Open Mind最新文献_第5页

Quantifying Epistemic Relevance. 量化认知相关性。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-04-14 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.332

Alex Warstadt, Omar Agha, Michael Franke

{"title":"Quantifying Epistemic Relevance.","authors":"Alex Warstadt, Omar Agha, Michael Franke","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.332","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.332","url":null,"abstract":"In ordinary information-seeking dialogue, the relevance of an assertion seems to depend on how much progress it makes toward resolving the question under discussion (QUD). This kind of relevance-epistemic relevance-has been quantified in more than one way in prior work. However, there has been little investigation into which measures of epistemic relevance best model human judgments. We present the most comprehensive (to date) experimental evaluation of different candidate notions of epistemic relevance applied to question-answer pairs. We find that a measure based on the Bayes factor, which quantifies the amount of evidence provided by the answer, is the best predictor of relevance ratings for responses to polar questions, outperforming other information-theoretic measures based on Kullback-Leibler divergence and change in entropy. We compare models that use first-order beliefs (point estimates) and models that use second-order beliefs (probability density functions over probabilities). Our findings suggest that both first-order and second-order beliefs play a role in predicting introspective judgments. However, intuitions about relevance are not purely epistemic, meaning factors other than belief change are needed to fully characterize what it means to be relevant.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"502-546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unsupervised Classification of English Words Based on Phonological Information: Discovery of Germanic and Latinate Clusters. 基于语音信息的英语单词无监督分类：日耳曼语和拉丁语聚类的发现。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-04-07 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.346

Takashi Morita, Timothy J O'Donnell

{"title":"Unsupervised Classification of English Words Based on Phonological Information: Discovery of Germanic and Latinate Clusters.","authors":"Takashi Morita, Timothy J O'Donnell","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.346","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.346","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-linguistically, native words and loanwords follow different phonological rules. In English, for example, words of Germanic and Latinate origin exhibit different stress patterns, and a certain syntactic structure-double-object datives-is predominantly associated with Germanic verbs rather than Latinate verbs. From the perspective of language acquisition, however, such etymology-based generalizations raise learnability concerns, since the historical origins of words are presumably inaccessible information for general language learners. In this study, we present computational evidence indicating that the Germanic-Latinate distinction in the English lexicon is learnable from the phonotactic information of individual words. Specifically, we performed an unsupervised clustering on corpus-extracted words, and the resulting word clusters largely aligned with the etymological distinction. The model-discovered clusters also recovered various linguistic generalizations documented in the previous literature regarding the corresponding etymological classes. Moreover, our model also uncovered previously unrecognized features of the quasi-etymological clusters. Taken together with prior results from Japanese, our findings indicate that the proposed method provides a general, cross-linguistic approach to discovering etymological structure from phonotactic cues in the lexicon.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"478-501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Suite of LMs Comprehend Puzzle Statements as Well or Better Than Humans. 一套LMs能够比人类更好地理解谜题语句。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-23 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.344

Supantho Rakshit, Jennifer Hu, Kyle Mahowald, Adele E Goldberg

引用次数: 0

Plural Causes. 复数的原因。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-23 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.345

Can Konuk, Tadeg Quillien, Salvador Mascarenhas

{"title":"Plural Causes.","authors":"Can Konuk, Tadeg Quillien, Salvador Mascarenhas","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.345","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.345","url":null,"abstract":"Causal selection is the process underlying our intuition that an outcome happened because of a given event, or that an event is the cause of an outcome. When a forest catches fire after a lightning strike, for example, people tend to say that the lightning bolt was the cause of the fire, not mentioning the presence of oxygen in the air, although they are well aware that the latter was no less indispensable for the fire to occur. The extant literature on causal selection has so far operated on the implicit premise that the only relevant variables for causal selection are individual variables, corresponding to distinct nodes in the relevant network of causes. Ours is the first systematic study of plural causes in the context of causal selection. First, we establish by means of two behavioral experiments the psychological reality and non-triviality of plural causes, ruling out potential deflationary explanations. Second, we show that state-of-the-art models of causal selection based on counterfactual dependence can be extended to make non-trivial predictions about plural causes consistent with our experimental findings. Third, we show that surprising logical properties of plurals in natural language interpretation might be found in causal reasoning with plural causes.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"441-477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does It Matter What Is Said and Who Said It? The Interpretation of Trump's and Harris' Statements Among Republican and Democrat Voters. 说什么和谁说重要吗？共和党和民主党选民对特朗普和哈里斯言论的解读。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-23 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.343

Nicole Gotzner

引用次数: 0

The Role of Reinforcement Learning in Pragmatic Reasoning Tasks: Modeling and Validating the Sources of Individual Differences. 强化学习在语用推理任务中的作用：建模和验证个体差异的来源。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-15 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.341

John Duff, Alexandra Mayn, Vera Demberg

{"title":"The Role of Reinforcement Learning in Pragmatic Reasoning Tasks: Modeling and Validating the Sources of Individual Differences.","authors":"John Duff, Alexandra Mayn, Vera Demberg","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.341","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.341","url":null,"abstract":"In Gricean pragmatics, inference during communication is regarded as a form of rational, domain-general reasoning about the intentions of other agents. Studies using the pictorial communication \"reference game\" task are sometimes used in support of this hypothesis. Yet, measures of pragmatic reasoning in this task sometimes reveal poor performance, with participants requiring many rounds of play before they exhibit patterns which match Gricean inferences, and demonstrating substantial individual differences in behavior. Do these results challenge the idea of widespread inferencing via fundamental social competence? We advance an alternative proposal here, which posits that these patterns emerge as a factor of the way participants perform pragmatic reasoning in a task: namely, they prefer to use simpler interpretation strategies until experience motivates the use of additional resources. Building off of work modeling task adaptation as reinforcement learning, we use the cognitive architecture ACT-R to simulate the expected behavior of individuals with this kind of resource-rational performance algorithm, subject to individualized parameters for reinforcement learning. These simulations provide a proof-of-concept for our adaptation proposal, recreating known patterns and generating new concrete predictions for the particular domain-general sources of individual variance in reference game tasks. We then go on to validate some of these new predictions in a pre-registered experiment, and find that pragmatic response behavior is indeed related to a participant's general persistence in self-directed exploration of strategies for task completion. Our results offer a path to reconcile variable empirical data with models of core pragmatic competence. From a broader perspective, we see this as an important step towards more robust theories of performance factors in pragmatic reasoning, and ultimately, a case study in the value of process-level computational modeling.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"336-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No Evidence of Transfer of Learning Between Problem-Solving Tasks Using Different Transformation Rules. 使用不同转换规则的问题解决任务之间没有学习迁移的证据。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-15 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.338

George Gabriel, Faisal Mushtaq

{"title":"No Evidence of Transfer of Learning Between Problem-Solving Tasks Using Different Transformation Rules.","authors":"George Gabriel, Faisal Mushtaq","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.338","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.338","url":null,"abstract":"As demand for problem-solving skills continues to grow, so does the need for efficient training methods. A potential method of achieving efficient training of problem-solving skills is to design a training programme that maximises transfer of learning between problem domains. However, current models of problem-solving make contrasting predictions about the conditions under which cross-domain transfer is possible. While pattern-recognition models using state-action associations allow only limited transfer to tasks with different actions, heuristic search-based models using state-value estimates can reuse learning across tasks, potentially achieving greater transfer. In this study, we consider the case of transformation problem-solving tasks where each task uses a distinct and non-overlapping set of transformation rules. Participants trained using tasks from one taskset over four consecutive days and completed pre- and post-training probes on the untrained set. Training improved participants' solution rate, efficiency, and decision speed, but there were no reliable improvements for the untrained tasks beyond what could be explained by direct practice during the probe blocks. There were no consistent trends in participants' self-reported strategies across sessions, but use of a strategy involving explicit deliberation over which actions to take was consistently associated with better decisions. We note that the absence of transfer contrasts with the predictions of the heuristic search account of problem-solving in which a learned rule-independent state-value heuristic is reused across tasksets to decide actions. We discuss potential reasons for this absence of transfer and its possible implications for future models of problem-solving and for the training of problem-solving skills.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"261-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Core Intuitions of Psychological Non-Contradiction: Infants Assume That Individual Agents Act and Communicate Coherently. 心理非矛盾的核心直觉：婴儿认为个体行为和沟通是连贯的。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-15 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.339

Olivier Mascaro, Ágnes Kovács

{"title":"Core Intuitions of Psychological Non-Contradiction: Infants Assume That Individual Agents Act and Communicate Coherently.","authors":"Olivier Mascaro, Ágnes Kovács","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.339","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.339","url":null,"abstract":"Humans generally posit that contrary mental states are unlikely to co-exist within a single mind. We tested the early ontogeny of this assumption in two domains: action and communication. Studies 1A and 1B tested whether 9-month-old infants assume that agents act coherently. Infants watched interactions between two hands whose owner(s) were invisible. In the contrary goals condition, the hand performed contrary actions-one hand reached for an object while the other impeded it. Later, during test trials, infants learned that the hands belonged to one or two people. Looking-time patterns across the contrary goals and a baseline conditions indicated that clear goal conflict led infants to infer two agents, suggesting they viewed it as unlikely for a single person to thwart their own goal. Study 2 tested whether infants assume communicative coherence, testing whether they assume that a single informant is unlikely to entertain and communicate conflicting information while two informants might do so. Informants pointed to indicate a toy's location to 15-month-olds. When two different informants each pointed to a different place, infants did not follow one pointing gesture more than the other. However, when a single informant pointed successively to two locations, infants followed the second gesture, implying they viewed it as an updated, not contradictory, message. Thus, infants assumed that a single informant is unlikely to contradict themselves (i.e., by asserting that a toy is simultaneously in two locations). These findings reveal an early-emerging assumption of psychological coherence in infants' representation of other minds, across both action and communication contexts.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"287-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

More Time and Effort, Same Curiosity: Expected Effort Does Not Impact Curiosity. 更多的时间和努力，同样的好奇心：预期的努力不会影响好奇心。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-15 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.342

Emily G Liquin

{"title":"More Time and Effort, Same Curiosity: Expected Effort Does Not Impact Curiosity.","authors":"Emily G Liquin","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.342","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.342","url":null,"abstract":"Why do people feel curious about some questions but not others? Recent accounts of curiosity argue that curiosity should be highest when learning is likely to occur and likely to be rapid. However, it is less clear whether practical barriers to learning-for example, the effort required to gain information-matter for how curious we feel. In three preregistered experiments with a total of 419 participants, we test whether the expected degree of effort to obtain information impacts curiosity. In Experiments 1 and 2, we prompted adult participants to rate their curiosity about the answers to trivia questions. For each question, they were informed that they would receive the answer with minimal time and effort or with substantial time and effort. In Experiment 3, we additionally varied the probability that exerting effort would lead to information. Across studies, we found that effort affected decisions to seek information, but not self-reported curiosity. This suggests that subjective feelings of curiosity are unhindered by the practical costs of information search, though our decisions to actually pursue information are highly sensitive to these costs.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"391-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Response Requirements Shape the Spatial Coding of Location-Specific Adjustments to Conflict Frequency. 响应需求塑造冲突频率的位置特定调整的空间编码。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2026-03-15 eCollection Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/OPMI.a.340

Peter Wühr, Herbert Heuer

{"title":"Response Requirements Shape the Spatial Coding of Location-Specific Adjustments to Conflict Frequency.","authors":"Peter Wühr, Herbert Heuer","doi":"10.1162/OPMI.a.340","DOIUrl":"10.1162/OPMI.a.340","url":null,"abstract":"Humans adjust to the frequency of conflicting stimuli so that the detrimental behavioral effects of frequent conflicts become smaller than those of rare conflicts. These adjustments become contingent on the locations where frequent and infrequent conflicts have been encountered. Experimentally such phenomena are studied by means of conflict tasks, a prominent one being the Simon task of the present experiments. Our Simon task involved four stimulus locations (upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, lower-right). Conflict frequency was manipulated for two diagonally opposite locations. For example, conflict frequency was low at the upper-left location and high at the lower-right location. At the remaining (non-manipulated) locations conflict frequency was intermediate. In Experiment 1 participants responded to stimulus colors by pressing a left or right key, in Experiment 2 by pressing a lower or upper key. We observed larger conflict effects for the low-conflict location than for the high-conflict location. Crucially, these adjustments to conflict frequency transferred to non-manipulated locations depending on the response configuration: transfer regions were the left or right hemifield with left-right responses, but the lower or upper hemifield with lower-upper responses. Assuming that transfer regions around manipulated stimulus locations are defined by identical (or similar) spatial codes, the pattern of transfer suggests a process of weighted two-dimensional location coding. According to this notion, the spatial dimension that is relevant for response discrimination has stronger weight in the coding of stimulus locations than a response-irrelevant dimension, and can therefore produce anisotropic transfer of conflict-frequency effects around manipulated locations.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"10 ","pages":"306-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0