Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Research on the distribution characteristics of a novel oil displacement system for conformance control in microporous media","authors":"Zhe Sun ,&nbsp;Xiujun Wang ,&nbsp;Weijun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the distribution characteristics of a novel hydrogel system (HDS) for in-depth conformance control. Through a combination of static gelation experiments and core flow experiments, the thickening performance and seepage characteristics in porous media of the novel HDS system was studied. Considering the viscosity changes and dynamic chain extension reactions of the HDS system, the Darcy-Brinkman-Stokes (DBS) micro-continuum approach was applied to develop a multi-physical mathematical model for the migration of HDS system in a pore-throat network. Therefore, a 4-meter core experiment and multi-scale numerical modeling were conducted to analyze the dynamic chain extension efficiency and spatial distribution characteristics of the HDS system. Additionally, machine learning techniques were used to define the dynamic chain extension reaction index (<em>RI</em>) and identify its critical threshold, exploring the effects of varying injection parameters, solution concentrations, and permeabilities on the chain extension behavior. Results show that HDS molecular chains form aggregated structures that evolve into a unique spatial network. As the network structure becomes denser, the viscosity of HDS system increases rapidly. As the core permeability increases, the core throat size enlarges, and the compatibility between the HDS system molecular aggregates and the pore throat improves. HDS system shows good transmission performance during migration in the long core. Numerical simulations and machine learning techniques were employed to define the dynamic chain extension <em>RI,</em> examining how <em>RI</em> changes under varying injection parameters, solution concentrations, and permeabilities. As permeability, HDS system concentration, and injection rate increase, the <em>RI</em> also increases. The results are presented in the <em>RI</em> graph, offering theoretical insights for deep profile adjustment and the development of reagent systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135352"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization study on the effects of water addition on microscopic and macroscopic spray characteristics of methanol with high-pressure direct injection","authors":"Qianming Wang ,&nbsp;Wuqiang Long ,&nbsp;Wei Sang ,&nbsp;Guangjie Jin ,&nbsp;Zechuan Cui ,&nbsp;Ge Xiao ,&nbsp;Hua Tian ,&nbsp;Jiangping Tian ,&nbsp;Yang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of hydrous methanol in internal combustion engines is regarded as one of the most effective approaches to decreasing NO_x emissions. However, there has been currently few researches on hydrous methanol spray characteristics, and it is unclear how water in methanol affects spray propagation and vaporization. Aiming to deeply understand the influences of water addition on methanol spray and provide theoretical basis for hydrous methanol direct injection in methanol engines, visualization tests were conducted to study the relevant characteristics of high-pressure direct-injected hydrous methanol sprays with water contents of 10% to 30%. The results indicate that water addition in methanol causes the reduction of particle Sauter mean diameter and slightly enhances vapor phase spray axial propagation. Suitable water introduction conduces to the contraction of liquid phase spray and accelerated methanol vaporization, while excess water addition impedes the transition of methanol from liquid to vapor. On the premise of maintaining the fuel energy and nozzle orifice diameter, hydrous methanol injection strategies of respectively keeping the same injection pressure and injection duration differ more greatly in vapor phase spray propagation and methanol vaporization as water content in methanol becomes higher. In addition, at the expense of deteriorated vaporization, the application of larger nozzle orifice diameter in hydrous methanol injection is able to achieve an optimal balance between fuel energy supply and vapor phase spray development under high water content conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135361"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching low-temperature CO2 hydrogenation product selectivity over metal–organic framework derived Co-based catalyst","authors":"Yan-Ting Li ,&nbsp;Ying-Fei Huo ,&nbsp;Yun-Yan Zhong ,&nbsp;Lei Zhou ,&nbsp;Min Feng ,&nbsp;Tong-Liang Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reductive recycling of CO₂ is a promising strategy towards climate and energy issues, while the control of the product selectivity in CO₂ hydrogenation has posed an enormous challenge. By utilizing alkali metal promoters, purposeful modification of active sites is expected to realize tuning selectivity in CO₂ hydrogenation, while the chemical state and specific role of alkali metal promoters are not fully understood yet. Here, we reported a metal–organic framework (MOF)-transformed carbon encapsulated KMgO/Co nanoparticles catalyst (KMgO/Co@C) with MgO/Co interfaces by solid-state impregnation method, and studied mechanistically about the effect of potassium promoter on overturning the CO₂ hydrogenation product selectivity at low temperatures (&lt;350 °C). Experiments coupled with in situ infrared analysis and theoretical calculations revealed that redox pathway occurred on both the potassium-promoted KMgO/Co@C catalyst and the unpromoted MgO/Co@C catalyst, and the addition of potassium promoter to MgO/Co@C catalyst was beneficial for CO production due to the high energy barrier for deep hydrogenation, thus the product selectivity of CO₂ hydrogenation switched from 97.13 % CH₄ selectivity for MgO/Co@C to 94.11 % CO selectivity for KMgO/Co@C. Most astonishingly, the KMgO/Co@C catalyst exhibited CO₂ conversion of 32.46 % at 350 °C, close to the thermodynamic equilibrium conversion (33.93 %), and the exceptionally high STY_CO of 81.82 mmol·g_cat.⁻¹·h⁻¹ outperformed most of the RWGS catalysts, even surpassed many of the noble metal-based catalysts. This work provides new insights into the role of potassium promoter and emphasizes the crucial role of CO hydrogenation activity in regulating CO₂ hydrogenation selectivity over Co-based catalysts, which may inspire the strategic design of advanced low-temperature reverse water–gas shift catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135399"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards energy efficiency in Pakistan: An analysis of increasing integrated fuel demand using LEAP forecasting and backcasting","authors":"Muhammad Shahid ,&nbsp;Kafait Ullah ,&nbsp;Kashif Imran ,&nbsp;Amjad Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated energy planning is incomplete without precise estimation of long-term fuel demand forecast. Pakistan faces a shortage of reliable energy data and lacks dependable long-term demand forecasting models. Consequently, the country has not developed a comprehensive energy policy for its entire energy sector. Forecasting demand is essential due to population growth and dwindling fossil fuel resources. This study forecasts Pakistan’s fuel demand across all sectors of the economy under various scenarios using the LEAP modeling approach, accounting for both energy and non-energy demand. Eight scenarios were developed to provide a clearer picture of fuel demand, while energy supply analysis is covered in another article to address the challenges of the energy demand–supply chain. By 2040–41, fuel demand could reach 129.7 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) in the Business-as-Usual Scenario (BAUS) and 261.7 MTOE in the High Growth Scenario (HGS) without demand management and energy efficiency measures, while with these measures, demand is projected to fall between 95.7 MTOE and 201 MTOE. The projected fuel mix for 2040–41 includes electricity (15.17%), natural gas (33.46%), CNG (2.79%), oil (32.88%), coal (13.38%), and LPG (2.32%). Environmental emissions from fuel consumption are expected to reach 671 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (MMtCO₂E) in the HGS in the terminal year, compared to 320.4 MMtCO₂E in the BAUS. Energy efficiency measures could reduce emissions in 2040–41 to 87.12 MMtCO₂E in the BAUS, with potential reductions of up to 158 MMtCO₂E in the HGS. For higher demand growth, the study recommends increased reliance on renewable energy and indigenous resources rather than imported fossil fuels to ensure energy security, sustainable supplies, and a cleaner environment. This research aims to assist the Government of Pakistan in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy for All).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135247"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the carrier nitrogen doping on NOx&toluene synergistic degradation over VPOTi catalysts: Structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanism","authors":"Jin Jiang ,&nbsp;Yong Jia ,&nbsp;Lina Guo ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Yuan ,&nbsp;Jing Yuan ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shenghua Wu ,&nbsp;Mingyan Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, a series of nitrogen-doped TiO₂ carriers were synthesized using urea impregnation and loaded with VPO active components to evaluate NO<em>_x</em>&amp;toluene synergistic degradation. Carrier nitrogen doping improved the conversion rates of NO<em>_x</em> and toluene, and the complete conversion of dual pollutants was achieved on VPOTiN_0.02 catalyst at 250 ∼ 350 ℃. The doping of N atoms into the TiO₂ lattice promotes the growth of the (1<!--> <!-->0<!--> <!-->1) plane and increases the grain size. Structurally, nitrogen doping enriched the concentrations of oxygen vacancies and active oxygen species on the VPOTi catalyst, regulated the electron distribution around Ti atoms. The redox properties of the catalyst and the reactivity of the unit catalytic site were improved by constructing the electron enrichment region of Ti³⁺-O_v. NO<em>_x</em> and toluene on the catalyst followed E-R&amp;L-H co-existence and MvK mechanisms, respectively. in NH₃-SCR and toluene catalytic oxidation. The conversion rates of NO<em>_x</em> and toluene may be mutually inhibited by competitive adsorption of reactants. Furthermore, carrier nitrogen doping was beneficial in regulating the stability of surface nitrate species and promoting the deep oxidation of toluene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135384"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a heat storage integrated fluidized bed reactor for solar-driven gasification of low-rank coal","authors":"Chun Wang ,&nbsp;Kuo Zeng ,&nbsp;Chengmin Sheng ,&nbsp;Qingyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongwen Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhao Yang ,&nbsp;Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Xianhua Wang ,&nbsp;Hongyang Zuo ,&nbsp;Muzafar D. Isobaev ,&nbsp;Haiping Yang ,&nbsp;Hanping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Applying the 10-kWt tower-type solar field, a novel latent heat integrated solar-driven fluidized bed reactor is developed for low-rank coal gasification. Based on a decoupling strategy to analyse the solar-thermal-chemical process in complicated 3D reactor, the current work focuses on the thermo-chemical response inside the reaction chamber. Employing equivalent solar heating boundaries obtained by the pre-study, a numerical model of the reactor, which simulates detailed thermo-chemical process in the fluidized bed gasification chamber, is formulated and validated with the literature data. With this model, the fluidized low-rank coal gasification process from the latent heat integrated solar reactor is investigated and compared with the benchmark solar reactor, whose equivalent heating boundaries come from the typical volumetric solar receiver. Results exhibit that the gas–solid flow patterns are positively influenced by the presence of latent heat, demonstrating a more stable bubbling fluidization state compared to those without latent heat integration. Meanwhile, the syngas composition and solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency can be significantly enhanced by the integration. Reactor equipped with latent heat storage (LHS) component maintains a relatively high hydrogen content of approximately between 68 vol% to 69 vol% and a considerable solar-to-fuel efficiency ranging from 75.2 % to 80.9 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135354"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steel slag-assisted hydrothermal liquefaction of hyperaccumulators for upgrading bio-oil and immobilization of arsenic","authors":"Chengda Yu ,&nbsp;Haiwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Jinming Shi ,&nbsp;Huajun Huang ,&nbsp;Liangliang Fan ,&nbsp;Zhenlin Wen ,&nbsp;Xianbin Ai ,&nbsp;Zhigang Que ,&nbsp;Qin Li ,&nbsp;Chunbao Charles Xu ,&nbsp;Weiran Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) effectively convert hyperaccumulators into valuable hydrochars and bio-oils. However, the treatment of high concentrations of heavy metals in the aqueous phase products of HTL is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of the phytoremediation industry. This study demonstrated the effects of steel slag (SS) on the immobilization, distribution, and environmental risk of heavy metals during the HTL of <em>Pteris vittata</em> L. (PVL). The introduction of SS in HTL resulted in maximum bio-oil yield and HHV of 25.35% and 30.27 MJ/kg, respectively, while promoting the deoxygenation of bio-oil. The steel slag-assisted HTL effectively immobilized arsenic from aqueous phase to solid phase in PVL, and the arsenic removal content reached 1584.62 mg/kg, with a maximum arsenic stabilization rate of 93.29%. Model compound experiments suggest that the mechanism of arsenic stabilization in SS involves the formation of co-precipitates by the reaction of metal oxides with arsenate and arsenite. Furthermore, the SS-assisted HTL effectively reduced the risk assessment value and bioavailability of heavy metals in PVL. Overall, this study presents a promising approach for immobilizing arsenic, increasing bio-oil production, and promoting environmentally safe treatment of As-enriched biomass and steel slag.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135376"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of quenching distance in laminar premixed hydrogen and methane flames","authors":"Tahsin Berk Kıymaz ,&nbsp;Nijso Beishuizen ,&nbsp;Jeroen van Oijen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quenching behavior of laminar premixed hydrogen-air and methane-air flames is studied in two-dimensional configurations with detailed chemistry. Quenching distances are determined by simulating an initially stationary flame and then decreasing the inlet speed, allowing upstream flame propagation in a converging duct. The quenching distance is then defined as the distance between the cold surfaces where the flame extinguishes due to heat loss to the walls. The results for methane-air and hydrogen-air mixtures at various equivalence ratios are compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. The effects of flow inlet velocity, geometry, and wall temperature on quenching distance are investigated. The quenching distance is found to be sensitive to the inlet speed and decreases with decreasing inlet speed. The quenching distance is shown to decrease linearly with increasing wall temperature in hydrogen-air flames. In addition, the quenching distance depends on the geometry of the setup. Slit and annular ducts result in similar quenching distances, whereas circular ducts have higher quenching distances compared to the others. The study highlights the importance of considering these factors in burner design and flashback prevention devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing stability and PEC performance of TiO2 for Bias-Free seawater splitting with an FeS layer and In-Situ FeOOH Regeneration","authors":"Dabo Liu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Jiang ,&nbsp;Ran Tao ,&nbsp;Zhenming Chu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxing Fan ,&nbsp;Yu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) seawater splitting is a promising technology for renewable energy production. However, the photoanodes and photocathodes of PEC system faces challenges such as poor stability and low performance. In this study, a regenerable and highly stable TiO₂/FeS/FeOOH photoanode was designed for PEC seawater splitting. The integration of p-type FeS formed a p-n heterojunction, improving the photogenerated carrier transfer. The FeOOH layer, formed by the electrochemical oxidation of FeS, serves as a dense co-catalyst protective layer, protecting the photoanode from seawater corrosion. Notably, the FeS material can continuously supply FeOOH through a simple in-situ electrochemical oxidation process, compensating for FeOOH consumption and making the photoanodes regenerable, thereby significantly extending their stability. The optimal TiO₂/FeS/FeOOH achieved a photocurrent density of 2.08 mA/cm² at 1.23 V_RHE and an STH efficiency of 1.353 % in a bias-free tandem PEC seawater splitting cell. Assisted by the regenerable of FeOOH, the photoanode maintained 94.2 % of its performance after a 200-hour reaction. This study provides valuable insights for the development of PEC cells based on TiO₂ materials for bias-free seawater splitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135378"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and classification of adulteration in some fossil fuel products using an electronic nose","authors":"Amir Kakaei ,&nbsp;Mostafa Mostafaei ,&nbsp;Leila Naderloo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to identify and classify adulteration in certain fossil fuel products (including gasoline, diesel, and kerosene) using an electronic nose (e-nose). In this research, blends of gasoline-diesel, gasoline-kerosene, and diesel-kerosene were prepared at volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Data acquisition was performed using an e-nose system equipped with 10 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors. The collected data were analyzed using various methods, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Among the sensors, MQ135, TGS2611, and TGS2610 demonstrated the highest performance. The results showed that the identification and classification of pure fuels using QDA, SVM, and ANN achieved 100% accuracy, while the LDA method achieved 98.8% accuracy in distinguishing pure fuel types. Based on the results, the e-nose system demonstrated over 90% accuracy in detecting and classifying fuel adulteration, outperforming traditional methods based on conductivity and pH measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 135405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}