Bernadette A. Minton, Alvaro G. Taboada, Rohan Williamson
{"title":"Bank Mergers, Acquirer Choice and Small Business Lending: Implications for Community Investment","authors":"Bernadette A. Minton, Alvaro G. Taboada, Rohan Williamson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3611721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3611721","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the effects of bank merger and local market characteristics on local small business lending. Mergers involving small, in-state acquirers are positively associated with small business loan (SBL) originations in counties where target banks are located. Conversely, mergers involving large, out-of-state acquirers are associated with fewer SBL originations. The analysis suggests that the results are driven by acquirer’s choice of target. Small and in-state acquirers target banks that focus more on SBL and targets with strong relationships while large, out-of-state acquirers pursue better performing banks with stronger balance sheets and less focus on SBL. Results are particularly strong in counties with a large number of small firms. Post-merger activity supports banks expanding on their acquisition strategy decisions. The findings suggest that acquirer strategy is important for evaluating the impact of acquisitions on local community development and that one-size-fits-all policy solutions for bank mergers may not produce common local outcomes.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121577246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric de Bodt, Jean-Gabriel Cousin, M. Dupire-Declerck
{"title":"The CSR Supply Chain Risk Management Hypothesis Evidence from the Suez Canal Ever Given Obstruction","authors":"Eric de Bodt, Jean-Gabriel Cousin, M. Dupire-Declerck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3867169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867169","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate whether Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities help reduce supply chain disruption risks thanks to supply source diversification strategy-building. The Suez Canal obstruction in March 2021 by the Ever Given container ship provides the empirical setup to identify firms exposed to supply management shocks. The intensity of firms’ CSR activities is recorded in the Refinitiv Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) database for a sample of 299 European listed firms. During the first three days of the Ever Given grounding, the portfolio of firms in the lowest quantile of ESG scores experienced negative and statistically significant Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs), in contrast with a portfolio made up of firms in the corresponding highest quintile. This result is consistent with CSR-active firms being less exposed to supply chain disruption risks. Robustness checks (day-by-day abnormal returns, disaggregated ESG scores, sector-specific analyses) and cross-sectional regressions controlling for confounding effects (firm size, valuation, and stock volatility) bring additional support to this interpretation.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"12 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114118773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Price Discovery from Offer Price to Opening Price of Initial Public Offerings","authors":"Reena Aggarwal, Yanbin Wu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3874314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3874314","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the price discovery process of initial public offerings (IPOs) from the offer price to the first day’s open price. Stock exchanges have made major changes to the IPO preopening process, and introduced an open auction process in which all investors are able to enter orders and participate in price discovery. The time spent in preopening has increased for IPOs over the years, with an average of 77.23 minutes in 2020. The same pattern is not found for special purpose acquisition (SPAC) offerings. The percentage of the day’s volume executed in the IPO Cross is much higher, at 15.3%, than the approximately 1% for non-IPO stocks. Each phase of preopening contributes to incremental price discovery, with almost all of the price adjustment occurring during preopening. However, for “cold” IPOs, half of the price adjustment takes place after the market opens. Even though participation by retail investors has increased during preopening, their role in price discovery is limited. Our results suggest that institutional investors use the IPO Cross to sell shares. We also find that underwriters take advantage of changes implemented after the Facebook IPO that gave them a bigger role in deciding when to release an IPO for trading.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122009423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SEBI’s Stewardship Code, 2019 & Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance","authors":"Mrinal Aiyappa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3853007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3853007","url":null,"abstract":"There is no denying that Institutional Investors (hereinafter referred to as IIs) are a major source of financing to companies and enterprises. From only 12% of total global investments in the 1990s to almost 60% today, individuals have become more accepting of these investments and have invested in the likes of mutual funds, hedge funds, insurances, etc. However, the bigger role that these Institutional Investors play in ensuring good corporate governance is a relatively unexplored area. This relationship has been fortified in India recently with the SEBI Stewardship Code Regulation, that aims at making these investors ensure that the companies that they invest in follow proper corporate governance policies as well as make individuals who invest in institutions educated about undertaken corporate governance policies. This paper traces why and how IIs play a significant role in corporate governance and how Stewardship Codes are a welcome step in this area, bringing corporate governance in the ambit of SEBI.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122387630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PRODUCT IMAGE INFLUENCE OF THAILAND JEWELRY ENTERPRISES ON EXPATRIATE’S PURCHASE INTENTION ON GOLD JEWELRY IN THAILAND","authors":"A. Taghipour","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3824057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3824057","url":null,"abstract":"Thailand has been a center for gems and jewelry for centuries. The numbers of SMEs in Thailand contribute significantly to the gems and jewelry market. The goals of this research is to study the importance of Thailand’s small and medium gem and jewelry market as one of Asia’s major hub for production and international sales, and how it affects ASEAN and international market. As the sampling procedure, convenience and purposive are used; a sample of 200 expatriates in Bangkok jewelry shops were selected. Moreover, Pearson correlation is used as the statistical test to examine the relationship between variables. Results show that the relationship between variables is significant with low and medium positive correlation.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115440398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quos Custodiunt Custodes? Determinants of Capital Structure Dynamics in Leveraged Buyouts","authors":"Sophie Shive, M. Forster","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3781879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3781879","url":null,"abstract":"Leveraged buyouts allow for a separate study of sponsor reputation and underlying firm effects on capital structure choices. In 616 LBOs for which we can reconstruct lifetime financing activity, we find that the average LBO issues 2.16 loan packages, and 86% of new packages are refinancings. On average, new debt issuance significantly increases leverage and lowers borrowing rates, with interest savings cumulating to 7% of initial enterprise value. Dividend recapitalizations result in a 25% average increase in debt. The strongest correlate of new deal cost is the proportion of recent failures among the sponsor's other portfolio companies, suggesting that lenders monitor the sponsor at least as much as the underlying asset. We find that this monitoring is justified because poor deal outcomes display short-term persistence within sponsor.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131376422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Value of Brand Names in Bank Financing: Evidence from the 1996 Federal Trademark Dilution Act","authors":"Wan-Chien Chiu, Po-Hsuan Hsu, Chih‐Wei Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3418210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3418210","url":null,"abstract":"We construct a comprehensive database of public firms’ bank loans and trademarks to examine the role of brand names in bank financing; in particularly, we use the 1996 Federal Trademark Dilution Act (FTDA) that enhanced protection of famous trademarks as our identification strategy for a causal inference. A difference-in-differences analysis suggests that firms with more famous trademarks not only pay significantly lower interest rates, but also use more trademark collateral after the FTDA. Moreover, firms with more famous trademarks reveal lower cash flow volatility and higher profitability after the FTDA. Our empirical evidence indicates that banks indeed account for enhanced brand value in their lending decisions.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125885026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Build of Indicators of Operating Profitablenesses in Projects with Multiple Values IRR. Examples and Comments","authors":"A. Zhevnyak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742385","url":null,"abstract":"The technique of applying the method of replacement credits to build the operating and real profitableness of the investor and recipient in investment projects with multiple (simple and multiple) IRRs value is shown. In each of the replacement credits, the interest rate is chosen equal to one of the IRR values, and the areas of operating profitableness of project participants are defined as the intervals of the discount rate where the discounted amounts of interest payments are positive (for the investor) or negative (for the recipient). In such areas, the operating profitablenesses of project participants are taken equal to the selected IRRs value. As a result, the operating and real profitablenesses of the investor and the recipient are determined in the form of unequivocal piecewise-constant functions. A dynamic interpretation of the areas of operating profitableness as areas of attraction or repulsion of the singular points of a dynamic system with a phase velocity equal to NPV is given. Using a dynamic interpretation allows you to build profitability indicators in the form of piecewise constant functions of the discount rate for investment projects of the most general form solely on the basis of known IRR values.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127401435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lending Along the Supply Chain","authors":"Dan Amiram, Xinlei Li, E. Owens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3499812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3499812","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that economic interconnections among firms are very common, there is little research that examines the equilibrium outcome of such interconnections in credit markets. We examine how supply chain interconnections among borrowers within a lender’s loan portfolio affect equilibrium loan spread and lead arranger share in the syndicated loan market. We find that both loan spread and lead arranger share are significantly lower when the lead arranger has a pre-existing loan with the borrower’s major customer. This finding suggests that such “supply chain loans” ease syndicate participants’ moral hazard concerns more than they exacerbate concerns about adverse selection. We further document that these effects are stronger where syndicate participants’ information asymmetry concerns are more pronounced. Consistent with supply chain loans providing benefits to both the borrower and lead arranger, we provide evidence that a borrower is more likely to obtain a loan from a lender who already has an existing loan with its key customer. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms through which supply chain interdependencies, and more generally, economic relationships, affect debt markets.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"349 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126684090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Credit Default Swaps and Debt Overhang","authors":"Tak-Yuen Wong, Jin Yu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2959302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2959302","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the impact of credit default swaps (CDSs) trading on firm investment, long-term debt financing, and valuation. In our model, the firm is endowed with a real option to initiate a project and enhance its future growth. Its creditors have access to CDS contracts that hedge them against default losses. We show that CDS protection increases the firm’s pledgable income: that is, the maximum amount of debt it can raise. However, at the same time CDS protection decreases asset growth and impedes project initiation. As a result, CDS trading could reduce firm value, and the negative effects are stronger when the firm is riskier, where shareholders have stronger bargaining power, and growth opportunities are less valuable. Using simulated cross-sections of firms, we find that CDS trading increases corporate default rates and deters investment. Altogether, CDS firms tend to have a lower firm value and more volatile equity returns than non-CDS firms. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.","PeriodicalId":321552,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Capital Raising","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128490001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}