Forensic Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Determination of Δ9-THC, THCA, Δ8-THC, and total Δ9-THC in 53 smokable hemp plant products by liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection","authors":"Walter B. Wilson ,&nbsp;Aaron A. Urbas ,&nbsp;Maryam Abdur-Rahman ,&nbsp;Arianna Romares ,&nbsp;Ewelina Mistek-Morabito","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2024.100550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The passage of the 2018 Farm Bill defined hemp as cannabis plant containing 0.3 % or less of Δ⁹-THC, which led to a large increase in hemp production in the United States in 2021. Approximately 76 % of it focused on floral hemp that is used to produce hemp-derived finished products such as smokable hemp (<em>e.g.</em>, manicured, roll your own, or cigarettes). As a result, forensic laboratories have seen a significant increase in confiscated cannabis samples, but few reliable analytical methods exist for differentiation between hemp and marijuana. In response to the need for reliable quantitative methods, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed and evaluated analytical methods to provide forensic scientists the tools necessary. In this manuscript, 53 smokable hemp plant products were analyzed for Δ⁸-THC, Δ⁹-THC, THCA, and total Δ⁹-THC by a previously established liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (LC-PDA) method using a methanol extraction procedure. Over 90 % of the samples analyzed by NIST were determined to have a total Δ⁹-THC mass fraction above 0.3 % even though samples were being marketed as hemp. Surprisingly, often the associated online documentation reported total Δ⁹-THC mass fractions of ≥ 0.3 %. Mass fractions determined by NIST were compared with manufacturer’s online documentation for 22 samples. Measurements differed by ≈ 55 % for total Δ⁹-THC, ≈ 68 % for THCA, and ≈ 18 % for Δ⁹-THC. Poor agreement may result from method difference, sample inhomogeneity, batch to batch variability, changes due to storage conditions, and/or product labels or online documentation that are not representative of actual products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246817092400002X/pdfft?md5=c81c69350faf136b9ffa629ac631f0d9&pid=1-s2.0-S246817092400002X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raman spectroscopy to determine the time since deposition of heated bloodstains","authors":"Alexis P. Barber,&nbsp;Alexis R. Weber,&nbsp;Igor K. Lednev","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>At the scene of violent crimes, bloodstain evidence is one of the most frequently found and valuable types of evidence. Determining the time since deposition (TSD) can allow for investigators to draw conclusions as to when a crime occurred. In this proof-of-concept study Raman spectroscopy paired with chemometrics were utilized for the prediction of TSD for bloodstains aged under an extreme thermal environment (55 °C) up to 48 h post deposition. This temperature was chosen to represent an internal condition of a vehicle left in direct sunlight. It was found that peripheral bloodstains degraded at a faster rate when exposed to an extreme thermal environment than when aged under ambient conditions. TSD quantitative predictions were accomplished through the creation of two classification models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170924000018/pdfft?md5=540dea89138ed30984ee161f92f7e441&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170924000018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of soil elemental variability in Singapore parks for forensic purposes","authors":"Melissa Liau,&nbsp;Jolene Low,&nbsp;Khee Nguen Low,&nbsp;Thiam Bon Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil, as a surviving trace after contact and transfer between contacting surfaces at a crime scene, can be recovered and analyzed to infer the presence of persons or tools at the scene and prior activity leading to its deposition. With its vast diversity and heterogeneity, it varies in composition from place to place, providing a basis for trace examiners to distinguish visually similar-colored soils. Unlike countries with native topsoil, Singapore’s urban lands are commonly filled with man-altered and man-transported soil, with relatively little known about the variations of soil’s characteristics within a small, localized area. The current study surveyed the soil’s elemental variability in Singapore parks, which are green spaces for public leisure use. Past installations of recreational facilities and landscaping with fast-growing vegetation in parks inevitably cause disturbance to the original natural soil and mixing with extraneous soil, further contributing to the heterogeneity of the park’s topsoil composition. In our sampling approach, visually similar-colored surface soils were collected from within a 1-m² site, sites in proximity within a park, and parks across Singapore. The collected soils were dried and sieved into clay- and silt-size fractions for elemental analysis using WDXRF and SEM/EDS. To examine the extent of the spatial elemental variability, we adopted three-sigma interval match criteria and a discriminative model incorporating relative data, square root values and the Canberra distance measure for data processing and pairwise comparison of soil samples. The study also aimed to develop soil databases encompassing soils across Singapore with the intent of understanding the value of soil evidence within a local context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246817092300084X/pdfft?md5=accca9fd42ad6ab051dbbb39e264af21&pid=1-s2.0-S246817092300084X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the combined capability of confocal Raman microscopy and direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the analysis of intact explosives","authors":"Jared Estevanes,&nbsp;J. Tyler Davidson,&nbsp;Geraldine Monjardez","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The identification of organic and inorganic components used to produce homemade explosives (HMEs) remains a challenge for forensic analysts due to their diverse physicochemical properties that require different instrumentation. This study aims to explore the combined use of direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) and Raman microscopy to provide a rapid and reliable analysis of a variety of intact explosives with minimal sample preparation, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), seven inorganic oxidizing salts, and five smokeless powder constituents. While both techniques were well-suited for the analysis of TNT and PETN, DART-MS had the advantage of being more sensitive compared to Raman spectroscopy for the identification of the organic components contained in smokeless powder. Even though the identification of ammonium-based salts using DART-MS could be achieved, the analysis of low-volatility compounds, such as the inorganic oxidizing salts, was more straightforward with Raman microscopy and did not require sample preparation. This study demonstrates the benefits and limitations of combining Raman microscopy and DART-MS for the analysis of intact explosives and precursors. Using this combined approach enabled the rapid identification of various organic and inorganic explosives and precursors with minimal sample preparation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000802/pdfft?md5=e2aeb51984d880bb850a97c0a40a0323&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000802-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the styx bank - characterization of the headspace cadaveric volatiles released by submerged decaying rats","authors":"Clément Martin ,&nbsp;Marta Malevic ,&nbsp;François Verheggen","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cadaveric volatilome of terrestrial decomposition, including buried corpses, has been extensively studied in recent taphonomic research. However, there has been comparatively less attention given to the volatile organic compounds associated with submerged vertebrate remains. This decaying process is distinct, as evidenced by the succession of decay stages that significantly differ from terrestrial decomposition. Indeed, five stages can be delineated: fresh, early floating, floating decay, deterioration, and sunken remains. Due to the unique nature of underwater decomposition, we anticipate the release of different cadaveric volatiles from submerged remains. In this study, we characterize the volatile compounds emitted during underwater decomposition and that reach the surface. Rat cadavers were placed individually in glass chambers filled with water. The volatiles released at the surface were subsequently collected three times per week over the course of a month. Two types of water, fresh and marine, were used to assess the potential influence of the salinity level on the cadaveric volatilome. A total of 33 volatile compounds were identified, with the majority having previously been reported in the headspace of cadavers undergoing decomposition in a terrestrial environment. Among these compounds, those containing sulfur were the most abundant, with dimethyl disulfide being the major one. Our findings did not reveal any discernible impact of salinity levels on the volatile profile, which was, however, affected by the specific decaying stage. Notably, 3-methyl-indole emerged as a promising candidate for distinguishing between the first two stages of decomposition and the subsequent third stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000784/pdfft?md5=bb33636cea448f6adc2b56ef8ba303cf&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000784-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138547799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrate ester derivatization for the generation of structurally informative ions via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","authors":"Ryan M. Bain,&nbsp;Kelli A. Simon,&nbsp;Michelle Clarke,&nbsp;Douglas J. Klapec","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forensic investigations of explosives in post-blast and trace scenarios often utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Many high explosives (<em>e.g.,</em> trinitrotoluene) provide structurally significant ions so that a compound can be confidently identified by GC–MS; however, GC–MS only provides functional group identification for the presence of nitrate esters (<em>e.g.,</em> nitroglycerin (NG)), a class of high explosives that is frequently encountered in forensic casework. Nitrate esters vary drastically and are much more accurately identified by their component alcohol structure rather than merely the detection of the nitrate and nitrite ions. Herein, we demonstrate a two-step derivatization reaction requiring no purification steps or advanced sample preparation and characterize several of the reaction byproducts created along with the desired reaction product. In this process, nitrate esters are initially reduced to their component alcohol, and then subsequently silylated. The resulting product, when submitted to GC–MS with positive ion mode chemical ionization, provides mass spectra that characterizes the component alcohol by the pseudo-molecular ion of the reaction product. GC–MS with negative ion mode chemical ionization confirms the presence of a nitrate functional group by the characterization of the unreacted starting material. These results combine to identify nitrate esters in forensic settings, and as a proof of concept, we demonstrate the applicability of the derivatization reaction to pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), NG, and erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) standards, as well as a formulated composition containing PETN-SEMTEX 1A, homemade ETN, and post-burn samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000796/pdfft?md5=01e9348bd7dc3cbf5d606562e20c04f3&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000796-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiation of hemp from marijuana using a qualitative decision-point assay","authors":"Ya-Chih Cheng,&nbsp;Sarah Kerrigan","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Marijuana and hemp are different cultivars of the species, <em>Cannabis sativa</em>. Trichomes within these genetically distinct forms result in different chemical constituents within the plant matrix. While drug-type cannabis yields higher total Δ9-THC concentrations, industrial or consumer-based hemp products are typically rich in cannabidiol or CBD-rich. Regulatory changes following the passage of agricultural legislation in the United States defines hemp as <em>C. sativa</em> containing no more than 0.3 % Δ9-THC on a dry weight basis. This threshold, which effectively differentiates legal hemp from illegal marijuana, presents a challenge to operational forensic laboratories. In this report we describe a decision-point assay to differentiate hemp from marijuana using a 1 % threshold. Methanolic extracts of <em>C. sativa</em> were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) using a deuterated analog (Δ9-THC-D3). Synchronous selected ion monitoring (SIM) and full scan acquisition was used for targeted analysis of Δ9-THC at the decision-point. Assay performance was evaluated in terms of limit of detection, linearity, carryover, selectivity, precision, accuracy and extract stability. Two analytical approaches are presented. Extraction efficiencies of Δ9-THC from plant matrix were 80–92 %, and decarboxylation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) was 67 %. Interferences arising from the cyclization of CBD to produce Δ9-THC in the GC inlet were addressed using concentrations in excess of those typically encountered in plant samples. Accuracy was established across the specified range of the assay using known reference materials containing 0.12 to 10.1 % Δ9-THC. No false positive or negative results were identified (n = 140) using both analytical approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000772/pdfft?md5=b6eac24f63188fe8d2afa17e1b8bb2f7&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000772-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impurity profiling of an alternative pathway to ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine from the precursors benzaldehyde and nitroethane","authors":"Brendan M. Miller ,&nbsp;Peter N. Culshaw ,&nbsp;Sarah L. Cresswell ,&nbsp;Wendy A. Loughlin ,&nbsp;Wendy Loa-Kum-Cheung","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2023.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methamphetamine is produced using various routes from two predominant precursors, ephedrine/pseudoephedrine or phenyl-2-propanone (P2P). The multitude of synthetic routes results in many possible impurities (by-products or intermediates). Impurity profiling of methamphetamine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is an important tool for the forensic chemist and investigators to assist in identification of the synthetic pathway and linking seizures. With the emergence of alternative routes, continued research into impurity profiles is important. One such alternative route is an ephedrine/pseudoephedrine-based pathway using the precursors typically associated with the phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) route, benzaldehyde and nitroethane. Benzaldehyde and nitroethane were condensed to form 2-nitro-1-phenyl-1-propanol. Subsequent reduction led to the corresponding 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanol. Cyclization-methylation with dimethyl carbonate to 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis or basic hydrolysis formed methamphetamine and ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, respectively. This paper presents the impurity profile of the alternative route. The conditions for the reduction of the intermediate 2-nitro-1-phenyl-1-propanol to 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanol was found to influence the by-products observed in the methamphetamine product. Notable by-products were amphetamine, <em>N</em>-ethylamphetamine and <em>N</em>-hydroxymethamphetamine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109145274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyanide determination in postmortem blood samples using Headspace-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-IMS)","authors":"Ali Moaddeli ,&nbsp;Mehran Fereidooni ,&nbsp;Marzieh Nabipour ,&nbsp;Razieh Parchami ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Tabrizchi","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection is related to the extreme cyanide toxicity and its importance in forensic toxicology. In this research a novel application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) was demonstrated for rapid determination of cyanide poisoning in postmortem toxicology. In addition, a simple method for the sample preparation was applied based on the analyte (cyanide anion) transfer as HCN to the headspace and direct injection to IMS. The method showed a linear dynamic range of 50–2000 µg/L with R² &gt; 0.99, a high sensitivity (LOD of 20.4 µg/L and LOQ of 68.1 µg/L). Good repeatability (intra- and inter-assays, CV &lt; 15 %) and excellent extraction recovery (82 -94 %) were obtained. After validation, the method was applied in the analysis of postmortem human blood samples in forensic cases. In all samples, the cyanide was promptly quantified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000759/pdfft?md5=2f5af44afdd0f8bd989acb5b15b34120&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000759-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136159616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical decontamination of methamphetamine and ephedrine using household hypochlorite bleach","authors":"Alexandra Mayer,&nbsp;Gordon Miskelly","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2023.100538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2023.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hypochlorite bleach is an easily accessible, commonly used cleaning product. Methamphetamine and ephedrine hydrochloride react rapidly with 3.5 g/L (1:8 dilution of a commercial household bleach) and 21 g/L (2:1 dilution) solutions of sodium hypochlorite bleach in water, with each reaction being complete within 5 min of mixing. The major methamphetamine reaction product was identified as <em>N</em>-chloromethamphetamine which was reliably quantified by dechlorination using a sulfite quench prior to sample extraction and analysis by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The initial product from ephedrine was benzaldehyde, and this then formed benzoic acid as a second-generation product in the 3.5 g/L sodium hypochlorite bleach solution.</p><p><em>N</em>-Chloromethamphetamine was observed to persist in solution for several hours with minor formation of benzaldehyde and N-chloro-1-phenylpropan-2-imine, a proposed second-generation product from <em>N</em>-chloromethamphetamine, also detected. Assessment of further N-chloramine reaction products will aid in our ability to estimate exposure risks to those attempting drug remediation using hypochlorite bleach. These observed products can also be used as potential forensic markers of the use of a property for illicit activity if bleach has been used in an attempt to decontaminate the location.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 100538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170923000747/pdfft?md5=8735d8b71d8d7eac8fd0b79dcea75dc1&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170923000747-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92135317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}