Fuel最新文献

{"title":"Disclosing surface functionality evolution in H2SO4-assisted hydrothermally carbonized lignocellulosic precursors: Deciphering the roles of lignin and cellulose","authors":"José L.B. Campos ,&nbsp;Paulo H.L. Pinheiro ,&nbsp;Robson M. da Silva ,&nbsp;Claudio T. Carvalho ,&nbsp;Magno A.G. Trindade ,&nbsp;Raphael Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of strategies targeting the deployment of renewable platforms has consistently garnered global attention, including lignocellulosic-derived methods for the production of hydrochars. Such materials have a versatile application repertoire due to their distinctive surface features. Despite numerous attempts to enhance the surface acidity of lignocellulosic-based hydrochars for catalytic purposes by incorporating sulfur-oxygen and carbon–oxygen functional groups, the specific contributions of each lignocellulosic component to the development of these groups remains unclear. This study elucidates the roles of lignin and cellulose in the formation of −SO₃H and carbon–oxygen functional groups on the surface of hydrochars. This was achieved by significantly altering the cellulose-to-lignin molar ratio in the herein selected feedstock before subjecting it to the H₂SO₄-assisted hydrothermal carbonization process. The findings demonstrated that intermediate phenolic compounds – generated through the depolymerization and hydrolysis of lignin – are highly susceptible to sulfonation, leading to increased functionalization yields with −SO₃H groups. Conversely, cellulosic-derived furanic intermediates (mainly furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) enhance the population of carbon–oxygen functional groups, varying in type, nature, and acid strength. The acidic surface features of the hydrochars were successfully validated in the solvent-free acetalization of glycerol with acetone. The concentration of −SO₃H groups significantly boosted the catalytic performance of the material, achieving nearly full selective conversion of glycerol to solketal within 40 min of reaction, with a turnover frequency as high as 228 h⁻¹ and satisfactory reusability. Therefore, this investigation reveals that lignin primarily facilitates the one-step sulfonation process, while cellulose exclusively contributes to the evolution of carbon–oxygen functionalities on the hydrochars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133610"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced hydrogen evolution in alkaline media by electrodeposition of floral spherical Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrocatalyst","authors":"Sanjun He ,&nbsp;Liyan Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Wenyu Tan ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing novel, cost-effective, and high-performance electrocatalysts is crucial to advancing the practical application of water electrolysis. Rare-earth (RE) elements have emerged as the research focus for modifying metal catalysts owing to their distinctive electronic structure. In this study, a Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrode was synthesized on the nickel foam (NF) substrate through potentiostatic electrodeposition. Results indicated that the nucleation of the Ni–Se–Yb electrode followed a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The addition of Yb regulated the surface morphology and enhanced the intrinsic properties of the catalyst material by rapidly achieving the Volmer desorption step of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby improving the catalytic performance of HER. The Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrocatalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻² with merely 50 mV overpotential. The Ni–Se–Yb/NF catalyst also exhibited excellent electrochemical stability after 72 h of long-term durability measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of microalgal hydrothermal carbonization parameters using the response surface method for biochar applications in blast furnaces to reduce carbon emissions","authors":"Shiya Ye ,&nbsp;Siyuan Hao ,&nbsp;Chenyan Yan ,&nbsp;Xinru Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanqiang Di ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhou ,&nbsp;Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zeyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing biochar in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking is a feasible and promising approach to reducing carbon emissions. Microalgae are one of the promising feedstocks for biochar production; however, research on producing high-performance microalgal hydrochars suitable for BF applications remains limited. Herein, we optimized the reaction parameters of the microalgal hydrothermal carbonization process by the response surface method for applying biochar in BF. Then, the properties of hydrochars produced under different conditions were characterized, including microstructure, surface chemical properties, composition, and combustion performance. The results indicated that hydrothermal temperature and time significantly affected hydrochars properties. The hydrochar obtained under the optimized conditions exhibited a high carbonization degree (H/C: 1.06, and O/C: 0.34), with a notable average removal rate of harmful metal elements (about 78 %) and excellent combustion performance (comprehensive combustion index = 11.98). Moreover, we assessed the CO₂ emission of the optimized hydrochar as a partial replacement for injection coal in BF. The results indicated about 30 % reduction in CO2 emissions associated with the coal acquisition process for BF coal injection, reflecting an environmental benefit. The study provides insights into producing high-performance hydrochars suitable for use as BF injection fuel to reduce CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133671"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemiluminescence spectra investigation of ammonia flame over a wide-range equivalence ratios in a rapid compression machine","authors":"Qihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunliang Qi ,&nbsp;Ridong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xing Chao ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Zhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the chemiluminescence spectra of ammonia flame on a rapid compression machine using central spark ignition, with the equivalence ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5, pressure at the end of compression of 30 bar, and temperature at the end of compression of 900 K. For the first time, the color of an ammonia flame was found to vary with the equivalence ratio under engine-related conditions from images observed by a high-speed camera: orange at the equivalence ratio of 0.4, light pinkish purple at 0.7, blue at 1, and golden yellow for the flame front while dark blue for internal flame at 1.5. The chemiluminescence emissions of OH∗, NH∗, and NH₂ ∗ were observed from the spectra. Integral intensity ratios NH∗/OH ∗ and Red/Blue are two indicators of extreme lean combustion, OH∗/Violet, NH∗/Red, and WB3/WB1 can identify conditions closer to stoichiometric condition by comparation, and WB3/WB2 has the potential to serve as an indicator for determining other parameters independently of the equivalence ratio. The intensities of the R, G, and B channels in combustion images exhibit distinct trends over time across different equivalence ratios. The ratio of R value to B value is smallest under stoichiometric condition and decreases over time under different equivalence ratios. Chemical analysis indicates that under lean combustion conditions, the path of NH₂ to H₂NO is enhanced due to the increased oxygen, while under rich combustion conditions, the direct dehydrogenation of NH₂ to NH is enhanced as a result of decreased oxygen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133604"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an air-breathing anion-exchange membrane fuel cell based on Pd0.9−Cu0.1/rGO anode catalyst for low ethanol sensing","authors":"Marzieh Gholamian ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zhiani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mohammadi Taghiabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breath alcohol analyzers (BrAAs) can utilize anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as an alternative to proton exchange membrane ones, allowing non-platinum catalysts in BrAA structure. In this respect, an anode catalyst consisting of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Pd</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>Cu</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>rGO</mi></mrow></math></span> is used in the AEMFC catalyst layer to sense low ethanol concentration solution in the presence of carbonate. In addition to catalyst structural analysis, the performance of the prepared AEMFC is evaluated using the electrochemical tests. Polarization curves of the air-breathing passive ethanol fuel cell show a high power density output of 189 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>mWcm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> at 2 M of ethanol. To assess the sensitivity of the AEMFC, the polarization and V–t curves are investigated at low ethanol concentrations of 5-50 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>mmolL</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. According to the obtained results, the sensor’s highest sensitivity is achieved at 300 mV, indicating that voltage can be used for sensitivity control. In addition, the separation of the anode and cathode polarization curves shows that the anode current density increases with ethanol concentration, whereas the cathode current density remains constant. Overall, the sensitivity and repeatability evaluations represent <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Pd</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>Cu</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>rGO</mi></mrow></math></span> as an appropriate anode catalyst in the new generation of breath alcohol analyzers based on AEMFC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133357"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalence ratio inhomogeneity and mixing in liquid-fueled detonations","authors":"Manoj Paudel,&nbsp;Jacob A. McFarland","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid-fueled detonation systems are intrinsically heterogeneous due to the discrete nature of liquid droplets, and their initial size and spatial distribution. Understanding the effect of droplet spatial distribution perturbations coupled with droplet-scale effects like lag, breakup, and evaporation is essential in predicting realistic multiphase detonation phenomena. In this paper, the effect of initial perturbations of equivalence ratio, created by a 2D sinusoidal spatial distribution of uniform sized droplets, on the detonation behavior is examined through 2D Euler–Lagrange simulations. The propagation speed and cellular structure of detonation propagating through a tube with Decane droplets suspended in air (N<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>/O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mix) is simulated using a quasi-global 3-step 7-species reaction mechanism. The effect of small-scale fluctuations in fuel concentration, due to random particle positions, is found to be of minor importance compared to the large-scale perturbation produced by the sinusoidal spatial distribution. Increased initial inhomogeneity decreased the detonation speed, made the detonation more unstable, and caused an overall increase in cell size. The extent/strength of inhomogeneity that a multiphase detonation can overcome is found to be much lower than that of an equivalent gaseous detonation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical study on mild steel corrosion inhibition in acidic environment: DFT modeling and RSM optimization","authors":"Mehmet Erman Mert ,&nbsp;Ceyla Güngör ,&nbsp;Başak Doğru Mert","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of various heterocyclic compounds, including 1,3-Thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrimidine-2-thiocarboxamide, 1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carbothioamide, 1H-imidazole-4-carbothioamide, 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol, and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid, selected for their structural characteristics that make them effective in fuel applications. The presence of functional groups such as thiol, amide, carboxylic acid, imidazole, and thiazole in these compounds enhances their ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces, forming protective layers that significantly inhibit corrosion. These compounds were chosen not only for their strong interaction with metal substrates but also for their stability and durability under various environmental conditions, which are important for fuel systems. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to give structural insights, which are essential for understanding the corrosion inhibition mechanism of the examined compounds. The inhibition performance of these molecules were investigated in 0.5 M HCl via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for mild steel (MS) containing various inhibitor concentrations (1;3 and 5 mM) and exposure times (1; 24 and 48 h). Particularly, the higher inhibition efficiency of compounds; 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol from their structural and electronic properties. The variable inhibition efficiency observed among different compounds investigates the importance of methods Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for systematically analyzing concentration, time, and molecular structure interactions. The experimental results indicated that 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol exhibited significantly higher inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 5 mM and an exposure duration of 48 h, with inhibition efficiencies of 98.96 % and 98.66 % respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133729"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pragmatic investigation of the effect of ether additives on biodiesel combustion to reduce NOx and other harmful emissions","authors":"Arun Teja Doppalapudi ,&nbsp;Abul Kalam Azad ,&nbsp;Md Nurun Nabi ,&nbsp;Mohammad G. Rasul ,&nbsp;Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The addition of oxygenated additives such as ethers has shown better results with improved combustion and reduced emissions. Ethers have a lower viscosity and higher oxygen concentrations that can improve combustion and have lower calorific value, which can control the cylinder temperature. Hence, three ethers: diethyl ether (DEE), Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether (DME), and Tri-propylene-Glycol Monomethyl ether (TME) were selected as biodiesel additives to conduct engine tests for reducing NO_x and CO emissions. These three ethers were added at 10 % volume to the Tucuma B10 blend, and the results were compared with diesel, TB10, and TB20. The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were investigated through engine tests conducted at 2400 rpm with varying loads of 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. The study found that adding oxygenated additives into the TB10 blend has led to a decrease in both CO and NO_x compared to the TB10 blend alone. However, the NO_x was higher for the ether-TB10 blends than diesel. At full load, TB10DME10 reduced CO emissions by 22.3 %, 45 %, and 38 %, compared to diesel, TB10, and TB20, respectively. Also, TB10TME10 showed reduced NO_x by 8.5 %, 5.2 %, 6.62 %, and 0.12 % compared to TB10 at 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % loads, respectively. Peak pressure values for ether blends were lower than diesel but higher than TB10 and TB20. The study concluded that the TB10DEE10 has shown better results in reducing CO, NO_x, and BSFC and improved BTE. The study recommends a detailed computational fluid dynamics study to investigate more combustion aspects of ether blends. In addition, further investigation on oxidative stability, tribological behaviour, and cold flow performance of the ether blends is much needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 133712"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling, simulation, thermodynamic and economic performance analysis of steam and CO2 as diluents in thermal cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing","authors":"Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Yan ,&nbsp;Daotong Chong ,&nbsp;Cailing Guo ,&nbsp;Shengyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Joan Cordiner ,&nbsp;Meihong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy consumption, economic and environmental benefits of thermal cracking furnace have been important topics in ethylene manufacturing. Use of captured CO₂ as alternative diluent in thermal cracking furnace can significantly contribute to CO₂ reduction while the studies on CO₂ as diluent are limited and inaccurate. To carry out comparative analysis of using steam and CO₂ as diluents in propane cracking for ethylene manufacturing, a 1-dimensional (1-D) pseudo-dynamic model of plug flow reactor (PFR) was developed and implemented in gPROMS ModelBuilder®. The model was validated and showed good agreement with industrial data from literature and then was used to analyse the economic and thermodynamic performance of PFR using different diluents. The process analysis includes: (1) impact of diluent-to-propane ratio using steam as diluent; (2) impact of diluent-to-propane ratio using CO₂ and compared with using steam; (3) comparison of pure/mixed diluents in 4 different scenarios. The results indicated that the PFR could reach highest annual production at the steam-to-propane ratio 0.2 and reach highest annual profit at the ratio 0.3 when using steam as diluent. Compared with steam, using CO₂ as diluent hardly changes the annual production, but can significantly increase the run length and the annual profit. The highest annual profit using CO₂ is 10.10 % higher than that using steam and when operating at the diluent-to-propane ratio achieving highest annual profit, using CO₂ as diluent can save 17.44 % energy and reduce the exergy destruction by 20.53 %. Pure CO₂ was recommended as diluent from comparison of pure/mixed diluents in 4 different scenarios. The key findings of this paper provide significant operational guidance for existing thermal cracking furnace using steam as diluent and also provide insights for future new generation diluents design to reduce the energy consumption in quantity and quality and increase the economic benefits of thermal cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133656"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic field effect on mechanism and syngas products of microalgae pyrolysis with activated carbon catalysts","authors":"Ahmad Yusril Aminullah ,&nbsp;Sukarni Sukarni ,&nbsp;Retno Wulandari ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahbaz","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>H₂-rich syngas has various applications, but it is primarily produced from fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Its conversion from renewable sources, such as biomass, can bring environmental benefits and help achieve a reduction in global temperatures below 2 °C. Biomass conversion through the thermal process offers a promising solution for syngas generation. Pyrolysis is appealing as it is more cost-effective than other thermal conversion technologies. The objective of this study is to investigate the conversion of <em>Spirulina</em> microalgae (SP) into syngas (CH₄, H₂, and CO₂) using activated carbon (AC) as a catalyst under the influence of a magnetic field, employing a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. Characterization on raw and char SP reveals those biomasses’s main component affecting volatile population, CH₄ and H₂ correlated with protein and lipid decomposition; on the other hand, CO₂ product depends on carbohydrates degradation. An investigation of fresh and spent AC indicates that the main catalytic interaction between pyrolysis vapor and AC is through the Van der Waals force. The magnetic field helps prevent pore blocking on AC, which is proved by specific surface analysis results indicating in a positive synergistic effect between the magnetic field and AC. Activated carbon and magnetic field affected syngas production through a series of pyrolysis vapor cracking, deoxygenation, and hydrocarbon declustering, enhancing CH₄ and H₂ production by 28.66 and 8.4 %, respectively, and suppressing CO₂ by 28.64 % compared to SP pyrolysis alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133617"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}