Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Coupled effects of sulfonated PAM concentration and degradation on separation kinetics of oil/water emulsions: interplay of flocculation, viscosity, and homogenization","authors":"Angela C.P. Duncke ,&nbsp;Camila N.R. Amaral ,&nbsp;Mônica Netto ,&nbsp;Gabriel G. de Barros ,&nbsp;Paulo R. de Souza Mendes ,&nbsp;Aurora Pérez-Gramatges","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), back-produced polymers can increase oil–water (O/W) emulsion stability, hampering phase separation and raising costs. In this EOR technique, high-molecular-mass polyacrylamides (PAMs) are commonly used, but under fixed shear production conditions, emulsions undergo the same homogenization and polymer degradation is unavoidable. This study systematically investigates the influence of sulfonated PAM (S-PAM) concentration and degradation on the phase separation kinetics of heavy O/W emulsions under reservoir-relevant conditions (high temperature, high salinity). The experimental approach quantified separation kinetics, bulk viscosity, oil–water interfacial properties, oil content, and droplet size distribution. A consistent, previously unreported inverted N-shaped relationship was observed between water release and polymer concentration for both intact and degraded S-PAM. Our findings reveal a dual mechanism governing this profile: at very low concentrations (≤ 10 ppm), polymer-bridging flocculation dominates, accelerating phase separation; at moderate concentrations, increased bulk viscosity and polymer steric stabilization hinder oil droplets creaming, decelerating phase separation by up to 1800 % compared to the polymer-free system. Above a critical concentration, the higher viscosity impairs homogenization, forming larger initial oil droplets that cream faster despite the viscous continuous phase, thereby re-accelerating separation. Degraded polymers exhibited slower phase separation and higher residual oil in the aqueous phase compared to intact counterparts. S-PAM showed no interfacial activity, and the proposed mechanisms were validated with a medium oil. These findings highlight the complex interplay between flocculation and viscosity effects in controlling O/W emulsion stability during polymer flooding, offering critical insights for optimizing produced water management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137158"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into NO reduction during ammonia-coal co-combustion: A DFT study on char surface functional groups","authors":"Lianfei Xu ,&nbsp;Weifeng Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Hu ,&nbsp;Fei Sun ,&nbsp;Wenwen Kong ,&nbsp;Boxiong Shen ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Jiancheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen oxides (NO<em>_x</em>) in flue gas generated by coal combustion can cause severe environmental pollution, and ammonia is regarded as a promising zero-carbon energy source. However, ammonia also has limitations, including low flammability and NO<em>_x</em> emissions. Ammonia-coal co-combustion technology is a mainstream choice. Relevant research indicates that the presence of oxygen can assist in the reduction of NO by creating new active sites. Previous studies on ammonia-coal co-combustion technology combined with air-staged combustion were mainly based on experimental research, lacking exploration of the reaction mechanism. Therefore, we used density functional theory (DFT) to explore the effects of dangling bonds, C=O, and −OH groups on the reactivity of char, NO reduction pathways, and reaction kinetics. The conclusion indicates that the Zig@OH model has the strongest NO adsorption capacity. Both –OH and C=O groups are beneficial to shortening the reaction pathway and promote the formation of N-N structure. Therefore, O₂ promotes the co-combustion of ammonia and coal, which is consistent with the experimental results. The Zig@O model has the lowest rate-determining step energy barrier. The rate-determining step energy barriers of the three models are not significantly different overall. The kinetic calculation illustrated that within the temperature range of 800–1600 K, three char models with ammonia can effectively promote the reduction of NO. This study aims to provide new insights into the microscopic mechanism of the NO/O₂/NH₃-char reaction in ammonia-coal co-combustion technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the pore structure of bituminous coal on the basis of different degassing temperature and particle size","authors":"Lingling Qi ,&nbsp;Jiahui Liu ,&nbsp;Long Fan ,&nbsp;Xiangjun Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coal seam gas adsorption capacity increases with the specific surface area of the coal. However, the optimum experimental particle size and degassing temperature have not been given for Low-temperature N₂ adsorption (LTNA) test which is commonly used for specific surface area measurement of porous media. To evaluate the effects of particle size and temperature on coal pore structure, fat coal from Pingdingshan Eighth Mine and coking coal from Pingdingshan Eleventh Mine were characterized by thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), LTAN, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Research shows that: (1) Optimal degassing temperature is 150°C, with 200–300 mesh as the best particle size. (2) When the particle size is reduced to 200 mesh, the pore structure parameters of hard coal increase sharply. The impact on pore area distribution is most evident in pores &lt; 2 nm and 10–100 nm, while the effect on pore volume is more prominent in pores &gt; 10 nm. (3) According to the results of SEM, the surface impurities of coal sample decrease obviously when the degassing temperature is 150°C. As the degassing temperature increases, the pore structure is distorted. The results can be used to evaluate coalbed methane (CBM) resources more accurately, enhance gas extraction technology, and develop more efficient coal-based adsorption materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137126"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production from hydrogen sulfide via a uniquely designed electrolysis process: experimental investigation","authors":"Muhammad Ishaq,&nbsp;Ibrahim Dincer","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work aims to develop a uniquely designed experimental test rig for hydrogen (H₂) production from hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and perform performance tests. The experimental activity focuses on the FeCl₃ hybrid process for H₂S cracking, followed by H₂S absorption, sulfur purification, and electrolysis for efficient H₂ production. Hydrogen production is studied using KOH and FeCl₃ electrolytes under varying temperatures between 20-80 °C. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to characterize the electrochemical cell under potentiostatic (0.5-2.0  V) and galvanostatic (0-0.5  mA) modes to analyze the system’s electrochemical response. The study results showed that hydrogen production increased by over 426 % from 20 °C to 80 °C. EIS analysis under potentiostatic mode showed Nyquist semicircle diameter reduced as the applied voltage increased from 0.5  V to 1.5  V, and phase angle shifted from -5.59° to -1.27°, confirming enhanced conductivity. Under galvanostatic mode, the impedance dropped from ∼25  Ω to ∼21  Ω as current increased, demonstrating improved kinetics for efficient H₂ production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137096"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response mechanism of dominant reactive functional groups in lignite under hypoxic conditions: a study combining phased microstructural and energy changes","authors":"Binrui Li,&nbsp;Mangu Hu,&nbsp;Hongqing Zhu,&nbsp;Houwang Wang,&nbsp;Linhao Xie,&nbsp;Tianyu Li,&nbsp;Saiyi Gao,&nbsp;Baolin Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High moisture and volatile of lignite make it easy to spontaneous combustion. It is important to study energy changes and phased microstructural in oxidation process for prevention and control of coal fire. Therefore, by analyzing the characteristics of lignite microstructure, combined with Pearson correlation analysis, this study investigates the influence of hypoxic conditions on low-temperature oxidation characteristics of lignite, and phased mechanism of groups. The results indicate that during dehydration and degassing stage, lignite surface exhibits a granular structure. The activation energy exhibits significantly increased sensitivity to O₂ concentration. The reduction in O₂ concentration intensifies the self-reaction of groups and restricts the chemisorption between lignite and oxygen. During dynamic equilibrium stage, a scale-like structure forms on the lignite surface. The high-temperature effect expands the reaction pathways of groups, while hypoxic condition suppresses the formation of active structures and volatile. Correlation analysis reveals that –OH and –CH₂/CH₃ are the primary heat-producing groups, and –CHO and –COOH are the primary heat-absorbing groups. When O₂ concentration rises from 5 % to 21 %, the main reaction groups of low-temperature oxidation are –CH₂/CH₃ → –OH → –CH₂/CH₃. Furthermore, hypoxic condition inhibits the reactions of –OH and –COOH, while exerting minimal influence on –CHO and –CH₂/CH₃.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137113"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower-like In-TiO2@Bi2MoO6 S-scheme heterojunction for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic desulfurization of H2S","authors":"Yanxu Wang ,&nbsp;Jiao Shen ,&nbsp;Lijia Huang ,&nbsp;Yi Yuan ,&nbsp;Yaoqi Huang ,&nbsp;Ge He ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Shaojun Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional systems by enabling efficient charge transfer while preserving strong redox capability. In this study, a novel flower-like In-TiO₂@Bi₂MoO₆ S-scheme heterojunction was developed via a simple hydrothermal synthesis for visible-light-driven photocatalytic desulfurization of H₂S. The optimized In-TiO₂-0.4@Bi₂MoO₆ composition (molar ratio of In-TiO₂ to Bi₂MoO₆ = 0.4) achieved complete H₂S removal within 120 min under visible-light irradiation, exhibiting outstanding activity, operational stability, and adaptability to various desulfurization conditions. Mechanistic investigations using VB-XPS, UPS, ESR, DRIFTS and DFT calculations confirmed that the S-scheme configuration accelerated photoinduced charge separation, reduced electron migration distances, and maintained a high redox potential, thereby promoting efficient generation of reactive oxygen species for sulfur conversion. The synergistic interaction between In-TiO₂ and Bi₂MoO₆ provides a robust platform for efficient, selective, and durable desulfurization under mild conditions. These findings offer a mechanistic framework for designing next-generation S-scheme photocatalysts for environmental remediation and energy-related applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137153"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of moisture on coal apparent permeability and CO2 sequestration capacity: Coupled effects of hygroscopic swelling and water film","authors":"Xiaosong Lin ,&nbsp;Zhengdong Liu ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Wancheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Shixing Fan ,&nbsp;Haidong Chen ,&nbsp;Yihuai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moisture is spread throughout the coal seams, significantly influencing coalbed methane extraction efficiency and CO₂ sequestration capacity. However, existing research often neglects the impact of moisture on gas migration behavior. This study develops an apparent permeability evolution model for binary gases based on the three competing mechanisms of effective stress, gas-induced matrix strain and thermal swelling, and considering the dual role of water on fracture aperture. On this basis, the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled gas mass transfer theory is constructed. The theory was utilized to obtain the relationship between gas-induced matrix strain and fracture water film thickness under varying water content conditions. And the mechanism of moisture’s role in characterizing the evolution of apparent permeability, CH₄ recovery and CO₂ storage is further discussed. Results indicate that moisture significantly suppresses the competitive adsorption behavior of binary gases within coal seams, leading to a notable reduction in matrix strain. Simultaneously, increased water content intensifies the development of water film along fracture walls. Additionally, through fixed-point monitoring method, it was elucidated that the apparent permeability of coalbeds showed a more obvious decreasing trend with the increase of water content, but the evolution of dramatic showed a significant decrease. Meanwhile, both CH₄ recovery and CO₂ cumulative storage capacities also exhibit a downward trajectory as water content levels increase. Inspired by these observations, the principles and advantages of intermittent pressurized CO₂ injection are discussed, offering novel theoretical insights to support CO₂ sequestration methods in deep, water-bearing coalbeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent real-time ash content detection for coal flotation concentrate using multi-source data fusion","authors":"Lanhao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiahui Liu ,&nbsp;Zhuoqi Sun ,&nbsp;Hongyan Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Nan ,&nbsp;XiaHui Gui ,&nbsp;Wei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and real-time online detection of ash content in flotation concentrate is paramount for achieving intelligent optimization and closed-loop control of the flotation process. This capability is critical because coal remains one of the most vital mineral resources in the global energy sector, and ash content is a fundamental indicator of coal quality, directly governing the product quality of fine coal flotation and the overall economic efficiency of coal preparation operations. To address the limitations of delayed system response and inefficient multi-source data fusion in existing methods, this paper proposes an intelligent detection approach for ash content in flotation concentrate based on multi-source information fusion. The core framework integrates heterogeneous data sources, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra, key process parameters, and tailings image features. First, spectral feature selection and dimensionality reduction are performed using the Successive Projections Algorithm combined with Multiple Linear Regression (SPA-MLR), effectively reducing data dimensionality while preserving critical information. Then, a differentiable Soft Dynamic Time Warping (Soft-DTW) algorithm is employed to align asynchronous time series, enhancing temporal consistency across data sources. Finally, an Interpretable Configuration Algorithm with Response-Weight Mechanism (ICA-RW) strategy is proposed, jointly driven by Node Response Change Value (NRCV) and Output Weight Norm (OWN). This strategy enables dynamic pruning and recovery of hidden nodes, allowing the single-hidden-layer neural network to be adaptively compressed and restructured for improved generalization and model compactness. Field experiments conducted in an industrial coal preparation plant demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms conventional models in both prediction accuracy and robustness. The system reliably meets the stringent process requirement of maintaining ash absolute error within ±0.3 %, providing a practical and effective solution for intelligent closed-loop control in flotation operations and contributing significantly to data-driven smart mining development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137132"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of hydrogen jet impingement from different nozzle orifices in an engine combustion chamber","authors":"Shenghao Yu ,&nbsp;Dong Xie ,&nbsp;Peng Sun ,&nbsp;Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Jianxin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct injection hydrogen engines enable precise fuel jets development control for high-efficiency, low-emission combustion systems. However, performance depends on fuel–air mixing quality affected by wall-impinging hydrogen jets. Current studies lack systematic investigation of jet-wall interactions under engine-representative confined conditions. This study experimentally investigates hydrogen jet impingement in an engine-dimensioned combustion chamber using high-speed schlieren imaging under injection pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa, nozzle diameters between 1.0 and 2.5 mm, and impingement distances from 20.6 to 42.6 mm at ambient conditions of 298 K and 1 atm. Results reveal that elevated injection pressure significantly enhances spreading radius, entrainment height, and projected area by accelerating momentum conversion into radial flows and promoting faster impingement stabilization with improved mixing efficiency. Shorter impingement distances intensify radial momentum conversion through earlier wall interaction at higher axial momentum, whereas longer distances weaken impingement intensity due to turbulence-induced momentum decay and reduced spatial utilization. Larger nozzle diameters substantially improve post-impingement behavior through higher momentum flux and enhanced turbulence, promoting more vigorous wall interaction and broader radial dispersion with complex vortex dynamics. Interestingly, for a given cumulative injected mass, smaller-diameter nozzles can produce larger projected areas due to longer injection durations, which allow more time for axial and lateral spreading before reaching the measurement plane. This work specifically addresses low-pressure direct injection systems, and the findings provide critical insights for optimizing injection parameters and combustion chamber geometry for direct-injection hydrogen engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137171"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical concept and process modeling of a pilot-scale fluidized bed conversion facility","authors":"Fanfan Xu,&nbsp;Dmitri Nešumajev,&nbsp;Oliver Järvik,&nbsp;Ants Martins,&nbsp;Alar Konist","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluidized bed technology offers excellent heat and mass transfer that enhances reaction efficiency and product quality during thermochemical conversion. In this study, a pilot-scale integrated combustion–pyrolysis fluidized bed facility was evaluated, where heat from oil shale combustion is used for biomass pyrolysis. The system provides several unique advantages, such as fewer startup issues, shorter residence time, and uncomplicated configurations. Process simulation was performed in Aspen Plus, followed by workflow development, model validation, sensitivity analysis, and performance evaluation. Two integrated processes (oil shale combustion and biomass pyrolysis) were simulated, and the outputs (flue gas composition and product yield) were validated against experimental data. Comparable results confirmed the predictability of the developed simulation workflow. Flue gas results showed that the CO₂ fraction was approximately 20 % during air combustion of oil shale, but increased to 80–90 % under oxyfuel conditions. The maximum bio-oil was yielded (35.17 wt%) at450 °C, while higher temperatures favored non-condensable gas release. Energy and exergy analyses indicated that oxyfuel combustion improved overall energy efficiency from 65.14 % to 67.78 % and exergy efficiency from 27.55 % to 31.09 %, respectively. The study comprehensively demonstrates the feasibility of the pilot-scale combustion-pyrolysis facility and provides guidelines for future commissioning campaigns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"406 ","pages":"Article 137166"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}