Forensic Chemistry最新文献_第2页

Characterization and classification of organic gunshot residue from neat smokeless powder, cartridge cases, and the hands of known shooters 从干净的无烟火药、弹壳和已知射手的手中提取的有机射击残留物的特征和分类

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100683

Thomas D. Ledergerber , Liliana Barbosa , Kourtney Dalzell , Luis Arroyo , Tatiana Trejos

{"title":"Characterization and classification of organic gunshot residue from neat smokeless powder, cartridge cases, and the hands of known shooters","authors":"Thomas D. Ledergerber , Liliana Barbosa , Kourtney Dalzell , Luis Arroyo , Tatiana Trejos","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study encompasses the detection, characterization, and classification of organic gunshot residue (OGSR) through the analysis of three forensically relevant sample types, including neat smokeless powders recovered from live ammunition, extracts from fired cartridge cases, and the hands of known shooters. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is used as an analytical tool for five manufacturer-grade ammunition brands. The relative detection and quantification of Akardite II, ethyl centralite, methyl centralite, diphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine is used for chemical characterization and to reveal main chemical changes during deflagration. Classification via discriminant analysis methods is effective for neat smokeless powders and spent cartridge cases, reaching correct classification rates as high as 83.7 %. Alternative chemometric techniques, including k-nearest neighbors and support vector machine algorithms, are more appropriate for residues recovered from the shooter's hands that exhibit greater inter-sample variability. The more challenging traces of hand residues yield correct classification rates of up to 62.7 %, partly due to significant changes in the formation of nitro-diphenylamines and Akardite II in some organic gunshot residue. The findings presented in this study demonstrate that analyzing OGSR can offer valuable insights into the discrimination of manufacturer-spent cartridges and, to some extent, hand residues, assisting in forensic investigations and shooting reconstructions when limited evidence is available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and comparison of reversed-phase ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) approaches to the analysis of regioisomeric fluorofentanyl derivatives and related compounds 反相高效液相色谱法（RP-UHPLC）与亲水性相互作用液相色谱法（HILIC）在氟芬太尼区域异构体衍生物及相关化合物分析中的应用及比较

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100682

Jennifer K. Field , Benjamin S. Barrett , Erika Sitch , Ryan E. Mewis , William H. Campbell , Melvin R. Euerby , Oliver B. Sutcliffe

{"title":"Development and comparison of reversed-phase ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) approaches to the analysis of regioisomeric fluorofentanyl derivatives and related compounds","authors":"Jennifer K. Field , Benjamin S. Barrett , Erika Sitch , Ryan E. Mewis , William H. Campbell , Melvin R. Euerby , Oliver B. Sutcliffe","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study describes the development and comparison of low, intermediate and high pH gradient RP-UHPLC-MS/MS with that of gradient HILIC-MS/MS analysis for a range of fluorofentanyl derivatives including four families of <em>ortho-</em>, <em>meta-</em> and <em>para</em>-regioisomers. High pH RP-UHPLC-MS/MS using an ammonium hydroxide and methanol gradient on a high pH stable SuperC18 column at low temperature was demonstrated to be the most successful chromatographic mode for separating 26 analytes including: regioisomeric fluorofentanyls (<em>n</em> = 10); fentanyl analogues (n = 10), despropionyl precursors (<em>n</em> = 4) and two commonly encountered related substances (heroin and xylazine). Low and intermediate pH RP-UHPLC failed to afford separation of many of the fluorofentanyl regioisomers on stationary phases possessing complementary selectivity with either acetonitrile or methanol over a wide temperature range. HILIC on a bare silica column using an acetonitrile and ammonium acetate / acetic acid gradient provided good separation of fluorofentanyl regiosiomers except for the despropionyl series. High pH gradient RP-UHPLC was demonstrated to provide orthogonal chromatographic selectivity to that of HILIC in the gradient analysis of 18 fentanyl and related substances. Seven isobaric fluorofentanyl structural isomers could be readily discriminated from the unique fragmentation ions obtained using positive electrospray ionization MS/MS. The optimum high pH RP-UHPLC chromatographic conditions for the separation of the fluorofentanyls was equally successful for the rapid separation of a wide range of fentanyl regio- and structural isomers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploiting a gold leaf-based voltammetric sensor for the estimation of firing distance 利用金箔伏安传感器估算射击距离

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100681

Thinnapong Wongpakdee , Supatana Buking , Prapin Wilairat , Kanchana Uraisin , Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong , Duangjai Nacapricha

{"title":"Exploiting a gold leaf-based voltammetric sensor for the estimation of firing distance","authors":"Thinnapong Wongpakdee , Supatana Buking , Prapin Wilairat , Kanchana Uraisin , Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong , Duangjai Nacapricha","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present a novel electrochemical approach for firing distance estimation using a gold leaf-based sensor integrated with screen-printed electrodes. This is the first report of employing a gold leaf-based sensor for the voltammetric estimation of firing distance by detecting Pb in gunshot residue (GSR) on fabric targets. The sensor consists of a gold leaf sheet as the working electrode, with carbon and silver/silver chloride screen-printed electrodes serving as the counter and reference electrodes, respectively. Pb(II), a key component of GSR, was extracted from 15 mm fabric discs using manual shaking in nitric acid for 3 min. The extracted solution was analyzed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) with a portable electrochemical system. The Pb(II) signal was then correlated with the firing distance to construct an analytical curve for estimation of shooting distance in the range of 5–60 cm. The resulting mathematical model enables accurate distance estimation. This cost-effective, reagent-free, and field-deployable electrochemical sensor offers a rapid and accessible alternative for forensic firearm investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Discovery of selective markers for chlorine gas exposure in concrete 发现混凝土中氯气暴露的选择性标记物

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100680

Mirjam de Bruin-Hoegée , Bence Dallos , Tomas van Groningen , Jelle de Koning , Latifa Lamriti , Marcel J. van der Schans , Arian C. van Asten

{"title":"Discovery of selective markers for chlorine gas exposure in concrete","authors":"Mirjam de Bruin-Hoegée , Bence Dallos , Tomas van Groningen , Jelle de Koning , Latifa Lamriti , Marcel J. van der Schans , Arian C. van Asten","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorine gas (Cl<sub>2</sub>) is still being used as a chemical weapon in modern war zones. After an attack with this toxic chemical, verifying its use is challenging due to its reactivity and rapid evaporation. Additionally, only a limited number of selective markers relating to the use of chlorine gas are found. For forensic purposes it is necessary to discriminate Cl<sub>2</sub> from other chlorine containing chemicals. Therefore, the current study aims to use gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) together with machine learning methods to discover selective markers for chlorine gas exposure. Four types of concrete originating from Europe or the Middle East were exposed to various levels of Cl<sub>2</sub> as well as to some commonly used chlorine containing chemicals. After extraction with various solvents, the samples were analyzed. Based on the tentative identification of 32 chlorinated markers with GC–MS and 146 markers with LC-HRMS/MS, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models were constructed. A clear distinction between concrete samples exposed to bleach and chlorine gas was apparent. For forensic classification, a Bayesian likelihood ratio (LR) model was applied that showed limited rates of misleading evidence and maximum LRs of 0.038 to 93. The markers chloroacetone, dichloroacetone, tetrachlorophenol, and 5-chloro-8-quinolinol were found to be selective for chlorine gas exposure. Their identity was verified by GC–MS/MS and LC-MS/MS in comparison with commercially available reference standards. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of chemical profiling in concrete to differentiate among various chlorinating agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving inter-laboratory comparability of tooth enamel carbonate stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O) 提高牙釉质碳酸盐稳定同位素分析（δ13C, δ18O）的实验室间可比性

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100679

Chris Stantis , Lesley A. Chesson , Daniel L. Johnson , Thuan H. Chau , Kirsten A. Verostick , Gregory E. Berg , Gabriel J. Bowen

{"title":"Improving inter-laboratory comparability of tooth enamel carbonate stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O)","authors":"Chris Stantis , Lesley A. Chesson , Daniel L. Johnson , Thuan H. Chau , Kirsten A. Verostick , Gregory E. Berg , Gabriel J. Bowen","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of human tooth enamel carbonate are frequently used for reconstruction of past diet, movement, and environmental conditions. Despite a long legacy of research, samples are prepared and analyzed using a remarkably broad range of protocols, and this methodological heterogeneity raises questions about the comparability of isotopic data across studies. We report a systematic comparison of isotope delta (δ) values for 10 “modern” faunal teeth (obtained from field recoveries) measured in two different laboratories. Our tests included comparisons of enamel powder subsamples that were chemically pretreated using commonly adopted protocols and subsamples that received no pretreatment. We also evaluated δ values generated with and without (1) standardizing the reaction temperature used for sample acidification and (2) baking the samples and vials to remove moisture before analysis. The results showed that δ values from the two laboratories were systematically different when samples were chemically pretreated, but that differences were smaller or negligible for untreated samples. Standardization of acid reaction temperature and baking also improved comparability. We suggest that the widely adopted practice of chemical pretreatment of enamel samples is largely unnecessary and may compromise the accuracy of stable isotope analyses.</div><div><strong>Technology Readiness Level</strong>: TRL 4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a semi-preparative LC method for the purification of synthetic cannabinoids impregnated in herbal products for chemical characterization by NMR and HRMS 建立一种半制备液相色谱法，用于纯化浸渍在草药产品中的合成大麻素，并通过NMR和HRMS进行化学表征

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100678

Karen Rafaela Gonçalves de Araújo , Gabriela de Paula Meirelles , Daniel Pecoraro Demarque , Fabiane Dorr , Luiz Ferreira Neves Júnior , Alexandre Learth Soares , Camila Delanesi Guedes , José Luiz da Costa , Mauricio Yonamine

{"title":"Development of a semi-preparative LC method for the purification of synthetic cannabinoids impregnated in herbal products for chemical characterization by NMR and HRMS","authors":"Karen Rafaela Gonçalves de Araújo , Gabriela de Paula Meirelles , Daniel Pecoraro Demarque , Fabiane Dorr , Luiz Ferreira Neves Júnior , Alexandre Learth Soares , Camila Delanesi Guedes , José Luiz da Costa , Mauricio Yonamine","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) now encompass over 360 compounds under international control. Identifying these substances is a significant challenge for law enforcement, as they are new drugs found in herbal fragments, and reference standards are not available for traditional chemical analysis. To address this, substances can be identified using type A analytical techniques, according to the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs which are those with the highest level of selectivity and provide structural information, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. However, these methods require compound purification for proper characterization. This study aimed to develop a purification method for SCs in herbal fragments to enable chemical analysis. Seized samples were first analyzed using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Then, a semi-preparative liquid chromatography (LC) method was applied, successfully isolating SCs and allowing their structural determination through NMR and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. In the first sample, MDMB-CHMINACA was identified as the sole SC. In the second sample, GC-EI-MS analysis revealed a mass spectrum that did not match any library entry. After purification, the substance was identified as ADB-INACA. In the third sample, the method facilitated the separation and structural determination of four SCs (MDMB-INACA, ADB-BUTINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and 5F-ADB) in a mixture from an herbal sample. In conclusion, the method developed for purification using semi-preparative LC for subsequent chemical characterization proved to be effective for the structural determination of new SCs present in herbal drugs seized by the police.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A multi-modal spectroscopic approach to forensic discrimination of liquid cosmetic complexion products 一种多模态光谱方法用于液体化妆品的法医鉴别

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100677

Jesse McEwan , Katy A. Bruce , Kari Pitts , Georgina Sauzier

{"title":"A multi-modal spectroscopic approach to forensic discrimination of liquid cosmetic complexion products","authors":"Jesse McEwan , Katy A. Bruce , Kari Pitts , Georgina Sauzier","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foundations and other complexion products such as concealers or beauty balm creams account for a significant proportion of the global cosmetic market. In addition to being widely used across a range of demographics, these products are inherently transferable through contact and have a variety of distinctive formulations, making them potentially valuable as associative evidence. Despite this, the analysis of complexion products for forensic purposes is a relatively under-researched area, with studies to date largely focussed exclusively on foundation products often analysed using a single technique. In this study, 35 liquid complexion products representing 19 international retailers available within Australia were analysed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Initially indistinguishable samples were then analysed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, which have not previously been applied in the open literature for forensic cosmetic analysis, to enhance discrimination. Chemometric pattern recognition based on infrared data resulted in a discrimination accuracy of 98 % between individual products and classification accuracy of 72 % using a blind validation set. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction each offered enhanced discrimination of similar products primarily based on mineral content, although similar shades of the same product remain challenging. Analysis of eight duplicate samples purchased from the UK retail market revealed no significant compositional differences between batches from global retailers, which has yet to be explicitly investigated in existing studies. This market survey highlights the chemical variability of complexion products that may be exploited for evidential purposes using a multi-modal analytical workflow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of automotive lubricating grease residue: A forensic investigation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic and chemometric interpretation 汽车润滑油脂残留物的分析：ATR-FTIR光谱和化学计量学解释的法医调查

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100670

Dimple Bhatia, Chongtham Nimi, Deepak Kumar, Arti Yadav, Rajinder Singh

{"title":"Analysis of automotive lubricating grease residue: A forensic investigation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic and chemometric interpretation","authors":"Dimple Bhatia, Chongtham Nimi, Deepak Kumar, Arti Yadav, Rajinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automotive lubricating greases are widely utilized in automobiles, making them frequently encountered trace evidence in incidents involving a vehicle's collision with another vehicle, person, animal, or stationary object. Due to their high transferability, lubricating grease can act as valuable corroborative evidence during crime scene investigations. They can assist in establishing a link between the vehicle and the individual (victim or accused) to the crime scene, while also confirming contact between the vehicle and the victim. In this study, 21 brands of automotive lubricating grease samples were analyzed for their identification and differentiation, employing a rapid and non-destructive ATR-FTIR spectroscopic technique combined with chemometrics. ATR-FTIR spectra of all samples were visually examined and categorized into six groups based on their similarities and differences. After visual examination, the training dataset was subjected to chemometric analysis using PCA and SVM tools. PCA was employed to explore trends within the dataset, while SVM classified samples, achieving 97.62 % training accuracy and 88.09 % external validation accuracy. To ensure an unbiased validation of the SVM model, the training and validation datasets were comprised of a distinct set of spectra. A blind test validated the SVM model, resulting in 100 % prediction accuracy. Additionally, a study was performed to evaluate how substrate type, storage conditions, and storage duration could affect the linking of the substrate grease samples to their source. The findings revealed that the above-mentioned factors, particularly sunlight exposure and the washing of the substrate grease samples, significantly influence the SVM prediction accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlation of compositional change with visualization enhancement results and morphology evolution of blood based on thermal performance analysis 基于热性能分析的血液成分变化与可视化增强结果及形态演变的相关性研究

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100669

Junyi Di , Jing Jin , Zirui Lu , Xinyu Yan , Peibin Wang , Jinzhuan Zhang , Chaoyi Shi

{"title":"Correlation of compositional change with visualization enhancement results and morphology evolution of blood based on thermal performance analysis","authors":"Junyi Di , Jing Jin , Zirui Lu , Xinyu Yan , Peibin Wang , Jinzhuan Zhang , Chaoyi Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The morphology evolution and compositional change of blood during heating are crucial for understanding the results of visualization enhancement when using chemical reagents. Given the complexity of blood composition, human and two other mammalian blood samples were initially centrifuged and prepared as dried whole blood, dried erythrocytes, and dried plasma for further TG-IR analysis. The results indicated that the decomposition process of blood could be divided into four distinct stages: 35-190 °C, 190-430 °C, 430-610 °C, and 610-800 °C. In the second stage, lipids and proteins underwent thermal decomposition, resulting in an approximately 50 % mass loss of blood with the release of NH<sub>3</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, and obvious bulges presented with a black metallic appearance due to the rapid release of gases. The bloodstains could be visualized by the luminol test after heating at 310 °C for 5 min. Also, a positive reaction could be obtained by using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) after heating at 400 °C for 5 min. In the third stage, the mass loss was further reduced by approximately 40 %. The streaks or block-like fractures appeared on the surface, with the metallic luster largely disappearing. Negative visualization results were obtained from bloodstains after heating at 480 °C for 5 min, suggesting that the hemoglobin was completely decomposed. The thermal decomposition process was gradually decreased when heating above 610 °C and completed around 880 °C, with minimal fibrous residues left. The compositional changes of blood during heating were correlated with morphology evolution and visualization enhancement, providing the evidence for blood detection in fire scenes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of adsorption interference from carbonaceous materials in post-explosion residue analysis of fuel–oxidizer mixtures by ion chromatography 离子色谱法评价燃料-氧化剂混合物爆炸后残留物分析中碳质物质的吸附干扰

IF 2.6 3区医学

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671

Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado

{"title":"Assessment of adsorption interference from carbonaceous materials in post-explosion residue analysis of fuel–oxidizer mixtures by ion chromatography","authors":"Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the influence of carbonaceous materials on the extraction and analysis of post-explosion residues by ion chromatography (IC). Three adsorptive materials—activated carbon, carbonized paper residue, and vegetal charcoal—were evaluated for their capacity to retain inorganic ions typically found in combustion/explosion residues of flash powder, black powder, and explosive emulsions. The targeted ions included Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO₂<sup>−</sup>, OCN<sup>−</sup>, ClO₃<sup>−</sup>, NO₃<sup>−</sup>, SO₄<sup>2−</sup>, S₂O₃<sup>2−</sup>, SCN<sup>−</sup>, ClO₄<sup>−</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH₄<sup>+</sup>, and Na<sup>+</sup>. The results showed significant ion-specific retention effects, particularly for oxidizing anions, which varied depending on the type and amount of adsorbent. Additional experiments comparing room temperature and heated (90 °C) aqueous extractions demonstrated that heating does not provide a consistent solution to the problem of ion adsorption. These findings underscore the risk of false negatives or underestimation of analytes caused by the presence of carbon-rich debris, commonly found in post-explosion samples. The study highlights the importance of considering adsorptive interference when selecting sample portions for analysis, prioritizing areas with minimal carbonaceous content. These findings contribute to improving the reliability of IC and other aqueous extraction-based methods used in the forensic analysis of explosive residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0