Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of spray morphology and shock wave structures in supercritical methanol spray","authors":"Xiaojie Li ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Hu ,&nbsp;Lin Xiang ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhaowen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methanol is recognized as an ideal clean alternative fuel for internal combustion engines due to its renewability, high combustion efficiency, and low carbon emissions, while its high latent heat leads to challenges in evaporation and combustion. Supercritical spray technology demonstrates significant potential to enhance spray atomization, mixing, and combustion performance. Implementing supercritical sprays in practical engines is highly feasible due to the relatively low critical temperature of methanol (513 K). However, research on supercritical methanol sprays has been rare, in particular the mechanism of shock waves. Therefore, this paper conducted experiments on an in-house designed supercritical fuel heating platform integrated with optical diagnostics to investigate the morphology and evolution mechanism of supercritical methanol sprays. When a supercritical methanol spray was injected into a low-pressure environment, the under-expanded shock wave occurred near the nozzle which affected the spray morphology. The macroscopic morphology of supercritical methanol spray exhibited a transient delay due to the under-expanded shock wave, which delayed spray penetration. The Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) decreased with increasing fuel temperature and decreasing ambient pressure. However, when the fuel temperature increased beyond the critical temperature, the effect of ambient pressure on SMD diminished. The shock wave length decreased with increasing ambient pressure due to the high compressibility of supercritical methanol, while the shock wave width decreased with increasing ambient pressure and decreasing fuel temperature due to the high density of supercritical methanol. This study innovatively developed empirical correlations to predict the length and width of shock waves. The shock wave length is exponentially proportional to the injection pressure ratio, and the shock wave width shows a strong linear dependence on fuel temperature and ambient pressure. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation was observed between the shock wave and spray widths, indicating that the shock wave structure governed the near-field spray morphology. This research provided important theoretical guidance for the practical application of supercritical spray technology in methanol engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138676"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and efficient ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production using electromagnetically induced joule heating","authors":"Chen Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Liu ,&nbsp;Sheng Kang ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Lei Shi ,&nbsp;Yuxin Yan ,&nbsp;Qingya Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is an effective hydrogen carrier, whose decomposition is an endothermic process favorable at high temperatures. To address the high cost and limited durability of low-temperature catalytic systems as well as the low energy efficiency and carbon emissions associated with combustion-driven heating, this work proposes a rapid and efficient ammonia decomposition route for hydrogen production using electromagnetically induced Joule heating (EIJH) of low-cost iron tube as the induction media. The advantages of iron over other induction media, as well as the impacts of reaction temperature, gas flow rate, and reactant residence time on ammonia conversion were systematically evaluated, with performance benchmarked against conventional resistance furnace heating. Notably, EIJH of iron not only enables ultrafast temperature ramping and short start-up time, overcoming the sluggish heat transfer limitation of traditional heating modes, but also exhibits catalytic activity for ammonia decomposition despite the very small surface area of the iron. At 700 °C and a high space velocity of 8.18 × 10⁵ h⁻¹, a 97.0% ammonia conversion was achieved in an iron tube packed with 58.9 wt% iron wire. The apparent activation energy of the EIJH-driven process was determined to be 43.3 kJ/mol, which is less than half of that obtained under resistance furnace heating (96.3 kJ/mol). These results confirm that EIJH of iron provides a fast, efficient, and fully electrified pathway for clean hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition, offering a promising alternative to conventional thermal or catalytic routes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138678"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of optimized hydrothermal, ozone and superalkali pretreatment techniques for qualitative biogas production from corn straw: A comparative assessment","authors":"Sifan Cao ,&nbsp;Yong-Chen Han ,&nbsp;Huqe Farhana ,&nbsp;Xiaochang C. Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Chen ,&nbsp;Yu-You Li ,&nbsp;Bao-Shan Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pretreatment methods are prominently used to enhance methane production from any raw materials, with hydrolysis remaining a key bottleneck among such energy-environment balance pretreatment methodologies. This research explored the comparative potency of ozone (solid–liquid ratio-time-ozone dose), hydrothermal (solid–liquid ratio-time–temperature) and super-alkali (superalkali dose-time–temperature) pretreatment on corn straw by employing the required optimizing parameters. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for each pretreatment processes were corroborated for batch and semi-continuous reactors. Comparing the three pretreatment methods, ozone pretreatment was leading to the utmost amount of methane production of 160.18 mL CH₄/g VS, which was 85.72% higher than that of the untreated group. The results demonstrated that the process leverages ozone’s strong oxidizing capacity to break down lignin, achieving a high delignification rate of 74.2% while retaining substantial fractions of cellulose and hemicellulose. No significant accumulation of phenol was observed following ozone pretreatment, with the system concentration remaining below the inhibitory threshold of 100 mg/L. In semi-continuous reactor, the tolerance to inhibitors and process stability were investigated simultaneously. The ozone-pretreated group exhibited a 7.8% increase in average biogas production, indicating microbial capability to degrade exogenously added inhibitory derivatives. An economic analysis was reviewed to strengthen the lucrative influence of ozone, ozone pretreatment of corn straw resulted in a 56.7% improvement in net profit. These findings indicate that ozone pretreatment can effectively recover resources from waste and improve the value conversion efficiency of waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138625"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting chemiluminescence signals and ratios in hydrogenated biogas flames in a micro gas turbine combustor","authors":"Mohamed Salah Eddine Salah ,&nbsp;M. Mustafa Kamal ,&nbsp;Lyes Tarabet ,&nbsp;Alessandro Parente","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biogas is a renewable and infrastructure-compatible fuel for distributed power generation, but its high CO₂ content lowers heating value and flame speed, complicating flame stabilization and narrowing the flammability range. Hydrogen enrichment widens this range, accelerates ignition, and promotes full oxidation, enabling efficient, low-CO operation. This experimental study investigates hydrogen-enriched biogas combustion in a stagnation-point reverse-flow (SPRF) combustor, a practical configuration featuring internal flue gas recirculation (iFGR). Experiments were performed at 18 kW thermal power under various operating conditions in terms of biogas composition (0–40% CO₂ by v/v.), hydrogen fraction (0–50% by v/v.), air-inlet diameters (40 and 24 mm), air preheating (500–900 K), and equivalence ratio (0.4–0.6). The dataset comprises 108 test cases combining dual-camera, two-line imaging of OH*, CH*, C₂*, and broadband CO₂* (100 Hz) with exhaust CO/NO measurements. Results show that OH* intensity increases monotonically with H₂ and serves as a robust tracer of reactivity, while CH* and C₂* exhibit non-monotonic behaviour due to competing thermal and carbon-depletion effects. The OH*/CH* and OH*/ C₂* ratios track H₂ enrichment in the wider-inlet geometry, whereas enhanced mixing in the compact inlet compresses their dynamic range. Comparison with published premixed and diffusion flame studies indicates that OH* intensity and the OH*/CH* ratio exhibit consistent trends, whereas other chemiluminescence signals and ratios are strongly configuration-dependent and require validation for each specific combustor geometry. Flame hysteresis occurs between attached and detached modes: the attached regime yields higher CO and NO due to incomplete oxidation, while the detached regime achieves low-CO operation through intensified air–fuel–recirculation interactions. Finally, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models trained on chemiluminescence intensities accurately predict emissions, illustrating the potential of virtual sensing for hydrogen-biogas combustors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138552"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring alternative internal gas recirculating designs of multi-stage adiabatic reactors for direct CO2 methanation from thermodynamic insights","authors":"Yu-Da Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct carbon dioxide (CO₂) methanation is one of the most attractive technologies for realizing practical and sustainable carbon capture and utilization schemes. Among various engineering designs, multi-stage adiabatic reactor is still the major option due to its simplicity and flexibility. However, the drastic and rapid temperature increase along the first reactor due to reactive exothermicity makes it necessary to incorporate internal gas recirculating (IGR) designs, which however results in a massive amount of compression work for gas recirculation, which thus lowers its economic feasibility. Most studies adopted the IGR design by recirculating outlet gas from the first reactor, while other potentially viable alternatives by recirculating the ones from other downstream stages have never been systematically investigated. Therefore, in this study, several multi-stage adiabatic reactors with innovative IGR configurations were quantitatively assessed by analyzing their potentials of performance improvements. It was found that by recirculating the outlet gases from downstream reactors, the CO accumulation effect within the IGR loop may be effectively eliminated, which thus in thermodynamics prompts the forward proceedings of endothermic CO-forming reactions and offsets the exothermic effect by the methanation reactions. The results showed that the internal recirculating flowrates of non-condensable gases may be effectively reduced by 48.1–66.4%, and the accumulation of CO within the IGR loop may also be eliminated to facilitate the enhancement of CO₂ conversion and CH₄ yield by more than 2%. Also, the H₂/CO₂ ratio may be well maintained at around 4 over the entire process to prevent carbon deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138643"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of model asphaltene films to investigate the compositional dependence of the dilational properties","authors":"Kazuya Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphaltenes, high-molecular-weight crude oil components, pose challenges in petroleum production and transportation by precipitating and aggregating at oil–water interfaces, forming stable emulsions that hinder separation. The stability of the asphaltene emulsion is linked to the viscoelastic properties of the asphaltene film, which are highly dependent on the film composition. The influence of the additives is often discussed in relation to the asphaltene-to-additives ratio. However, the influence is still inconclusive because of the lack of investigations into the interfacial affinity of the original asphaltene and additives. This study performed molecular dynamics simulations for model asphaltene films where compounds have different interfacial affinities: <em>N</em>-(1-hexylheptyl)-<em>N</em>′-(5-carboxylicpentyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic bisimide (C5Pe), its methylated analogue (C5PeM), and stearate. Multiple independent simulations were performed to overcome the poor sampling of the film properties by a single simulation. The asphaltene molecular orientations within the films show a concentration-dependent shift from the perpendicular-to-interface polyaromatic plane orientation at low concentrations (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.33 μmol/m²) to a more disordered arrangement as the asphaltene concentration increases. The transition agrees well with the evolution of the dilational modulus. Crucially, the dilational modulus of mixed films is significantly influenced, and governed by, more interfacially active components like C5Pe and stearate. Microscopic analysis reveals that the dilational modulus is overridden by the accumulation of the interfacially active components, and asphaltene desorption is not necessary for this effect. This study provides the relationship between microscopic behaviors and properties (interfacial tension and dilational modulus), advancing our understanding of the stability of crude oil emulsions. These findings offer a critical basis for optimizing the selection and dosage of demulsifiers in crude oil production, thereby enhancing the efficiency of oil–water separation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138572"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of a slagging fixed bed refuse-derived fuel gasifier by using two-fluid model","authors":"Wei Zeng ,&nbsp;Shuai Yan ,&nbsp;Zihong Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel two-fluid model was developed for slagging fixed bed refuse-derived fuel (RDF) gasifiers by adopting a zonal modelling approach to characterize distinct flow behaviors in different regions. According to different treatments of the solid phase, the gasifier is divided into three zones, namely the falling zone, the moving zone and the raceway zone. The model was validated against experimental data from a benchmark case, demonstrating its ability to accurately capture the staged thermochemical conversion processes and predict outlet gas composition. Analysis reveals a clear temperature gradient along the bed height, enabling identification of four distinct reaction zones: drying, devolatilization, gasification and combustion. The validated model was further employed to optimize operating conditions, such as the oxygen-to-fuel and steam-to-oxygen ratios. Results show that an oxygen-to-fuel ratio of 0.08 provides balanced performance, whereas excessively low ratios cause temperature drops and reduce gasification efficiency, and overly high ratios promote excessive combustion of hydrogen. In addition, moderately increasing the steam‑to‑oxygen ratio can enhance syngas yield but is constrained by the associated water‑gas shift reaction. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and regulation of slagging fixed bed gasifiers, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness in predicting performance and guiding operational optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138595"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved general correlations for predicting higher heating values: New polynomial correlations","authors":"Michael Binns","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Correlations are commonly used to estimate the higher heating values of different fuels based on either proximate or ultimate analysis. A large number of existing correlations have been developed for different groups of fuels such as coals or biomass. While only a small number of general correlations have been developed which are suitable for all fuels. More recently machine learning methods have also been adapted to more accurately predict these heating values. However, machine learning approaches are typically harder to reproduce compared to correlations. In this study novel new high order polynomials are developed with the aim to bridge this gap and obtain higher accuracy correlations while avoiding the complexity of machine learning. For a large diverse set of fuels it is found that a cubic equation with 23 parameters predicts higher heating values with an R² of 0.9376. This is higher than the best existing correlation which gives an R² value of 0.9088 and slightly lower than the best machine learning method which gives an R² value of 0.9567. In addition to generally outperforming other correlations this is found to be the most accurate correlation for wood, grass, husks, municipal solid waste and organic residue fuel sub-groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138648"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into oxygen vacancies roles and reaction mechanism of PMoA-TiO2-M catalyst on deep oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil","authors":"Jiyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Tairan Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Abdul-Hamid Emwas ,&nbsp;Vasileios G. Samaras ,&nbsp;Javier Ruiz-Martinez ,&nbsp;Chee Kok Poh ,&nbsp;Jie Chang ,&nbsp;William L. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology has attracted increasing attention as a practical approach for producing cleaner fuel oil. This study synthesized a novel phosphomolybdic acid (PMoA) based mesoporous catalyst with a high density of oxygen vacancies using a facile one-pot method. The role of oxygen vacancies in the ODS mechanism was detailed and proposed through density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The ODS catalytic performance of different model oil compounds over the series of catalysts was systematically evaluated. Remarkably, dibenzothiophene (DBT) achieved a desulfurization efficiency of 99.5% within 10 min at 60 °C and an O/S ratio of 3 in a batch reactor using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as the oxidant. The ODS reactivity order followed DBT &gt; BT (benzothiophene) &gt; 4,6-DMDBT (4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene). Furthermore, the ODS of Arabian Extra Light oil (AXL) was investigated under optimized conditions using an extraction-adsorption process. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) results revealed that O₂S and O₂S₂ species with lower carbon numbers (&lt;30) can be easily separated due to their higher polarity property for the AXL ODS experiment. DFT results confirmed that oxygen vacancies significantly enhance H₂O₂ adsorption, thereby improving the efficiency of the ODS process. This study provides theoretical insights into the rational design of ODS catalysts and demonstrates that the synthesized catalyst is a promising candidate for industrial ODS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138669"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Waste to Efficient Energy: Multidimensional Additive-Mediated Regulation of Aged Garbage-Based Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Performance","authors":"Donglin Han ,&nbsp;Nannan Li ,&nbsp;Sunxin Xia ,&nbsp;Yu Xi ,&nbsp;Xiaomao Song ,&nbsp;Meijuan Kuang ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Tianpeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiang Liang ,&nbsp;Guohao Li ,&nbsp;Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Zhihua Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aged landfills pose environmental and health risks, necessitating landfill mining for resource recovery. This study focused on the problems of aged garbage-based refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which has poor physical properties, unstable combustion behavior, and unfavorable pollutant emissions. To address these challenges, this study utilized biomass and functional additives for co-pelletization with aged garbage to produce high-quality RDF. Experimental results showed that with the ratio of aged garbage, biomass additives, and functional additives at 5:4:1, the length resiliency of RDF was 11.9%∼13.0%, particle density was 0.58 ∼ 0.64 g/cm³, resistance index was 300, and calorific value was 25003 ∼ 26184 kJ/kg. Furthermore, coconut husk was proved to be more suitable as a biomass additive for RDF application. Compared to the blank sample, shell decreased CO₂ and NO₂ emissions during RDF combustion by 8.5 wt% and 7.8 wt%, respectively. Calcium carbonate promoted paper waste and cellulose combustion, forming a porous ash framework that adsorbed flue − gas pollutants physically. Electrostatic adsorption immobilized Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺, limiting their leaching to 2.56 wt% and 1.03 wt%. White mud lowered CO₂ and NO₂ emissions by 16.3 wt% and 13.1 wt%, respectively, mostly by the reaction of its alkaline components with the acidic flue gas components to produce stable oxygenated compounds. White mud also reduced Zn and Fe ion leaching to 2.17 wt% and 1.16 wt% by the combination of physical adsorption in the porous structure and chemical fixation in the glass phase. This study gave new insights into the application of RDF for the resource utilization of aged garbage, advancing sustainable landfill management and recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"417 ","pages":"Article 138628"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}