Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Associations between diagnosis with stroke, comorbidities, and activity of daily living among older adults in the United States","authors":"Suebsarn Ruksakulpiwat,&nbsp;Wendie Zhou,&nbsp;Lalipat Phianhasin,&nbsp;Chitchanok Benjasirisan,&nbsp;Saeideh Salehizadeh,&nbsp;Limin Wang,&nbsp;Joachim G. Voss","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.60","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.60","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stroke is the leading cause of mortality. This study aimed to investigate the association between stroke, comorbidities, and activity of daily living (ADL) among older adults in the United States.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were 1165 older adults aged 60 and older from two waves (2016 and 2018) of the Health and Retirement Study who had a stroke. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic information and comorbidities. Logistic regressions and multiple regression analyses were used to determine associations between stroke, comorbidities, and ADL.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean age was 75.32 ± 9.5 years, and 55.6% were female. An adjusted analysis shows that older stroke adults living with diabetes as comorbidity are significantly associated with difficulty in dressing, walking, bedding, and toileting. Moreover, depression was significantly associated with difficulty in dressing, walking, bathing, eating, and bedding. At the same time, heart conditions and hypertension as comorbidity were rarely associated with difficulty in ADL. After adjusting for age and sex, heart condition and depression are significantly associated with seeing a doctor for stroke (odds ratio [OR]: 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49–0.91; <i>p</i> = 0.01) and stroke therapy (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.25–0.84; <i>p</i> = 0.01). Finally, stroke problem (unstandardized <i>β</i> [<i>B</i>] = 0.58, <i>p</i> = 0.017) and stroke therapy (<i>B</i> = 1.42, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) significantly predict a lower level of independence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study could benefit healthcare professionals in developing further interventions to improve older stroke adults' lives, especially those with a high level of dependence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"164-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c8/83/CDT3-9-164.PMC10249194.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9976412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacotherapy treatment patterns at hospital discharge and clinical outcomes among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","authors":"Yuttana Wongsalap,&nbsp;Duangkamon Poolpun,&nbsp;Konrapee Keawhai,&nbsp;Napusson Kitpluem,&nbsp;Parichat Pansiri,&nbsp;Siriluck Malaimat,&nbsp;Vichai Senthong,&nbsp;Kirati Kengkla","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.59","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.59","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to assess the prescribing patterns of evidence-based pharmacotherapy and their association with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in Thailand.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cohort study of patients with HFrEF was conducted. Treatment with a β-blocker and renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) with or without mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) at discharge was regarded as guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). All others were considered non-GDMT. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality or heart failure (HF) rehospitalization. Inverse-probability-treatment-weighted adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the treatment effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 653 patients with HFrEF (mean age 64.1 ± 14.3 years; 55.9% male) were included. GDMT with β-blockers and RASIs with or without MRAs was prescribed at a rate of 35.4%. During a median of 1-year follow-up, 167 patients (27.5%) had a composite event, 81 patients (13.3%) had all-cause mortality, and 109 patients (18.0%) had HF rehospitalization. Patients treated with GDMT at discharge showed significantly lower rates of the primary endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.63; 95% CI 0.44–0.89; <i>p</i> = 0.009) compared with patients who did not receive GDMT. The use of GDMT was also associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.36–0.98; <i>p</i> = 0.045) and HF rehospitalization (adjusted HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43–0.96; <i>p</i> = 0.031).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For HFrEF treatment, GDMT initiation at hospital discharge was associated with a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization. Nevertheless, prescribing GDMT remains underused, and it could be encouraged to improve HF outcomes in real-world settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"154-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/65/e9/CDT3-9-154.PMC10249177.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9975945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fat-diet induced obesity and diabetes mellitus in Th1 and Th2 biased mice strains: A brief overview and hypothesis","authors":"Prakash Somi Sankaran","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.57","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obesity and diabetes mellitus are common metabolic diseases prevalent worldwide. Mice are commonly used to study the pathogenesis of these two conditions. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are induced by administering a high-fat diet in many studies although other diet-induced models are also used. Several factors may influence the outcome of the studies done to study diet-induced obesity in mice. The immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility of mice to develop obesity and metabolic disease. In this article, the reasons for differences in susceptibility to develop obesity and diabetes mellitus in mice in response to high-fat-diet feeding and the influence of immunological bias of the mice strain used in studies are evaluated. Mice strains that induce proinflammatory and Th1-type immune responses are found to be susceptible to high-fat-diet-induced obesity. A few studies which directly compared the effect of a high-fat diet on obesity and diabetic phenotype in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains were briefly analyzed. Based on the observations, it is proposed that the liver and adipose tissue may respond differently to high-fat-diet feeding regimens in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains. For instance, in Th1-biased mice, adipose tissue fat content was high both in the baseline as well as in response to a high-fat diet whereas in the liver, it was found to be less. It can be inferred that the immune responses to diet-induced models may provide insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus.</p>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"14-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/dd/CDT3-9-14.PMC10011668.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9484699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Percent body fat, but not body mass index, is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents","authors":"Xin He,&nbsp;Zhenni Zhu,&nbsp;Jiajie Zang,&nbsp;Zhengyuan Wang,&nbsp;Ping Liao,&nbsp;Wenjing Wang,&nbsp;Yan Shi,&nbsp;Chen Fu","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.54","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.54","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a worldwide public health problem. Cardiometabolic diseases may originate in childhood. We investigated the association between percent body fat (PBF) measured by the bioelectrical impedance assay and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in pediatrics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional study involved 3819 subjects (6–17 years old) in Shanghai. We assessed the association between PBF and body mass index (BMI) with multiple CMR factors. We examined the risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to overweight and obesity based on age- and sex-specific PBF <i>Z</i>-scores and BMI <i>Z</i>-scores, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PBF, but not BMI, was positively associated with multiple CMR factors in males and females except for total cholesterol in females (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Compared with the non-overweight group based on PBF, overweight and obese subjects had increasingly higher odds ratio of dyslipidemia (2.90 (1.99–4.23), 4.59 (2.88–7.32) for males and 1.82 (1.20–2.75), 2.46 (1.47–4.11) for females) and elevated blood pressure (BP) (3.26 (2.35–4.51), 4.55 (2.92–7.09) for males and 1.59 (1.07–2.34), 3.98 (2.27–6.17) for females). Obesity females showed a higher likelihood for hyperglycemia (2.19 (1.24–3.84)) than non-overweight females. In both sexes, the predictive effect of PBF on dyslipidemia and elevated BP in adolescents was better than that in children. For hyperglycemia, the predictive effect of PBF was better in male adolescents and female children. There was no risk difference for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to BMI-based obesity categories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PBF but not BMI was associated with CMR. Overweight and obesity categories based on PBF had an increased risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c0/97/CDT3-9-143.PMC10249195.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9976411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological practice in the differential diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma from neoplasms with mucinous component","authors":"Yuelu Zhu,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Lei Guo,&nbsp;Wenbin Li,&nbsp;Jiali Mu,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Jianming Ying,&nbsp;Haizhen Lu","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.55","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.55","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The differential diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) from neoplasm undergoing mucinous features brings more pitfalls to pathologists. Combining specific <i>MAML2</i> gene rearrangement and histological characteristics may be the solution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five tumors with mucinous components were selected for differential diagnosis of MEC. All the cases were detected for <i>MAML2</i> gene rearrangement. The cases diagnosed as MEC were classified into four variants: classic, oncocytic, Warthin-like, and nonclassified, and they were graded using the Brandwein system. The histological characteristics of non-MECs were summarized for differential diagnosis. Univariate survival analysis was performed on MECs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were 16 MECs; 62.5% were <i>MAML2</i> rearranged. For the low-, intermediate-, and high-grade MECs, the rate of rearrangement was 83.3%, 100%, and 28.6%, respectively. Both the oncocytic and Warthin-like MECs were <i>MAML2</i> rearranged. For the classic and nonclassified MECs without <i>MAML2</i> rearrangement, non-keratinized squamoid cells and distinctive mucinous cells were essential diagnostic criteria. On survival analysis, all the disease progression occurred in high-grade MECs (<i>p</i> = 0.038). Nine cases were diagnosed as non-MECs: pleomorphic adenoma with mucinous metaplasia showed no ex-capsular involvement; metaplastic Warthin tumor appeared with overt keratinization and residual oncocytic bilayered epithelium; mix squamous cell and glandular papilloma showed an endobronchial papillary growing pattern; adenosquamous carcinoma was accompanied by squamous carcinoma in situ of the overlying mucosa. All the non-MECs were negative for <i>MAML2</i> rearrangement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The application of combining <i>MAML2</i> rearrangement and histological characteristics is helpful in the differential diagnosis between MEC and other tumors with mucinous components.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/1e/CDT3-9-29.PMC10011664.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9484693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alignment of human KAT2A (GCN5) histone acetyltransferase and SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 viral proteins","authors":"Steven Lehrer,&nbsp;Peter H. Rheinstein","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.56","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has already claimed the lives of more than six million people, according to the World Health Organization, and the actual death toll may exceed 18 million. People are avoiding severe cases of COVID-19 thanks to vaccines, medications, and immunity from prior infections. Yet the virus's capacity to block the body's immune response, made possible by its arsenal of proteins, is one factor in its propensity to spread.<span>¹</span></p><p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus according to Kee et al. has evolved to mimic KAT2A (lysine acetyltransferase 2A, GCN5), one of the histone proteins that package DNA in the cell nucleus.<span>²</span> Gene transcription is deranged because of this mimicry, which reduces antiviral response. To create chromatin, DNA is wrapped around proteins like histone H3. Among other adjustments, the addition or removal of acetyl groups can modify how tightly chromatin is packed and influence how genes are expressed. An amino acid sequence known as the ARKS motif in H3 is modified by the enzyme KAT2A which adds acetyl groups and encourages gene transcription. Kee et al. found that the Orf8 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 virus also has an ARKS motif. KAT2A interacts with Orf8 via ARKS, which modifies it and may cause KAT2A destruction.<span>³</span></p><p>Using structures from RCSB Protein Data Bank, we now report another way that Orf8 may interfere with KAT2A and gene transcription. In Orf8, 51 amino acids align closely with KAT2A and could adversely alter its activity.</p><p>We examined two RCSB Protein Data Bank molecules: Human GCN5 (KAT2A) histone acetyltransferase (1Z4R)<span>⁴</span> and SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 S84 viral protein (7F5F).<span>⁵</span></p><p>The protein structures were superimposed and aligned on PYMOL (version 2.5.0; Schrödinger, LLC) with the Super command, which super aligns two protein selections. Super does a sequence-independent structure-based dynamic programming alignment (unlike the align command) followed by a series of refinement cycles intended to improve the fit by eliminating pairing with high relative variability. The Super command is more reliable than align for proteins with low sequence similarity.</p><p>Pymol performed five cycles of calculations on 65 aligned atoms of Human GCN5 histone acetyltransferase and SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 S84 viral proteins, with a final root mean square deviation of atomic positions (RMSD) of 0.975 Å for 51 atoms (Figure 1). Lower values of RMSD indicate that alignment is validated with higher accuracy. RMSD values of 1 Å or less indicate very good alignment. The two aligned molecules, Human GCN5 histone acetyltransferase and SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 S84 viral protein are shown in Figure 2. The 51-atom alignment is very good.</p><p>A closeup of aligned beta sheets of Orf8 and KAT2A (Figure 2B) indicates <i>TYR 613</i> of KAT2A is directly underneath <i>VAL 117</i> of Orf8. According to the UCSC Genome Browser, <i>TYR 613","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 3","pages":"263-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cdt3.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10226631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and prognosis of breast ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion: A narrative review","authors":"Ge Song,&nbsp;Yongqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.53","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.53","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCIS-MI) is defined as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with a microscopic invasive focus ≤1 mm in the longest diameter. The current literature is controversial concerning the clinical prognostic features and management of DCIS-MI. This narrative review described recently reported literature regarding the characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of it.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Searching PubMed for relevant articles covering the period of 1982 to 2021 using the following terms by MeSH and free-word: breast cancer, microinvasion, DCIS, DCIS-MI, and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DCIS-MI tends to express more aggressive pathological features such as necrosis, HER2+, ER- or PR-, and high nuclear grade. The overall prognosis of DCIS-MI is typically good, however, some indicators such as young age, HR-, HER2+ and multimicroinvasive lesions, were associated with worse prognoses. And there are also conflicting results on the differences between the prognoses of DCIS-MI and DCIS or T1a-IDC. Postoperative chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy still have uncertain benefits and are more likely to be used to treat high-risk patients who are HR- orHER2+ to improve the prognosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DCIS-MI has more aggressive pathological features, which may suggest its biological behavior is worse than that of DCIS and similar to early IDC. Although the overall prognosis of DCIS-MI is good, when making decisions about adjuvant therapy clinicians need to give priority to the hormone receptor status, HER2 expression and axillary lymph node status of patients, because these may affect the prognosis and treatment response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3c/fd/CDT3-9-5.PMC10011663.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9484697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shingles vaccination reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease","authors":"Steven Lehrer,&nbsp;Peter H. Rheinstein","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.50","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The most prevalent age-related movement condition, Parkinson's disease (PD), is characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, unbalanced gait, muscular rigidity, postural instability, as well as some nonmotor symptoms like autonomic and cognitive dysfunctions.</p><p>PD is caused by a loss of nerve cells in a part of the brain, the substantia nigra. These cells are responsible for producing dopamine, which acts as a messenger between the brain and nervous system that helps control and coordinate body movements. If the nerve cells in the substantia nigra die or become damaged, the amount of dopamine in the brain is reduced. Motor control is impaired, causing movements to become slow and abnormal. The loss of nerve cells is a slow process. The symptoms of PD usually only start to develop when around 80% of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra have been lost.<span>¹</span></p><p>Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites collect alpha-synuclein in PD. Select peripheral autonomic nervous system neurons and central nervous system neurons are affected. The incidence of PD rises with age, and the lifetime frequency is 1%–5%. Multiple twin studies support the idea that environmental factors play a larger role in disease pathogenesis than do genetic factors, even though evidence for a few rare genetic mutations in a small subset of young people with PD cases offers some insights into the pathogenesis.<span>²</span></p><p>Although the precise cause of PD is uncertain, mounting evidence points to viral infection as a potential factor. For instance, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) may remain dormant in the ganglia and reawaken because of weakened immunity or aging. Herpes zoster (shingles) is a VZV infection that causes a painful skin rash and blisters on the dermatome infected. Herpes zoster may be related to PD, according to recent research.<span>^{3, 4}</span></p><p>Herpes zoster vaccination protects against Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is related to herpes virus infection.<span>^5-9</span> In the current analysis we attempted to determine if herpes zoster vaccination might reduce the risk of PD.</p><p>Data on PD prevalence by US state is from Mantri et al.<span>¹⁰</span> They identified 27,538,023 Medicare beneficiaries that met inclusion criteria, of whom 392,214 had a PD diagnosis in 2014.</p><p>Data on Shingles vaccination among adults aged 60 and over in the US in 2018 is from Terlizzi and Black.<span>¹¹</span> The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2008 to 2018 were used for this investigation. The NHIS is a household survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population that is conducted nationally. It is continually carried out by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) during the entire year. Although follow-ups to completed interviews may be made over the phone, interviews are conducted in respondents’ homes.</p><p>Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b3/55/CDT3-9-54.PMC10011661.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9484695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of survival outcomes among esophageal cancer patients at a national referral hospital in Kenya","authors":"Amsalu Degu,&nbsp;Peter N. Karimi,&nbsp;Sylvia A. Opanga,&nbsp;David G. Nyamu","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.52","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.52","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The overall 5-year survival rate for esophageal cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries was reported to be low, despite the availability of advanced treatments. Thus, this study aimed to assess determinants of survival outcomes among esophageal cancer patients in Kenya.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective cohort study was employed among 299 adult esophageal cancer patients. The data were collected using a data abstraction tool consisting of patients’ clinical characteristics and survival outcome measuring parameters. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software (version 20.0, IBM. USA) was used to analyze the data. The Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the survival outcome and determinants of mortality, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mortality rate was 43.1%, and 11.1% of patients demonstrated distant metastases in the follow-up period. Despite treatment, 20.1% had progressed disease, and 13.0% did not respond to treatment. Radiotherapy (AHR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4−7.8, <i>p</i> = 0.007), chemotherapy (AHR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2−6.1, <i>p</i> = 0.020), and chemoradiation (AHR: 5.6, 95%CI: 1.6−10.2, <i>p</i> = 0.006) were the significant determinants of survival in advanced stage (III and and IV) patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a high mortality rate, disease progression, and nonresponse of esophageal cancer patients. Hence, it is essential to improve the survival of patients through early detection and timely initiation of the available treatment options.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/d6/CDT3-9-20.PMC10011667.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9500495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung adenocarcinoma associated with cystic airspaces","authors":"Xue Yang,&nbsp;Linlin Zhang,&nbsp;Fanlu Meng,&nbsp;Wenjing Song,&nbsp;Dong Li,&nbsp;Diansheng Zhong","doi":"10.1002/cdt3.51","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cdt3.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To the Editor,</p><p>Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces is a group of uncommon lung malignant lesions that are easy to misdiagnose even though the use of computed tomography (CT) has been more common for lung cancer screening in the clinic. The incidence of this lesion has been reported at 0.5%–3.7% in different studies.<span>^1-3</span> Up to 80% of patients was of pulmonary adenocarcinomas and most patients had a history of smoking.<span>²</span></p><p>Here, we reported a case of lung adenocarcinoma associated with cystic airspace developed at least 7 years progression from one purely thin-walled lung cavity closing to the pleura on CT images in a 53-year-old man without a smoking history. Histopathology revealed the thickened wall of the cystic airspace was lung adenocarcinoma with extensive papillary and micropapillary patterns and psammoma bodies.</p><p>A 53-year-old asymptomatic male without a smoking history has had a physical examination every 1–2 years since 2013. The patient has no history of asbestos and dust exposure. In December 2013, a local thin-wall air cavity in the right lower lobe close to the pleura (Figure 1A) and nodular thickening of the bilateral pleura with partial calcification (data not shown) were found for the first time on his CT scan. Five months later, this patient underwent a chest CT examination again and there was no obvious change compared to the CT scan in 2013 (Figure 1B). After that, he did a chest CT examination every 1–2 years. No obvious radiological change was found (Figure 1C,D). However, in Oct 2018, a nonsolid nodule was found extruding from the local wall of the cystic airspace (Figure 1E), but these changes did not attract the attention of radiologists and physicians. Two years later, this nodule increased in size, and the wall of the cystic airspace thickened, which was considered the manifestation of lung cancer (Figure 1F). From 2013 to 2020, this patient had no discomfort.</p><p>In December 2020, he was administrated to our hospital for further diagnosis and treatment. A physical examination of this case showed no obvious abnormality. Axial CT images in a lung window setting showed a thicken-walled cystic space with exophytic solid nodules along the cyst wall (Figure 1G). A soft tissue nodule was seen in the mediastinal window (Figure 1H). An irregular thick-walled cavity with local solid nodule formation after three-dimensional reconstruction can be easily detected (Figure 1I). Bilateral pleurae showed irregular thickening and multiple small nodules and calcifications (Figure 1J).</p><p>After exclusion of extrathoracic malignancies by examination of brain CT scan and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) whole bone scan, resection of the cyst with nodules was performed and the malignant tumor was reported via intraoperative frozen tissue pathology. So, a right lower lobectomy with lymph node dissection was subsequently performed. Postoperative path","PeriodicalId":32096,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"58-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cdt3.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9484698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}