{"title":"ANÁLISIS DEL PROCESO DE EXTRACCIÓN DE HIERRO DESDE EL LODO ROJO GENERADO EN UNA INDUSTRIA DE ALUMINIO VENEZOLANA","authors":"Darwin López, Carlos Linares, Edith Figueredo","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n1.103693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n1.103693","url":null,"abstract":"El presente trabajo muestra el estudio del proceso de extracción de hierro proveniente de lodos rojos a través de su lixiviación con ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) bajo un diseño de experimentos factorial de dos niveles con cuatro factores (24). Los factores analizados en este trabajo fueron: temperatura de reacción, tiempo de contacto, concentración del ácido y relación líquido a sólido. Se observó que la temperatura de reacción es el factor con mayor incidencia en la cantidad de hierro extraída (80,89%), seguido de la concentración de ácido (3,54 %). La interacción de segundo orden (relación líquido a sólido y temperatura de reacción), de tercer orden (concentración, tiempo y temperatura de reacción) y cuarto orden (concentración de ácido, tiempo de contacto, relación líquido-sólido y temperatura de reacción) afectan de manera significativa la variable respuesta. En base a los factores e interacciones más significativas, se seleccionó como mejor condición para la lixiviación: 30 %v/v de ácido sulfúrico, 3 horas de reacción, relación líquido a sólido 30 mL/g y temperatura de 100 ºC.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EL SISTEMA NERVIOSO, UNA VÍCTIMA MÁS DEL SARS-COV-2","authors":"Paulina León-Sánchez, Enoch Luis","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n1.102953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n1.102953","url":null,"abstract":"El COVID-19 es la enfermedad provocada por el SARS-CoV-2, el virus que desencadenó la instauración de medidas preventivas de confinamiento desde principios de 2020. En un inicio, se identificó a la proteína S del virus como la “llave” que, dada su gran afinidad por el receptor ACE2, promueve la entrada al cuerpo humano. ACE2 se encuentra expresado en diferentes tejidos, y por lo tanto, son más propensos a presentar alteraciones al estar expuestos al virus. En el encéfalo encontramos dos regiones con ACE2 altamente expresado: 1) el bulbo olfatorio, razón por la cual se sugiere que esto puede facilitar la entrada del virus hacia el SNC, e incluso se considera que explica la pérdida de olfato y 2) el tallo cerebral, que resulta de especial importancia porque el complejo Pre-Bötzinger se sitúa embebido en dicha estructura y regula el ritmo respiratorio mediante la coordinación de quimiorreceptores que sensan la saturación de O2 y CO2, lo que da paso a un decremento en el suministro de oxígeno. Además, parte de las alteraciones en el SNP se piensa que se generan a partir de la interacción del virus con los nociceptores dando paso a síntomas como dolor muscular y de cabeza.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43248690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING A LIKELIHOOD FLAT PROBLEM: INFERENCES ON THE RATIO OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS IN LINEAR MODELS","authors":"Jorge Espindola Zepeda, J. Montoya","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.97782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.97782","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we analyze a flat likelihood function shape that arises when performing inferences on the ratio of two regression coefficients in a linear regression model, parameter of interest in various applications. Due to this shape, infinite length likelihood-confidence intervals can be obtained. In the cases discussed here these likelihood-confidence intervals are related to the nested models problem, which is analyzed in detail through three illustrative simulated cases. It is essential to understand the shapes of the likelihood function in order to legitimately criticize likelihood inferences. This is of particular importance since the likelihood function is a key ingredient used in many inference methods","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44306731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GRÁFICOS EXISTENCIALES PARACONSISTENTES ALFAK","authors":"Manuel Sierra-Aristizábal","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99198","url":null,"abstract":"En este trabajo, se presentan los gráficos existenciales para el cálculo proposicional paraconsistente, KT4P. Este sistema deductivo, es un fragmento de la lógica proposicional modal S4, y se construye a partir del cálculo proposicional clásico positivo, junto con un operador de negación débil. El sistema KT4P, se encuentra caracterizado por una semántica de mundos posibles, además, KT4P es paraconsistente, es decir, no colapsa en la presencia de contradicciones. Los gráficos existenciales para este sistema paraconsistente, se presentan en el estilo de los gráficos alfa de Charles Sanders Peirce, junto con reglas para bucles y rizos similares a las presentadas recientemente por Arnold Oostra, para los gráficos existenciales intuicionistas. Todas las pruebas, son presentadas de manera completa, rigurosa y detallada.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43788685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FLAT LIKELIHOODS: THE SKEW NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CASE","authors":"J. Montoya, Gudelia Figueroa-Preciado","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99967","url":null,"abstract":"Several references argue in favor of alternative estimation methods, rather than the likelihood one, when the likelihood function exhibits flat regions. However, in the case of the skew normal distribution we present a discussion describing the interpretation of those flat likelihoods. This distribution is widely used in several interesting applications and contains the normal distribution as a nested model and the half-normal as an embedded model. Here, we show that flat likelihoods provide relevant information that should be carefully analyzed before discarding its use and proposing other estimation methods. Two well-known examples, that have been reported as troublesome, are analyzed here, including also an exhaustive computational study. The analysis of different scenarios allows to understand not only the reason of this likelihood function shape, but also to discover the information this behavior provides.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48409567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PROPUESTA DE SEGUIMIENTO DE LA LIMPIEZA DEL RÍO BOGOTÁ A PARTIR DE SUS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS","authors":"Carolina Villegas Vargas","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.100727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.100727","url":null,"abstract":"A partir de la sentencia del río Bogotá del Consejo de Estado del año 2014, esta investigación propone un indicador para hacerle seguimiento a la recuperación de los servicios ecosistémicos del río, y de esta manera darle contexto biológico, social, cuantitativo y cualitativo a la sentencia. Para conocer el estado de los servicios ecosistémicos se diseñó una encuesta que evaluó 15 servicios ecosistémicos por medio de la escala de Likert del acuerdo, que fue aplicada a 266 personas adultas en dos lugares de la ribera del río: apenas éste llega a la ciudad conurbada y apenas sale de la ciudad. Entre los resultados más importantes se encuentra que la salud del ecosistema río Bogotá se deteriora al pasar por la urbe y recibir sus desechos, y, contrario a este resultado se encuentra que el beneficio de la naturaleza más valorado por la población encuestada fue cuidar de la naturaleza para las generaciones futuras. Un resultado optimista con respecto al futuro que más que certezas deja preguntas acerca de cómo en entornos deteriorados aparecen valores trascendentales que evocan un mundo en paz y en unidad con la naturaleza.\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41792464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FLAT LIKELIHOODS: BINOMIAL CASE","authors":"J. Montoya","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.97888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.97888","url":null,"abstract":"The shape of the likelihood function is often considered as one of the underlying causes of strange or counterintuitive estimation results. However, strange likelihood shapes may be a symptom of inferential issues related with the nature of the model and experimental data. In the cases discussed here, binomial flat likelihoods are related not only to sample size, but also to an embedded Poisson model problem. It is essential to understand the shapes of the likelihood function in order for being able to legitimately criticize likelihood inferences. This is particularly important since the likelihood function is a key ingredient in many inferential methods","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46973879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UN MÉTODO FORMAL PARA LA ARMONIZACIÓN CONCEPTUAL DEL EQUILIBRIO QUÍMICO","authors":"Diego Fernando Patiño-Sierra, Daniel Barragán","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.99977","url":null,"abstract":"La conceptualización es el principal reto que se debe afrontar al enseñar el equilibrio químico. En la enseñanza de los cursos de química general suele predominar la aproximación cinética al concepto de equilibrio químico, mientras que la fundamentación energética de este concepto se deja para cursos posteriores. En este trabajo se presenta el formalismo que integra la cinética y la termodinámica y se aplica al estudio del modelo de reacción . Los resultados obtenidos permiten explicar con claridad los principales aspectos cinéticos y energéticos que caracterizan el equilibrio químico. Este trabajo se desarrolló con el propósito de contribuir a fortalecer en el docente la apropiación conceptual del equilibrio químico, y de ofrecerle herramientas que le den autonomía para la elaboración de material didáctico novedoso para llevar al aula de clase. La conceptualización es el principal reto que se debe afrontar al enseñar el equilibrio químico. En la enseñanza de los cursos de química general suele predominar la aproximación cinética al concepto de equilibrio químico, mientras que la fundamentación energética de este concepto se deja para cursos posteriores. En este trabajo presentamos el formalismo que integra la cinética y la termodinámica y lo aplicamos al estudio del modelo de reacción . Los resultados obtenidos permiten explicar con claridad los principales aspectos cinéticos y energéticos que caracterizan el equilibrio químico. Este trabajo se desarrolló con el propósito de contribuir a fortalecer en el docente la apropiación conceptual del equilibrio químico, y de ofrecerle herramientas que le den autonomía para la elaboración de material didáctico novedoso para llevar al aula de clase.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47394115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Montoya, Gudelia Figueroa-Preciado, Mayra R. Tocto-Erazo
{"title":"FLAT LIKELIHOODS: SIR-POISSON MODEL CASE","authors":"J. Montoya, Gudelia Figueroa-Preciado, Mayra R. Tocto-Erazo","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.100986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.100986","url":null,"abstract":"Systems of differential equations are used as the basis to define mathematical structures for moments, like the mean and variance, of random variables probability distributions. Nevertheless, the integration of a deterministic model and a probabilistic one, with the aim of describing a random phenomenon, and take advantage of the observed data for making inferences on certain population dynamic characteristics, can lead to parameter identifiability problems. Furthermore, approaches to deal with those problems are usually inappropriate. In this paper, the shape of the likelihood function of a SIR-Poisson model is used to describe the relationship between flat likelihoods and the identifiability parameter problem. In particular, we show how a flattened shape for the profile likelihood of the basic reproductive number R0, arises as the observed sample (over time) becomes smaller, causing ambiguity regarding the shape of the average model behavior. We conducted some simulation studies to analyze the flatness severity of the R0 likelihood, and the coverage frequency of the likelihood-confidence regions for the model parameters. Finally, we describe some approaches to deal the practical identifiability problem, showing the impact those can have on inferences. We believe this work can help to raise awareness on the way statistical inferences can be affected by a priori parameter assumptions and the underlying relationship between them, as well as by model reparameterizations and incorrect model assumptions.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46191627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FLAT LIKELIHOODS: THREE-PARAMETER WEIBULL MODEL CASE","authors":"J. Montoya, Gudelia Figueroa-Preciado","doi":"10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.98450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v11n2.98450","url":null,"abstract":"Criticisms of maximum likelihood estimation frequently occur when likelihood function shape becomes flat. Although some research have been done regarding the possible causes of a flat likelihood, more work is needed to expand our knowledge on this subject. In this paper we analyze the origin of Weibull flat likelihoods. In particular, we study the severity of the likelihood flatness by examining the limit behaviour of the relative profile likelihood for the three-parameter Weibull threshold parameter, when this parameter goes to infinity. In the cases discussed here, flat likelihoods are not only related to sample size but also to an embedded model problem. Due to the widespread use of the likelihood function in inferential statistical methods, it is important not only to identify factors that can cause flat likelihoods, but also to study the severity of this flattening, in order to develop or apply ad hoc statistical and computational methods for making inferences.","PeriodicalId":31950,"journal":{"name":"Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45674133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}