Fuel最新文献

{"title":"From lab to market: Economic viability of modern hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts","authors":"Margarita Ryabicheva ,&nbsp;Yaroslav Zhigalenok ,&nbsp;Saken Abdimomyn ,&nbsp;Mazhyn Skakov ,&nbsp;Arman Miniyazov ,&nbsp;Gainiya Zhanbolatova ,&nbsp;Nuriya Mukhamedova ,&nbsp;Zhanna Ospanova ,&nbsp;Thierry Djenizian ,&nbsp;Fyodor Malchik","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive review examines the current landscape of hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts, focusing on the critical balance between performance and cost for large-scale hydrogen production. The study analyzes a wide range of materials, from expensive noble metals to more economical transition metal compounds, providing detailed cost estimates based on initial components. While noble metals demonstrate benchmark performance with low overpotentials, their high costs limit widespread application. The review highlights significant advancements in developing cost-effective alternatives, such as transition metal oxides, sulfides, phosphides, and nitrides, which offer comparable catalytic activity at a fraction of the cost. The analysis reveals promising trends in material design and synthesis strategies that could lead to catalysts combining high activity, long-term stability, and low cost, crucial for the widespread implementation of hydrogen. This review serves as a valuable resource for guiding future research efforts towards developing affordable and efficient hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135227"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the interaction of N2O and CO with and without hydrogen addition using outwardly propagating spherical flames","authors":"Jiabiao Zou ,&nbsp;Jianguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Yuyang Li ,&nbsp;Aamir Farooq","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is the third most important long-lived greenhouse gas and plays a role as the principal source of stratospheric nitric oxide, as well as the major scavenger of ozone. The flames of N₂O and CO/H₂/hydrocarbons play a crucial role in the combustion of nitramine-based solid rocket propellants and energetic materials. Nowadays, the utilization of NH₃ as a fuel underscores the need to reduce N₂O emission under flame conditions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the interaction between N₂O and low-carbon fuels, especially carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This study pioneers the utilization of outwardly propagating spherical flame method to investigate the laminar flame propagation of CO/N₂O mixtures at the initial pressure (<em>P</em>_<em>u</em>) of 2 atm, initial temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>u</em>) of 298 K and 0.6 &lt; <em>ϕ</em> &lt; 1.8. Additionally, the study delves into the interaction of N₂O and CO in the presence of H₂, examining the CO/H₂/N₂O/N₂ flame under similar conditions. Unlike CO/O₂ system, successful hydrogenic-free CO spherical flame propagation with N₂O as oxidizer was demonstrated. LBVs of “dry” CO/N₂O and CO/N₂O/N₂ flames within the closed combustion vessel of this study were found to be substantially lower than previously reported results using an open Bunsen-type flame, i.e., the literature reported LBVs of 50 % CO/50 % N₂O flames is 3.3–4.5 times higher than the currently measured value. The measured LBVs underscore the necessity for further examination of the rate of the controversial radical exchange reaction CO + N₂O=CO₂ + N₂ (R1). Recommended rates constant with activation energy of 43 kcal/mol were based on current evaluations and measurements. Comparison of the measured data with the predictions of literature kinetic models reveals the inadequacy of existing models. The proposed model, featuring an updated CO/H₂/N₂O subset, enhances predictability and highlights the intricate chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135232"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of hydraulic fracture propagation and the uneven propagation behavior of multiple clusters in shale oil reservoirs","authors":"Jianlin Li,&nbsp;Ying Zhong,&nbsp;Yaohui Yan,&nbsp;Tao Huang,&nbsp;Qiuhang Mou,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China possesses substantial shale oil and gas resources, a significant portion of which is recoverable. Hydraulic fracturing technology plays an essential role in enhancing oil recovery. However, accurately predicting the propagation of hydraulic fractures in complex reservoirs remains challenging due to the inherent weakness of shale formations. Based on the discrete element method (DEM), a coupled hydraulic fracturing model that incorporates perforation erosion and flow distribution was developed. This model simulates the mechanical interactions between hydraulic fractures and natural weak planes, providing insights into fracture morphology, perforation erosion, flow distribution, and net pressure inversion. Results show that low cementation interface angles facilitate vertical fracture propagation, while higher angles restrict vertical propagation by capturing fractures. Due to shear stress concentration, bedding planes limit vertical propagation through shear failure, and natural fracture zones exacerbate non-uniform propagation by inducing stress perturbations. Furthermore, the degree of non-uniform fracture propagation is influenced by flow distribution, which is significantly affected by perforation friction. The findings reveal the mechanisms of hydraulic fracture propagation and the uneven propagation behavior of multiple fracture clusters, offering a theoretical foundation for understanding the governing principles of hydraulic fracture behavior, particularly in explaining the non-uniform propagation of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in layered reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135241"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of carbon-zeolite bifunctional support Cu/C@Zeolite catalysts for enhanced VOCs catalytic oxidation","authors":"Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Wenju Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhongde Dai ,&nbsp;Lu Yao ,&nbsp;Junfeng Zheng ,&nbsp;Xingjian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the Cu/C@Zeolite catalysts with carbon-zeolite bifunctional support was developed by using the zeolite-induced one-pot homogeneous synthesis of CuBTC composite (CuBTC@Zeolite). Three different zeolites (ZSM-5, 13X, NaY) and the activation conditions were discussed. Originating from the defective structure of CuBTC in the composite and its interactivity with the zeolite, compared to Cu/C, the Cu/C@zeolite catalysts had the hierarchical pore system, a higher content of oxygen vacancies, stronger redox properties, and more active Cu sites with smaller particle sizes and more Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ coexisting valence states, in synergy with acid sites, all of these contributing to the improved catalytic activity for VOCs oxidation removal. The activity of toluene catalytic oxidation indicated by T₉₀ was in the order of Cu/C@NaY (268.5 °C) &gt; Cu/C@ZSM-5 (280.0 °C) &gt; Cu/C@13X (287.0 °C) &gt; Cu/C (320.0 °C). They also performed a better activity for acetone and ethyl acetate oxidation, obtaining the lowest T₉₀ at 217.0 and 231.5 °C respectively when the Cu/C@NaY used. Moreover, the Cu/C@NaY and Cu/C@ZSM-5 performed good water resistance and stability, suggesting the potential in practical application scenarios. These findings underscored the potential of Cu/C@Zeolite catalysts for addressing complex VOCs in simultaneous catalytic oxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135281"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention ability of different hydrocarbon molecules during the thermal evolution of lacustrine kerogen: Insights from molecular simulation and docking","authors":"Xingzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Tian Liang ,&nbsp;Ping’an Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kerogen selectively binds to hydrocarbon molecules, influencing shale oil properties. Molecular simulations of its retention capacity help explain compositional differences between expelled and retained hydrocarbons. Lacustrine Kerogen from the Shahejie Formation in the Bohai Bay Basin was selected for artificial thermal simulation experiments. Structural information of kerogen at various maturity levels was obtained using ¹³C NMR, based on which 2D and 3D modeling was performed. The binding energies of n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics with various kerogens were calculated by molecular docking. Results show that kerogen loses long aliphatic chains, reducing oil potential in the thermal evolution. In the late oil window, kerogen rapidly evolves and strongly retains hydrocarbons, especially aromatics with higher carbon numbers. The binding stability of aromatics exceeds that of n-alkanes and cycloalkanes, with Gibbs free energy for aromatics being over 300 % lower than for n-alkanes at higher carbon numbers. For saturated hydrocarbons, kerogen is more likely to retain larger liquid alkane molecules. Methylation of small molecules may be an important factor affecting their ability to bind to the kerogen. The application of molecular docking into petroleum geochemistry has achieved initial success, offering novel insights into hydrocarbon expulsion processes within kerogen. The molecular docking results are consistent with existing findings and provide a rapid, effective approach for simulating and validating oil retention mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135265"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular insights into CO2-EOR/CCUS: Nanoconfinement effects on multi-component diffusion and miscibility in shale reservoirs","authors":"Yisheng Hu ,&nbsp;Heng Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Guo ,&nbsp;Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ injection is a promising method for increase oil recovery, while also enabling secure CO₂ storage in shale reservoir, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Shale is distinguished by the abundance of small nanopores, where the molecular movement of fluids is influenced by the nanoconfinement effect, causing deviations from linear diffusion. Therefore, investigating the microscopic diffusion and interaction mechanisms of CO₂-reservoir fluid systems in nanopore is of significant guiding importance for enhanced oil recovery and carbon storage of shale reservoirs by using CO₂ injection. Shale nanopores with varying SiO₂ and kerogen contents are developed through molecular simulation to reveal the multicomponent diffusion and molecular-level interaction mechanisms interactions of CO₂ with light, medium, and heavy hydrocarbons in the presence of water, asphaltenes and methylbenzene across immiscible and miscible states. Compared to the immiscible condition, the diffusion coefficients of CO₂, methane, pentane, octane, and tetradecane in the miscible condition decrease by 48.46%, 77.68%, 39.16%, 51.26%, and 58.89%, respectively, while the diffusion coefficients of methylbenzene and asphaltenes increase by 16.96% and 33.15%, respectively. The volume expansion of crude oil and the reduction in viscosity caused by Oil–Gas miscibility facilitate the multicomponent diffusion of heavy components. As organic content in nanopores increases, the interaction between the wall and light hydrocarbons weakens, while heavy hydrocarbons tend to adsorb onto the wall. The diffusion coefficients of crude oil in the nano pores are decreased by 20% due to the presence of water. The study concludes that miscible CO₂-EOR significantly enhances shale oil recovery efficiency through the complex interactions of CO₂ and reservoir fluids in nanopore.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135238"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospect of green vehicle sectors in Bangladesh in light of biogas from animal manure through anaerobic digestion","authors":"Md. Sanowar Hossain,&nbsp;Fairuz Wasima,&nbsp;Sujan Banik,&nbsp;Md. Golam Kibria,&nbsp;Md. Sharul Hasan Khan Shawon","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of biogas production from animal manure in Bangladesh, focusing on its technical feasibility, environmental benefits, and economic viability. Using data from 2023 to 2041, the study projected the technical potential of biogas to increase from 2.65 Bm3 in 2023 to 3.85 Bm3 by 2041, with chicken and cow manure identified as the primary contributors. It was determined that 2041 biogas could replace approximately 3.5 million petrol-powered and 3 million diesel-powered vehicles, significantly reducing the country’s reliance on fossil fuels. The study also revealed that substituting diesel with biogas could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 2,040 tons annually by 2041, with Dhaka showing the highest reduction potential. The economic feasibility analysis of a proposed anaerobic digestion (AD) plant indicated a net profit of 61,311.23 M$ over a 20-year lifespan, with an investment payback period (IPBP) of 6.73 years and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.062 $/kWh, making biogas a competitive renewable energy source. Additionally, the study highlighted the environmental benefits of AD technology, including waste reduction, nutrient recycling, and the creation of biofertilizers. These findings underscore the significant potential of biogas production to contribute to Bangladesh’s renewable energy goals, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance energy security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135276"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis product characteristics and hydrocarbon generation-retention-expulsion model of alkaline lacustrine organic-rich shale","authors":"Dehao Feng ,&nbsp;Chenglin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Yang ,&nbsp;Jiajia Su ,&nbsp;Haibo Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Han","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkaline lacustrine shale, deposited in high-salinity alkaline lakes, represents a unique organic-rich shale. The Fengcheng Formation of the Junggar Basin is the oldest alkaline lacustrine sediments producing substantial petroleum. However, the understanding of hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion characteristics of alkaline lacustrine shale remains limited by existing knowledge and methods. Based on an improved semi-open pyrolysis experimental procedure, this research investigated the hydrocarbon generation-retention-expulsion mechanism of Fengcheng alkaline lacustrine shale. The Fengcheng Shale has a high amount of retained oil (∼ 280 mg/g TOC) dominated by adsorbed oil during the early oil stage, characterized by the early bitumen generation. Kerogen efficiently transforms into liquid hydrocarbons within the main oil window, where total generated and retained oil yields also reach peak levels at the Easy%<em>R</em>_o of around 1.0 %. Abundant hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred synchronously during the main oil window. During the late oil stage, the oil generation capacity of kerogen diminished, and adsorbed oil cracked into free oil, which was further expelled. Comparison with global organic-rich shales reveals that although the Fengcheng Shale has low organic carbon content, it exhibits a high efficiency of kerogen conversion to oil, likely due to unique haloalkaliphilic plankton and alkaline minerals. Overall, the alkaline lacustrine shale exhibits distinctive Type I source facies, characterized by efficient and continuous oil generation during the early and main oil windows, followed by extensive oil expulsion during the main and late oil windows. These findings significantly advance the knowledge in alkaline lacustrine organic-rich shale, and the insights may serve as a template for other alkaline lacustrine basins. Moreover, this study provides an effective experimental procedure for determining the quantity of hydrocarbons generated, expelled, and retained within organic-rich shale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135239"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate on pour point and wax deposition characteristics of high-pour-point and viscous waxy crude oil","authors":"Qing Quan ,&nbsp;Wenbo Jin ,&nbsp;Nana Sun ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Shouxi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers on pour point, wax crystal structure, deposition rate and composition were investigated from macro and micro aspects by using pour point tester, cold finger, polarizing microscopy and high temperature gas chromatography. The results revealed that the copolymers could reduce the pour point of crude oil, but they had mutually selective which depending on their respective composition. Moreover, it observed that the copolymers significantly reduced the wax crystal precipitation, transforming crystal shapes from flake or needle-like forms to rounded, aggregated structures, which became more obvious as the heating temperature increased. It was found that copolymers inhibited the formation of wax deposition, and the rate of wax deposition decreased, tending toward stability as the copolymers concentration increased. But the wax content in the deposits increased, owing to the eutectic effect between the copolymers and the wax molecules resulting in a decrease in the porosity of the network structure covering the deposits, and an increase in the proportion of high-carbon compounds in the deposits. Additionally, the aging of the deposit layer intensified as the critical carbon number increased, while the enrichment of the resins and asphaltenes in the deposits decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135269"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A detailed study of the combustion-fuel behavior of nanofuels containing boron/catalyst nanohybrid particles","authors":"Rıdvan Küçükosman ,&nbsp;Ahmet Alper Yontar ,&nbsp;Ümit Ağbulut ,&nbsp;Cumhur Gökhan Ünlü ,&nbsp;Kasim Ocakoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron, with its high theoretical calorific value, is a promising alternative fuel, but its problematic oxidation behavior prevents complete combustion and limits its potential. This study focuses on the production of amorphous boron (AB) particles with reduced B₂O₃ layers using ball milling and their decorating with perovskite-type nano catalysts (La₀.₇ Nd₀.₃MnO₃, Nd₀. ₇Ba₀.₃MnO₃, La₀.₅ Nd₀.₃Ba₀.₂MnO₃) by a cost-effective ultrasonication methods. The structural characterizations of all particles were characterized by SEM and XRD techniques. To evaluate the catalytic activity of the nanocatalysts, elemental analysis and surface area measurements were carried out by XPS and BET analysis, respectively. Combustion tests on gasoline-based nanofuels (2.5 and 7.5 wt%) in a controlled droplet-scale chamber showed that higher particle concentrations reduced ignition delay. However, boron hybrid particles had ignition delays similar to pure boron particles. Residual aggregate temperatures of 7.5 wt% AB-LNM1, AB-NBM, and AB-LNBM1 droplets were 111.5 %, 100 %, and 110.4 % higher than those with AB-BM. SEM-EDX analyses of residues revealed that AB-LNBM1 hybrids had the highest catalytic efficiency, with 5.47 % carbon and 17.53 % oxygen, significantly improving boron and soot oxidation. Engine tests using 250 ppm diesel blends highlighted NBM nanoparticles as having the lowest BSFC, while AB-LNBM1 achieved the highest HRR increase (12.69 %) and CO₂ emissions (9.53 %) at 60 Nm. AB-LNBM1 also reduced HC emissions by 53.33 % at 15 Nm, and NBM provided the largest NO_x reduction (9.70 %) at 30 Nm. Overall, boron/catalyst nanohybrids enhanced combustion behavior, improved fuel efficiency, and reduced pollutant emissions. These findings suggest that such hybrids have significant potential for advancing alternative fuel applications and reducing the environmental impact of hydrocarbon fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135260"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}