temperature evolution, which was compared with experimental data and state of the art modelling approaches. The numerical overestimation of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; in environments with elevated &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; concentration was addressed via the optimised quantity &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;γ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, which was modelled as piecewise constant, changing once at a predetermined burn time based on experimental measurements of the burn time &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mro","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133436"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}