Fuel最新文献

{"title":"A novel methodology to predict misfiring in a compression ignition engine during cold start","authors":"Manan J. Trivedi,&nbsp;Sandipan Ghosh,&nbsp;Prasad D. Raut,&nbsp;Samy Alkhayat,&nbsp;Naeim A. Henein","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To make passenger cars environmentally friendly, engines in them may be replaced by battery packs in the future. However, for heavy-duty applications, replacing Compression Ignition (CI) engines with battery packs is currently not feasible. Consequently, CI engines will be powered by low-carbon intensity fuels and remain in use for many years. That said, during cold start, CI engines are prone to autoignition failure, resulting in misfire. Even if auto-ignition occurs, the combustion may fail to sustain, and a CI engine may still misfire.</div><div>To address this, a novel methodology was developed to evaluate whether an injection strategy is favorable for sustaining combustion. This methodology is based on 3-Dimentional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D CFD) simulations of fuel spray and does not require chemical kinetic calculations. As a result, its key advantage lies in its computational cost-effectiveness. However, this methodology is semi-empirical, as it relies on insights from cold starting experiments conducted in a VolksWagen (VW) 2.0-L, 4-cylinder CI engine. In these experiments, numerous split injection strategies were tested while glow plugs were inactive. Although the methodology was formulated using ultra-low-sulfur diesel, it can be adapted for low-carbon-intensity fuels—such as renewable diesel, hydrogen, and biodiesel—that are likely to power CI engines in the future.</div><div>Experiments reveal that the engine misfired when the fuel–air mixture from the pilot injection is too lean or did not have enough time to auto-ignite before the main fuel–air mixture merged with it. Therefore, the methodology evaluates whether the equivalence ratio of the pilot fuel–air mixture and a metric indicating the time it requires to auto-ignite are above certain thresholds determined in this work.</div><div>Lastly, the methodology was observed to fall short when glow plugs were active in a cold-starting experiment. Hence, a modification to the methodology is proposed that would be effective whenever glow plugs are active.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135039"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of two-stage advanced turbocharging systems for medium duty hydrogen engine conversion: A comprehensive 1D engine modelling approach","authors":"José Ramón Serrano,&nbsp;Joaquín De la Morena,&nbsp;Alejandro Gómez-Vilanova,&nbsp;David González-Domínguez","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the potential of retrofitting traditional fuel engines to hydrogen operation, leveraging their advantage for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Specifically, the work focuses on a 3-litre diesel automotive application engine equipped with a two-stage turbocharging system. Such architecture is particularly interesting for hydrogen applications since it can potentially maintain the lean mixtures typically used on hydrogen engines with a reduced deterioration in performance.</div><div>First, an extensive experimental campaign on the original diesel engine is used to develop and validate a comprehensive one-dimensional engine model. Subsequently, the developed model is adapted from the computational point of view to evaluate hydrogen operation, including combustion profiles extrapolated from existing literature combined with a predictive sub-model to evaluate knocking limitations as a function of the boost pressure level. Then, the turbocharging system management is optimised under different assumptions. Afterwards, the full-load performance is compared for direct and indirect injection and different dilution levels.</div><div>According to the simulation results, the hydrogen engine can achieve over 80% of the original diesel engine’s torque output, successfully meeting the target boost pressure, thanks to the versatility of the dual-stage turbocharging system. This research advances hydrogen engine conversion technology, paving the way for cleaner and more efficient transportation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the effect of ammonia doping on the methane jet flame","authors":"Bipro Gain ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal ,&nbsp;Yun-Fan Wang ,&nbsp;Samuel Daniel ,&nbsp;Wang Du ,&nbsp;Ahmed E. Mansy ,&nbsp;Kai-Ru Jin ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) is a carbon-free and high-hydrogen fuel with ease of storage and transport having low energy density, making it a promising alternative fuel. The combustion characteristics of NH₃ differ significantly from those of conventional fossil fuels, presenting significant barriers to its applications. Here, the effect of combustion characteristics of NH₃ doping with hydrocarbon fuel is investigated by employing Particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments and CFD Simulation across various ratios of NH₃ doped in the premixed jet flame. The experimental findings indicate that NH₃ doping leads to a significant increase in flame height (from 5.15 cm to 10.51 cm with NH₃ doping), while the maximum flame temperature decreases with NH₃ doping (1972 °C to 1895 °C). Nevertheless, the flame temperature increases with flame height increase (1372 °C to 1537 °C) due to the decomposition of NH₃ into H₂, which combusts rapidly and releases additional heat, accompanied by a broader flame structure and more consistent heat distribution. This altered combustion characteristics and enhanced reactivity of the NH₃ hydrocarbon mixture which improves combustion efficiency and heat transfer within the flame zone. Additionally, the overall flame velocity decreased with NH₃ doping (7.13 m/s to 6.58 m/s), and higher velocities were observed in the upper flame regions due to an increased flame height. These results reveal that NH₃ doping enhances flame stability, facilitates complete combustion, and amplifies the understanding of mechanisms involved in NH₃ combustion thereby offering a pathway towards cleaner combustion technologies. Consequently, NH₃ can be utilized more efficiently in practical combustion devices, including internal combustion engines, aero engines, land-based gas turbines, furnaces, and boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of NiAl-LDH/Mn0.5Cd0.5S heterostructure for enhancing photocatalytic H2 evolution","authors":"Yunxia Luo ,&nbsp;Yongping Luo ,&nbsp;Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Wenzhen Qin ,&nbsp;Yuhua Dai ,&nbsp;Yu Xie ,&nbsp;Xiu Wang ,&nbsp;Jiansheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plumbing and devising photocatalysts for high photocatalytic hydrogen production is still a major challenge. In this study, the NiAl-LDH/Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S heterostructure composites are prepared by hydrothermal method. When the loading weight of NiAl-LDH is 20 wt%, NiAl-LDH/Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S composites has the excellent ability to separate photogenerated charge carriers under visible light. Meantime, the NiAl-LDH/Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S composites possess prominent photocatalytic hydrogen production rates of 55.9 mmol·h⁻¹·g⁻¹, which is 7.5 times of pure Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S and 25 times of NiAl-LDH. According to the data, the photocatalytic mechanism of electron-holes movement over NiAl-LDH/Mn_0.5Cd_0.5S composites is unlocked. This work offers a reference for designing novel heterojunction for photocatalytic production of H₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135184"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on flame evolution and kinetics mechanism of H2-Air mixture with C3H9O3P-H2O fog addition","authors":"Yuanchen Xia,&nbsp;Bin Zhang,&nbsp;Boqiao Wang,&nbsp;Ke Ye,&nbsp;Siqi Zhang,&nbsp;Wanying Yue,&nbsp;Zhuohui Liang,&nbsp;Jinnan Zhang,&nbsp;Yulong Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the hydrogen explosion characteristics with inhibitors addition is indispensable for ensuring the safe application of hydrogen fuels. Influences of C₃H₉O₃P-H₂O fog addition on flame evolution and kinetics mechanism of hydrogen-air explosions is investigated with 3.4 L rectangular chamber and reaction kinetics model. The results demonstrate that the C₃H₉O₃P-H₂O fog promotes thermal-diffusion instability of the flame, resulting in the formation of cellular structures on the flame front. And the fog suppresses the formation of tulip flames and form a corrugated flame. Additionally, as the equivalence ratio increases, the attenuation effect of the C₃H₉O₃P-H₂O fog on explosion overpressure gradually decreases. The order of effectiveness in explosion overpressure reduction with fog addition position is P3 &gt; P2 &gt; P1. The influence of the C₃H₉O₃P-H₂O fog on hydrogen explosion overpressure is a coupled effect, involving both the expansion of flame surface area (Enhancement factor <em>F_e</em>∈ (1, +∞)) and the reduction of laminar burning velocity (Inhibition factor <em>F_i</em>∈ (0, 0.24)). From chemical kinetics perspective, C₃H₉O₃P-H₂O fog reacted and significantly consumed H, O, and OH radicals, with the consumption rate of radicals reaching at least 83 %. The main phosphorus-containing radicals, PO₂, HOPO, and HOPO₂, contributed to radical consumption through chain termination reactions (R12 ∼ R18), continuously consuming H, O, and OH radicals by forming stable compounds such as H₂O and H₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The autoignition characteristics of oxygen-in-ammonia blending fuel turbulent jet flame into high temperature co-flow","authors":"Meng Ji ,&nbsp;Zhijun Wu ,&nbsp;Zhe Kang ,&nbsp;Quanbo Shang ,&nbsp;Guanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Chaoqun Hu ,&nbsp;Lezhong Fu ,&nbsp;Yang Yu ,&nbsp;Jun Deng ,&nbsp;Liguang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to stringent emission regulations and global carbon neutrality proposal, ammonia, as one of promising zero-carbon emission fuel, holds significant potential for applications in transportation especially internal combustion engines. Oxygen-enriched combustion, an effective flame enhancement method for ammonia combustion, need a further investigation particularly into a high temperature co-flow. This study focuses on the oxygen combustion enhancement effect on autoignition characteristics of ammonia under varying combustion conditions, including co-flow temperatures, co-flow velocities, injection pressures and oxygen coefficients. The minimum autoignition required temperature to form a stable flame is 1123 K. With co-flow temperature increases, flame length and area increase. But with the excess oxygen coefficient increases, flame morphology decreases. The lifted height and ignition delay time, as key combustion parameters of turbulent jet flames, were analyzed to evaluate autoignition characteristics and combustion stability. As excess oxygen coefficient increases, ignition delay time initially decreases and then increases. The minimal flame ignition delay time occurs at an excess oxygen coefficient of 0.8. Additionally, the lifted height gradually decreases with an augment in the co-flow temperature. The temperature sensitivity on lifted height decline when co-flow temperature reaches a critical co-flow temperature (1173 K). The large-scale structure model has a well match to predict flame lifted height. Consistent with the variations of ignition delay time, smallest fluctuation in lifted height over time and the most stable flame state are achieved when excess oxygen coefficient is 0.8.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135170"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled designing of NiFeP@Ni-Se arrays as efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen production coupled via urea oxidation","authors":"Khursheed Muzammil ,&nbsp;Farag M.A. Altalbawy ,&nbsp;Dharmesh Sur ,&nbsp;Suhas Ballal ,&nbsp;Jacquline Tham ,&nbsp;Ambati Vijay Kumar ,&nbsp;Shoira Bobonazarovna Formanova ,&nbsp;Iman Samir Alalaq ,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany ,&nbsp;Salah Hassan Zain Al-Abdeen ,&nbsp;Marwa Alhedrawe","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) in place of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can enhance the efficiency of hydrogen production to a more viable level. As a result, it is essential to investigate effective and stable electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and UOR. In this study, a three-dimensional Ni-Fe-P@Ni-Se nanosheet structure was developed to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for energy-efficient hydrogen production aided by the UOR, employing a simple and rapid electrodeposition method. Leveraging unique properties like a high active surface area, rapid bubble detachment from the surface, and complete surface wettability by the electrolyte, the Ni-Fe-P@Ni-Se electrode deposited at 15 mA cm⁻² requires a potential of −83 mV vs RHE for the HER process and 1.304 V vs RHE for the UOR process for achieving the current density of 10 mA cm⁻². Furthermore, when used as a bifunctional electrode, the Ni-Fe-P@Ni-Se electrode required a cell voltage of 1.337 V at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² for the HER-UOR (overall urea electrolysis) process. These findings highlight the effectiveness of utilizing the UOR as an alternative to the OER. Overall, this study offers a new approach for the rational design of bifunctional electrocatalysts aimed at large-scale, energy-efficient hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 135166"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry reforming of methane over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst derived from partially reduced dendritic layered NiAl2O4","authors":"Haihong Huang,&nbsp;Wenlin Liu,&nbsp;Huina Chen,&nbsp;Chengxiong Dang,&nbsp;Weiquan Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts derived from dendritic layered NiAl₂O₄ at different reduction temperatures are systematically investigated to understand their dry reforming of methane (DRM) performance and the occurrence of coking and sintering. The characterization results including SEM/TEM/BET show that the dendritic layered morphology can effectively stabilize Ni nanoparticles and catalyst structure, thus ensuring the anti-sintering performance of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the partially reduced NiAl₂O₄ on the 10Ni-Al₂O₃-700 (reduction temperature of 700 °C) can form small Ni nanoparticles and defective spinel phase. The imperfect NiAl₂O₄ spinel has abundant surface oxygen vacancies that can adsorb and activate CO₂, supported by the CO₂ partial pressure experiment and CO₂-TPD result, and this provides a CO₂-assisted dissociation pathway with CH_xO* as a key intermediate for CH₄ conversion. And it will compete with the direct dissociation of CH₄ as the main source of coking, thereby reducing the coking on the catalyst. 10Ni-Al₂O₃-700 has similar DRM performance to 10Ni-Al₂O₃-800, with CO₂ and CH₄ conversion of 83.6 % and 71.1 %, at 650 °C, but with much less carbon deposition (25.6 % <em>vs</em> 57.3 %). Meanwhile, the initial DRM activity can be restored by regeneration treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 135175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in nanocatalysis for clean energy and carbon neutral applications","authors":"Jamshaid Rashid ,&nbsp;Ayesha Arif ,&nbsp;Pir Muhammad ,&nbsp;Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Rajeev Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional fossil fuels serve as the mainstay of global energy consumption, comprising more than 85 % of the overall share. The reliance on fossil fuels unveils a range of challenges, such as limited resources, increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, and the intensification of the greenhouse effect. The concept of “carbon neutrality” has been introduced to tackle this issue. Carbon neutrality involves maintaining a balance between the rate at which CO₂ is emitted and the rate at which it is removed from the atmosphere and effectively addressing the impacts of global warming. However, the main obstacle that hampers the commercialization of these technologies is their limited efficiency. The advancement of nanocatalysts with exceptional efficiency, affordability, and durability can significantly aid in streamlining this process. In recent decades, scientists and researchers worldwide have made significant progress in developing advanced catalysts for energy conversion and storage technologies to optimize the designs and enhance the performance of these catalysts. This review delves into the latest developments in advanced energy materials employed for nanocatalysis in electrochemical water splitting reactions, having a specific emphasis on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), ammonia production, and other value-added fuels. The review places significant emphasis on these materials’ operational methods and effectiveness. We provide a crisp overview of the critical challenges that must be tackled to enable the forthcoming wave of advancements in nanocatalysis. We also focused on the imperative to develop carbon–neutral objectives in the foreseeable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 134924"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Date-palm syrup/g-C3N4: A metal/non-metal synergistic composite for hydrogen production via seawater splitting","authors":"Malaz Suliman ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tahir ,&nbsp;Na’il Saleh","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient photocatalyst development is crucial for hydrogen production. Sustainable strategies utilizing seawater and metal- and non-metal-rich date palm components provide eco-friendly energy solutions. Herein, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) was combined with date palm syrup (DPS) to create a novel composite for hydrogen production via water and simulated seawater splitting. The study investigated the effects of various sacrificial agents, their concentrations, and the NaCl content in simulated seawater on hydrogen evolution. The 50 % DPS/g-C₃N₄ composite demonstrated an optimal hydrogen yield of 7434.6 μmol g⁻¹ in deionized water, a two-order-of-magnitude improvement over pristine g-C₃N₄. DPS incorporation led to the doping of cobalt, copper and manganese in the g-C₃N₄ resulting in a narrower band gap, extended light absorption, and suppressed recombination of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. Remarkably, the 50 % DPS/g-C₃N₄ composite exhibited even higher hydrogen yields in simulated seawater splitting. In the absence of sacrificial agents, deionized water produced 637.98 μmol g⁻¹ of hydrogen after 80 min of light exposure, whereas simulated seawater with 3.5 wt% NaCl yielded 1739.12 μmol g⁻¹ under the same conditions. The ions in simulated seawater facilitated electron transfer, while sulfur from DPS prevented chloride ion oxidation and deposition on the catalyst surface, enhancing the reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution. This work introduces a sustainable strategy to modify g-C₃N₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production using deionized water and simulated seawater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 135163"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}