Open Mind最新文献_第6页

Mind Melds: Verbal Labels Induce Greater Representational Alignment. 心灵融化：语言标签诱发更强的表象一致性

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-08-09 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00153

Ellise Suffill, Jeroen van Paridon, Gary Lupyan

引用次数: 0

Seeing the Forest but Naming the Trees: An Object-Over-Place Bias in Learning Noun Labels. 只见树木，不见森林：学习名词标签时的 "物位偏差"》（A Object-Over-Place Bias in Learning Noun Labels.

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-08-09 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00154

Yi Lin, Moira R Dillon

{"title":"Seeing the Forest but Naming the Trees: An Object-Over-Place Bias in Learning Noun Labels.","authors":"Yi Lin, Moira R Dillon","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00154","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00154","url":null,"abstract":"Objects and places are foundational spatial domains represented in human symbolic expressions, like drawings, which show a prioritization of depicting small-scale object-shape information over the large-scale navigable place information in which objects are situated. Is there a similar object-over-place bias in language? Across six experiments, adults and 3- to 4-year-old children were asked either to extend a novel noun in a labeling phrase, to extend a novel noun in a prepositional phrase, or to simply match pictures. To dissociate specific object and place information from more general figure and ground information, participants either saw scenes with both place information (a room) and object information (a block in the room), or scenes with two kinds of object information that matched the figure-ground relations of the room and block by presenting an open container with a smaller block inside. While adults showed a specific object-over-place bias in both extending novel noun labels and matching, they did not show this bias in extending novel nouns following prepositions. Young children showed this bias in extending novel noun labels only. Spatial domains may thus confer specific and foundational biases for word learning that may change through development in a way that is similar to that of other word-learning biases about objects, like the shape bias. These results expand the symbolic scope of prior studies on object biases in drawing to object biases in language, and they expand the spatial domains of prior studies characterizing the language of objects and places.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"972-994"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11338300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142018912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Action Interpretation Determines the Effects of Go/No-Go and Approach/Avoidance Actions on Stimulus Evaluation. 行动解释决定了 "去/不去 "和 "接近/回避 "行动对刺激评估的影响。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-07-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00151

Zhang Chen, Pieter Van Dessel

{"title":"Action Interpretation Determines the Effects of Go/No-Go and Approach/Avoidance Actions on Stimulus Evaluation.","authors":"Zhang Chen, Pieter Van Dessel","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00151","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00151","url":null,"abstract":"Executing go/no-go or approach/avoidance responses toward a stimulus can change its evaluation. To explain these effects, some theoretical accounts propose that executing these responses inherently triggers affective reactions (i.e., action execution), while others posit that the evaluative influences originate from interpreting these responses as valenced actions (i.e., action interpretation). To test the role of action execution and action interpretation in these evaluative effects, we developed a novel training task that combined both go/no-go and approach/avoidance actions orthogonally. Participants either responded or did not respond (i.e., go/no-go) to control a shopping cart on screen, and as a result, either collected or did not collect (i.e., approach/avoidance) certain food items. When the task instructions referred to the go/no-go actions (Experiment 1, N = 148), we observed an effect of these actions. Participants evaluated no-go items less positively than both go and untrained items. No effect of approach/avoidance actions was observed. Contrarily, when the task instructions referred to the approach/avoidance actions (Experiment 2, N = 158), we observed an approach/avoidance effect. Participants evaluated approached items more positively and avoided items less positively than untrained items. No effect of go/no-go actions was observed. This suggests that action interpretation determined whether go/no-go or approach/avoidance actions influenced stimulus evaluation, when the same motor responses were made. Further examination of the role of action interpretation can inform theories of how actions influence stimulus evaluation, and facilitate the use of these interventions in applied settings.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"898-923"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preschoolers' Comprehension of Functional Metaphors. 学龄前儿童对功能性隐喻的理解。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-07-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00152

Rebecca Zhu, Mariel K Goddu, Lily Zihui Zhu, Alison Gopnik

{"title":"Preschoolers' Comprehension of Functional Metaphors.","authors":"Rebecca Zhu, Mariel K Goddu, Lily Zihui Zhu, Alison Gopnik","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00152","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00152","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work suggests that preschoolers often misunderstand metaphors. However, some recent studies demonstrate that preschoolers can represent abstract relations, suggesting that the cognitive foundations of metaphor comprehension may develop earlier than previously believed. The present experiments used novel paradigms to explore whether preschoolers (N = 200; 4-5 years; 100 males, 100 females; predominantly White) can understand metaphors based on abstract, functional similarities. In Experiment 1, preschoolers and adults (N = 64; 18-41 years; 25 males, 39 females; predominantly White) rated functional metaphors (e.g., \"Roofs are hats\"; \"Tires are shoes\") as \"smarter\" than nonsense statements (e.g., \"Boats are skirts\"; \"Pennies are sunglasses\") in a metalinguistic judgment task (d = .42 in preschoolers; d = 3.06 in adults). In Experiment 2, preschoolers preferred functional explanations (e.g., \"Both keep you dry\") over perceptual explanations (e.g., \"Both have pointy tops\") when interpreting functional metaphors (e.g., \"Roofs are hats\") (d = .99). In Experiment 3, preschoolers preferred functional metaphors (e.g., \"Roofs are hats\") over nonsense statements (e.g., \"Roofs are scissors\") when prompted to select the \"better\" utterance (d = 1.25). Moreover, over a quarter of preschoolers in Experiment 1 and half of preschoolers in Experiment 3 explicitly articulated functional similarities when justifying their responses, and the performance of these subsets of children drove the success of the entire sample in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that preschoolers can understand metaphors based on abstract, functional similarities.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"924-949"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Wise Mind Balances the Abstract and the Concrete. 智慧的头脑能平衡抽象与具体。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00149

Igor Grossmann, Johanna Peetz, Anna Dorfman, Amanda Rotella, Roger Buehler

{"title":"The Wise Mind Balances the Abstract and the Concrete.","authors":"Igor Grossmann, Johanna Peetz, Anna Dorfman, Amanda Rotella, Roger Buehler","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00149","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00149","url":null,"abstract":"We explored how individuals' mental representations of complex and uncertain situations impact their ability to reason wisely. To this end, we introduce situated methods to capture abstract and concrete mental representations and the switching between them when reflecting on social challenges. Using these methods, we evaluated the alignment of abstractness and concreteness with four integral facets of wisdom: intellectual humility, open-mindedness, perspective-taking, and compromise-seeking. Data from North American and UK participants (N = 1,151) revealed that both abstract and concrete construals significantly contribute to wise reasoning, even when controlling for a host of relevant covariates and potential response bias. Natural language processing of unstructured texts among high (top 25%) and low (bottom 25%) wisdom participants corroborated these results: semantic networks of the high wisdom group reveal greater use of both abstract and concrete themes compared to the low wisdom group. Finally, employing a repeated strategy-choice method as an additional measure, our findings demonstrated that individuals who showed a greater balance and switching between these construal types exhibited higher wisdom. Our findings advance understanding of individual differences in mental representations and how construals shape reasoning across contexts in everyday life.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"826-858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Mathematical Relationship Between Contextual Probability and N400 Amplitude. 语境概率与 N400 振幅之间的数学关系。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00150

James A Michaelov, Benjamin K Bergen

{"title":"On the Mathematical Relationship Between Contextual Probability and N400 Amplitude.","authors":"James A Michaelov, Benjamin K Bergen","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00150","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00150","url":null,"abstract":"Accounts of human language comprehension propose different mathematical relationships between the contextual probability of a word and how difficult it is to process, including linear, logarithmic, and super-logarithmic ones. However, the empirical evidence favoring any of these over the others is mixed, appearing to vary depending on the index of processing difficulty used and the approach taken to calculate contextual probability. To help disentangle these results, we focus on the mathematical relationship between corpus-derived contextual probability and the N400, a neural index of processing difficulty. Specifically, we use 37 contemporary transformer language models to calculate the contextual probability of stimuli from 6 experimental studies of the N400, and test whether N400 amplitude is best predicted by a linear, logarithmic, super-logarithmic, or sub-logarithmic transformation of the probabilities calculated using these language models, as well as combinations of these transformed metrics. We replicate the finding that on some datasets, a combination of linearly and logarithmically-transformed probability can predict N400 amplitude better than either metric alone. In addition, we find that overall, the best single predictor of N400 amplitude is sub-logarithmically-transformed probability, which for almost all language models and datasets explains all the variance in N400 amplitude otherwise explained by the linear and logarithmic transformations. This is a novel finding that is not predicted by any current theoretical accounts, and thus one that we argue is likely to play an important role in increasing our understanding of how the statistical regularities of language impact language comprehension.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"859-897"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Continuity in Logical Development: Domain-General Disjunctive Inference by Toddlers. 逻辑发展的连续性：学步儿童的领域性断章取义推理

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00148

Nicolò Cesana-Arlotti, Justin Halberda

引用次数: 0

Conducting Developmental Research Online vs. In-Person: A Meta-Analysis. 在线与亲自开展发展研究：元分析。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-12 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00147

Aaron Chuey, Veronica Boyce, Anjie Cao, Michael C Frank

{"title":"Conducting Developmental Research Online vs. In-Person: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Aaron Chuey, Veronica Boyce, Anjie Cao, Michael C Frank","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00147","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00147","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of psychological experiments with children are being conducted using online platforms, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual replications have compared the findings of particular experiments online and in-person, but the general effect of data collection method on data collected from children is still unknown. Therefore, the goal of the current meta-analysis is to estimate the average difference in effect size for developmental studies conducted online compared to the same studies conducted in-person. Our pre-registered analysis includes 211 effect sizes calculated from 30 papers with 3282 children, ranging in age from four months to six years. The estimated effect size for studies conducted online was slightly smaller than for their counterparts conducted in-person, a difference of d = -.05, but this difference was not significant, 95% CI = [-.17, .07]. We examined several potential moderators of the effect of online testing, including the role of dependent measure (looking vs verbal), online study method (moderated vs unmoderated), and age, but none of these were significant. The literature to date thus suggests-on average-small differences in results between in-person and online experimentation.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"795-808"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11219065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Phone in a Basket Looks Like a Knife in a Cup: Role-Filler Independence in Visual Processing. 篮中的手机就像杯中的刀：视觉处理中的角色填充独立性

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-12 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00146

Alon Hafri, Michael F Bonner, Barbara Landau, Chaz Firestone

{"title":"A Phone in a Basket Looks Like a Knife in a Cup: Role-Filler Independence in Visual Processing.","authors":"Alon Hafri, Michael F Bonner, Barbara Landau, Chaz Firestone","doi":"10.1162/opmi_a_00146","DOIUrl":"10.1162/opmi_a_00146","url":null,"abstract":"When a piece of fruit is in a bowl, and the bowl is on a table, we appreciate not only the individual objects and their features, but also the relations containment and support, which abstract away from the particular objects involved. Independent representation of roles (e.g., containers vs. supporters) and \"fillers\" of those roles (e.g., bowls vs. cups, tables vs. chairs) is a core principle of language and higher-level reasoning. But does such role-filler independence also arise in automatic visual processing? Here, we show that it does, by exploring a surprising error that such independence can produce. In four experiments, participants saw a stream of images containing different objects arranged in force-dynamic relations-e.g., a phone contained in a basket, a marker resting on a garbage can, or a knife sitting in a cup. Participants had to respond to a single target image (e.g., a phone in a basket) within a stream of distractors presented under time constraints. Surprisingly, even though participants completed this task quickly and accurately, they false-alarmed more often to images matching the target's relational category than to those that did not-even when those images involved completely different objects. In other words, participants searching for a phone in a basket were more likely to mistakenly respond to a knife in a cup than to a marker on a garbage can. Follow-up experiments ruled out strategic responses and also controlled for various confounding image features. We suggest that visual processing represents relations abstractly, in ways that separate roles from fillers.","PeriodicalId":32558,"journal":{"name":"Open Mind","volume":"8 ","pages":"766-794"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11219067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unconscious Perception of Vernier Offsets. 对游标偏移的无意识感知。

Open Mind Pub Date : 2024-06-04 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00145

Pietro Amerio, Matthias Michel, Stephan Goerttler, Megan A K Peters, Axel Cleeremans

引用次数: 0