Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Investigation on halloysite nanotube catalysts for heavy oil hydrotreatment","authors":"E.E. Vorobyeva ,&nbsp;A.A. Khoreshkova ,&nbsp;A.V. Polukhin ,&nbsp;V.A. Vdovichenko ,&nbsp;V.M. Metalnikova ,&nbsp;A.I. Lysikov ,&nbsp;D.A. Selezneva ,&nbsp;E.V. Parkhomchuk","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the present study, halloysite nanotube-containing clay (Raw clay) and commercial product (Commercial clay) obtained by treatment the Raw clay from the same mine were investigated in the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oil. Two catalysts with approximately the same HNT content were synthesized: CoMoNi/Clay and CoMoNi/Composite. The former contained a Raw clay mineral as a source of HNT, while the latter − a Commercial clay and a binder (Al₂O₃). CoMoNi/Al₂O₃ was synthesized and used as a reference catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂-sorption, Hg-porosimetry, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. It has been found that catalysts from natural clays have heterogeneity of the phase composition (significant variation in phase composition from one sample to another) and are capable of forming macroporosity by sintering of nonporous phases. In turn, β-CoMoO₄ has been preferably formed on HNT-containing catalyst surface. Catalytic test on hydrotreatment (HT) of a real oil feedstock was performed at 390 and 400 °C, hydrogen pressure at 7 MPa, a product collected after the three-stage HT of atmospheric residue was used as the feedstock. Catalytic tests showed the initial specific activity of the HNT-catalysts was higher compared with traditional catalysts but changed due to high density of the acidic sites and undeveloped texture formed by nonporous phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135563"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-assembled Fe-CaO bifunctional materials with nickel foam template for CO2 capture and in-situ conversion","authors":"Zhuxian Gao ,&nbsp;Caihu Li ,&nbsp;Jianli Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiude Hu ,&nbsp;Jingjing Ma ,&nbsp;Qingjie Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The capture and catalytic performance in integrated CO₂ and utilization (ICCU) potentially contributes to reduce CO₂ emissions with low cost and high efficiency. Breaking through the limitations of conventional dual-functional materials (DFMs). Herein, Fe-CaO/NF self-assembled with nickel foam (NF) as template is designed and prepared via hydrothermal method. CaO is anchored on the Ni-foam skeleton, and Fe-Ni bimetallic sites within the CaO matrix establishes dual-active centers synergizing CO₂ chemisorption and activation. The stability and activity stability of CO₂ capture and in-situ conversion were improved, CO₂ capture capacity is 12.8 mmol/g, CO yield is 9.33 mmol/g, ∼80 % CO₂ conversion is achieved, and 100 % CO selectivity is obtained. It shows good cycle stability and high activity in 12 cycles. The synergistic effect of Fe and Ni on CO₂ adsorption and conversion was confirm by DRIFTS. The interaction between CaO and Fe is weakened by Ni, while the interaction with Fe promotes the conversion of CO₂. In comparison, the stability and activity of the without O₂-containing cycle are higher than those of the O₂-containing. O₂ has a negative effect, leading to competitive adsorption between CO₂ and H₂O in the CO₂ capture process. The H₂O molecular layer is formed on the surface of the rod-like structure, and the reduction of the active phase is interference, resulting the regeneration of CaO was decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135886"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional numerical study of serpentine flow-fields with vertical/lateral synergetic extended structures for PEM fuel cells","authors":"Naixiao Wang ,&nbsp;Youliang Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaochao Fan ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a core component of PEMFC, the flow field plays a crucial role in gas distribution and thermoelectric coupling. To enhance water and gas transport capabilities in both the lateral and vertical directions, thereby improving battery performance, a bent serpentine periodic extended structure (BSPES) flow field with undulating press-bend patterns on the rib surfaces is developed. Considering the influence of extended unit shapes and press-bend depths on the flow field, three different shapes and four levels of press-bend depths are configured in the flow field models. Three-dimensional numerical models are established to evaluate and compare the comprehensive performance of different flow fields. The results show that the extended flow field optimizes water and gas transport and thermal conductivity, reduces pressure loss, and increases energy efficiency. The press-bend depth enhances vertical transport performance but also increases pressure drop. Compared to traditional serpentine flow channels, under the same press-bend depth, BSPES-T (BSPES-Triangle) achieved peak current density and power density improvements of 7.32 % and 6.32 %, respectively, surpassing BSPES-S (BSPES-Square) and BSPES-R (BSPES-Round Arc). For triangular extended shape, a press-bend depth of 0.25 mm resulted in a peak current density increase of 8.98 % and a power density increase of 7.66 %. BSPES-R demonstrated the best balance between pressure loss and performance enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135850"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 capture for backup power plants: Entrained flow Calcium Looping using Ca(OH)2","authors":"Nico Mader,&nbsp;Alexander Mack,&nbsp;Günter Scheffknecht","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium-Looping is a suitable post-combustion CO₂ capture technology for deep decarbonization of flue gases coming from power plants and industrial processes. A novel concept, which uses Ca(OH)₂ instead of CaO as CO₂ capture sorbent and entrained flow reactors instead of fluidized beds, enables the flexible operation to decarbonize backup power plants during low renewable energy generation. Therefore, experiments were carried out in an electrically heated entrained flow reactor at the University of Stuttgart, investigating the CO₂ uptake of Ca(OH)₂ powders and the possible degree of decarbonization in realistic flue gas conditions. High CO₂ capture efficiencies of over 90 % were achieved within only four seconds of gas–solid reaction time while showing that the sorbent excess needed for this decarbonization is comparably low (Ca-to-CO₂ ratios &lt;1.5). Additionally, a model was fitted based on the experimental results, showing that 99 % CO₂ capture would be possible with a Ca-to-CO₂ ratio of 2.29. This presents an increased reactivity of the carbonation of Ca(OH)₂ compared to CaO, which enables the operation in small entrained flow reactors. Furthermore, comparably low temperatures of 550 °C decrease the systems energy penalty while enabling higher CO₂ capture efficiencies. Thus, the findings of this study demonstrate the suitability of Ca(OH)₂ as a CO₂ capture sorbent in entrained flow reactors and prove the potential for a large-scale application to decarbonize backup power plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135855"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental measurement of laminar burning velocity and reaction kinetics modeling of ammonia-dimethyl ether co-combustion at medium to high pressures","authors":"Lu Mingfei ,&nbsp;He Chen ,&nbsp;Zhang Lin ,&nbsp;Long Wuqiang ,&nbsp;Wang Yongjian ,&nbsp;Dong Pengbo ,&nbsp;Yao Chengxi ,&nbsp;Cong Lixin ,&nbsp;Wang Mengfan ,&nbsp;Tian Hua ,&nbsp;Wang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable and low-carbon energy alternatives has positioned ammonia-dimethyl ether (NH₃/DME) mixtures as promising substitute fuels. Understanding their laminar combustion characteristics under medium to high-pressure conditions is essential for developing advanced combustion technologies. This study systematically investigated the laminar burning velocities (LBVs) of NH₃/DME mixtures using an optical experimental platform. LBVs were measured across varying pressures (0.3–0.9 MPa), DME mole fractions (10 %–40 %), and equivalence ratios (Φ = 0.7–1.3) at the initial temperature of 393 K. Based on experimental LBV data, an optimized NH₃/DME combustion mechanism was developed, enabling detailed kinetic analyses of the influences of DME mole fraction and pressure on combustion dynamics and emission characteristics. The results indicate that increasing DME mole fraction enhances LBV, though the rate slows when DME exceeds 20 %. This is because the inhibitory effect of ammonia on flame propagation weakens as DME becomes the dominant contributor to combustion energy. Additionally, the increase in DME leads to the reduction in Markstein length, which enhances thermal-diffusive instability. Increasing the initial pressure significantly decreases the LBV and intensifies hydrodynamic instability. The optimized mechanism performed excellently in predicting LBV. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction H + O₂ = OH + O has the greatest impact on LBV. DME improves combustion performance and radical concentration by promoting reactions of carbon-containing species, while also enhancing the nitrogen oxidation pathway, resulting in increased NO emissions. Pressure has minimal effect on chain propagation but inhibits chain branching reactions, reducing overall reaction activity. These findings provide critical insights for the application of NH₃/DME blended fuels and the optimization of high-pressure combustion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135852"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of medium-low maturity shale and nano-NiO catalyst under supercritical CO2 atmosphere: Mechanisms and reaction kinetics","authors":"Yaqian Liu,&nbsp;Chuanjin Yao,&nbsp;Yuanbo Ma,&nbsp;Baishuo Liu,&nbsp;Huichao Yang,&nbsp;Xinge Du,&nbsp;Yiran Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On the basis of supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO₂) thermal fluid, the introduction of a catalyst will significantly promote the development of oil resources from medium-low maturity shales. In this paper, after confirming that nano-NiO is the optimal catalyst among the three nickel-based catalysts (NiCl₂·6H₂O, nickel stearate, and nano-NiO), non-isothermal pyrolysis experiments on medium–low maturity shales both with and without nano-NiO catalyst loading were conducted under a ScCO₂ atmosphere. The conversion processes of hydrocarbon substances and the properties of the products were systematically analyzed to explore the synergistic effect mechanism of ScCO₂ and nano-NiO. The reaction kinetics models encompassing kerogen pyrolysis reaction and heavy hydrocarbon cracking reaction were established by coupling the nonlinear least squares method with a MultiStart optimization algorithm to describe the kinetics of organic matter thermal degradation and hydrocarbon generation. The results showed that compared to ScCO₂ conditions without nano-NiO catalysis, the additional introduction of nano-NiO catalyst effectively reduced the pyrolysis temperature of organic matter, enhanced the maximum weight loss rate of shale pyrolysis by 2.88 %, and boosted oil and gas yields by 32.3 % and 18.0 %, respectively. The synergistic effect of ScCO₂ and nano-NiO promoted the lightening and alkylation of hydrocarbon components and inhibited the high-temperature polymerization reaction, significantly improving the quality and stability of oil and gas fractions. The kerogen pyrolysis tends to convert into heavier hydrocarbon components, with proportion coefficients greater than 0.5, while the heavy hydrocarbon cracking primarily produces lighter oils and gases. The synergistic effect lowered the activation energy for kerogen pyrolysis reaction by 16.3 kJ/mol and increased the proportion coefficient of organic matter converted into oil, which is the desired outcome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135882"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sintering mechanism of the coal fly ash particle revealed from the compressive strength","authors":"Xiaoming Li ,&nbsp;Yujun Guo ,&nbsp;Shiyin Feng ,&nbsp;Chong He ,&nbsp;Huaizhu Li ,&nbsp;Jin Bai ,&nbsp;Wen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deposition of fly ash particles can lead to significant blockages in the cross hangers, reduced heat exchange efficiency, and increased exit temperatures during the operation of an entrained-flow coal gasifier. A thorough understanding of the sintering mechanisms of fly ash can help mitigate the ash deposition issue and provide guidance for the long-term operation of an entrained-flow coal gasifier. In this study, the sintering behavior of fine fly ash particles (&lt; 65 μm) under various conditions (residence time, atmosphere, particle size, and temperature) was characterized by compressive strength, and the sintering mechanism was elucidated through phase evolution, element distribution, and liquid properties (viscosity and surface tension). The sintering process of fine fly ash particles was not governed by the pressure gradient (ΔP) of the curved surfaces of the ash particles or the surface tension at 900–1000 °C. Fly ash particles &lt;45 μm exhibit a moderate Si/Al ratio (the mass ratio of SiO₂ to Al₂O₃) and relatively low viscosity, which promotes anorthite crystallization. The viscosity of the residual liquid increased with anorthite crystallization. The high compressive strength of these fly ash particles is attributed to the bonding facilitated by the viscous liquid. In contrast, fly ash particles in the range of 45–65 μm possess a high Si/Al ratio and high viscosity, which inhibit mineral crystallization. The high compressive strength arises from the dense structure formed by the fusion of the unsolidified liquid. This study demonstrated that decreasing the alkali component in coal ash and maintaining a low syngas cooling temperature could prevent the viscous surface caused by mineral crystallization, potentially alleviating the ash deposition problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135877"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Product characteristics of supercritical water gasification via the preheating of hydrothermal flames: A detailed chemical kinetic simulation","authors":"Yuejie Zhao ,&nbsp;Fengming Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunyun Liu ,&nbsp;Weiqing Rong ,&nbsp;Yilin Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A detailed chemical kinetic model was developed for supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of methanol via the preheating of hydrothermal flames, and simulated with Chemkin. The simulation model is validated by comparisons with experimental COD removal efficiencies and gas ratios. The SCWG reaction can be divided into three stages. At the first stage, methanol mainly undergoes the steam reforming reaction to produce H₂ and CO. The water gas shift reaction that peaks H₂ yield is the dominant chemical reaction at the second stage. At the third stage, the methanation reaction becomes active and consumes H₂. The carbon dioxide promotes the methanation reaction at the third stage. The oxygen content accelerates the methanol decomposition and hydrogen formation at the beginning of the first stage, but results in lower peak values of H₂ yield. The hot water and the direct preheating have the highest and lowest peaks for H₂ yield, and higher peak values of H₂ yield are present at higher ratios of fuel to feed flow via the preheating of hydrothermal flames. The peak of H₂ yield under the preheating of hydrothermal flames is not sensitive to the reaction temperature, but higher heating values can be obtained at higher reaction temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135875"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of polyacrylamide gel formulation for CO2 and H2S mitigation in biogas purification","authors":"Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo ,&nbsp;Mohd. Usama ,&nbsp;Dharmendra Kumar Bal","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biogas, a renewable fuel source, requires purification to remove contaminants like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. This study explores the use of polyacrylamide gel, synthesized with chromium (III) acetate and Piperazine, as an effective biogas purification medium. The gel’s non-Newtonian behaviour, characterized by shear thinning, enhances its adsorption properties. Multiple characterization methods confirmed the gel’s structure and functional groups. Experiments under varying conditions revealed the gel’s ability to purify biogas, achieving a maximum methane concentration of 90.1 %. However, repeated use reduces the gel’s CO₂ adsorption capacity, necessitating regeneration. The purification efficiency reached 74.60 % and 77.39 %, accompanied by high equilibrium constants (K = 7.988 and 9.101) and the most negative ΔG values (–5206.11 and –5526.68 J/mol) among all gel matrices. This research highlights the potential of polyacrylamide gel as a sustainable solution for biogas purification, promoting cleaner and greener transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135856"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox diverse Co+2/Co+3 species embedded 3D nanoconfined silica walls as an efficient catalyst for fast oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil","authors":"Mateen Ahmad ,&nbsp;Usman Ali ,&nbsp;Afaq Nazir ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Liu ,&nbsp;Haoran Sun ,&nbsp;Haonan Zhang ,&nbsp;Defu Yin ,&nbsp;Alieu Kamara ,&nbsp;Hanbao Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Zifeng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur contamination in fuel oils poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of an efficient and sustainable desulfurization method. Traditional methods, being energy and cost-intensive, drive a growing interest in catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) as a greener alternative. However, the effectiveness of ODS largely depends on the dispersion rate of active sites within the catalyst. Herein, we developed a highly dispersive, redox-active Co/KIT-6 catalyst via surge encapsulation of cobalt species within the nanoconfined channels of as-synthesized KIT-6 (TCK) using the solid impregnation calcination (SIC) method. This approach significantly enhanced the stability and dispersion rate of cobalt species by exploiting the confined spaces between the P123 template and the silanol-enriched silica walls of TCK, creating a highly active Co-Si-O structure. Characterization reveals that up to 7 wt% cobalt species were smoothly dispersed in TCK channels, while severe aggregation and structural deterioration were observed in the template-free counterpart (Co7TFK) sample at similar loadings. Our ODS findings reveal that Co7TCK demonstrates higher activity than Co7TCK catalyst, achieving 99.7 % conversion of dibenzothiophene (DBT) at room temperature in 15 min within 0.055 g catalyst dosage with high reaction rate (0.332 min⁻¹), turnover frequency (197.5 h⁻¹) and turnover number (33.2). Kinetic and thermodynamic data suggest that DBT oxidation over Co7TCK is endothermic, non-spontaneous and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 33.51 kJ/mol. Additionally, the Co7TCK catalyst exhibited excellent stability and recyclability over multiple cycles, underscoring its potential for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 135881"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}