FlatChem最新文献

{"title":"Exploring MBenes: Synthesis, structure, and multidisciplinary applications","authors":"Manjot Kaur ,&nbsp;Piyush Sharma ,&nbsp;Unni Krishnan ,&nbsp;Kamalpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Shagun Kainth ,&nbsp;Akshay Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MBenes, a novel class of two-dimensional transition metal borides, have emerged as promising candidates for a wide range of advanced technological applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the synthesis strategies of MBenes, emphasizing top-down and bottom-up approaches, structural characteristics, and surface terminations. The intrinsic metallic conductivity, high mechanical strength, tunable electronic properties, and chemical stability of MBenes position them as attractive materials for diverse fields, including energy storage and conversion, catalysis, electronics, sensors, and biomedicine. Special attention is given to the structure–property relationships and the challenges associated with scalable synthesis and integration into functional devices. Finally, we highlight key opportunities and future directions for accelerating the exploration of MBenes in multidisciplinary research landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorine-free sustainable synthesis of two-dimensional molybdenum boride (MoB) embedded hydrogel for advanced flexible all solid-state supercapacitor with excellent long-term stability","authors":"Om Priya Nanda,&nbsp;Sushmee Badhulika","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional transition metal borides that possess sandwich-like structures similar to MXenes and exhibit excellent electrical conductivity. Here, we report a fluoride-free ecological approach for synthesizing 2D molybdenum-boride (MoB) tailored hydrogel for flexible supercapacitors. Successful formation of MoB with distinct 2D layered nanosheet morphology and stable crystalline structure is achieved through physicochemical analyses. The key advancement here is the integration of 2D MoB into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylamide matrix, forming a flexible hydrogel electrode that utilizes a combination of faradaic and non-faradaic charge storage mechanisms. A flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor is developed by pairing MoB hydrogel with activated carbon (AC) hydrogel (MoB//AC). This device delivers an impressive areal capacitance of 280 mF/cm² at 2 mA/cm², with an energy density of 61 μWh/cm² at 1250 μW/cm² power density. MoB//AC also exhibits good durability by retaining 68.2 % capacitance after 8500 cycles and 90 % when flexed to 60°, signifying its excellent flexibility. This performance highlights the MoB//AC hydrogel based device has potential to enhance energy storage efficiency and stability in advanced flexible supercapacitor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100948"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase engineering of MoS2 monolayers: A pathway to enhanced lithium-polysulfide battery performance","authors":"J.W. González ,&nbsp;E. Flórez ,&nbsp;R.A. Gallardo ,&nbsp;J.D. Correa","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase engineering of MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> monolayers offers a promising strategy to enhance lithium-sulfur (Li–S) battery performance by tuning interfacial chemistry and redox dynamics. Using density functional theory calculations, we compare the semiconducting 2H and metallic 1T′ polymorphs as cathode host materials, analyzing their adsorption energetics, charge transfer, reaction barriers (via the nudged elastic band method), thermodynamic stability (via gas-phase and solvated models), and vibrational responses. We find that 1T′-MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> enables strong polysulfide anchoring and low delithiation barriers, while the reversible 2H<span><math><mo>↔</mo></math></span>1T′ transition provides a tunable balance between conductivity and structural integrity. These findings identify phase-engineered MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> architectures as robust, rate-capable platforms for suppressing the shuttle effect and guiding the design of high-performance Li–S battery cathodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100938"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring light matter interaction and triboelectric behaviour in carbon nitride quantum dot/ polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposites","authors":"Dhanyashree Hindagudlu Ramesha ,&nbsp;Ananya Gurumurthy ,&nbsp;Manjushree Nagaraju ,&nbsp;Veeranapura Lokesh Yashaswini ,&nbsp;Beejaganahalli Kendagannaiah Kendagannaswamy ,&nbsp;Kavya Rajanna ,&nbsp;Rumana Farheen Sagade Muktar Ahmed ,&nbsp;Madhanahalli Ankanathappa Sangamesha ,&nbsp;Krishnaveni Sannathammegowda ,&nbsp;Unnikrishnan Gopalakrishna Panicker ,&nbsp;Beejaganahalli Sangameshwara Madhukar","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to fabricate Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots (CNQDs) reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer nanocomposites as multifunctional materials for optical, energy harvesting, and tactile sensing applications. CNQDs were synthesized via solution combustion method and incorporated into the PMMA polymer matrix through a solution casting method by varying the CNQDs concentration (0.0–2.0 <em>v</em>/v %). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), confirmed the phase purity, morphology and uniform dispersion of CNQDs within PMMA matrix. FTIR revealed the interfacial interactions, while Raman confirmed the characteristic molecular vibrations of the polymer nanocomposites. Optical properties were analysed using UV–Visible spectroscopy for the prepared CNQDs and its CNQDs/PMMA polymer nanocomposites. The prepared CNQDs showed maximum absorbance at 218 nm and a band gap of 2.73 eV. An increased trend was observed in the absorbance value as the concentration of CNQDs increased. The prepared polymer nanocomposites showed a direct band gap from 3.7 to 2.4 eV, exhibiting a direct type of semiconducting behaviour. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited blue emission peaks in the range of 408–421 nm, attributed to surface defect states of CNQDs. The prepared polymer nanocomposites were further employed as electroactive layers in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), where the optimised device (2.0 <em>v</em>/v % CNQDs) achieved an output voltage of 388 V and a current of 72 μA, sufficient to charge commercial capacitors and illuminate 43 LEDs. These results confirm CNQDs/PMMA nanocomposites as potential candidates for future applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting devices, and wearable electronic skin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100976"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic bismuth and CuBi2O4–Bi2O2CO3 deposition on sulfur-doped g-C3N4 for efficiently removing antibiotics upon visible light","authors":"Zahra Salmanzadeh-Jamadi ,&nbsp;Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh ,&nbsp;Alireza Khataee","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lately, there has been significant focus on pharmaceutical contaminants due to their destructive effects on the environment and potential toxicity to animals, humans, and aquatic ecosystems. An effective strategy to address these challenges is the application of heterogeneous photocatalysis utilizing semiconducting materials, which plays a crucial role in mitigating environmental hazards. In this research, bismuth nanoparticles and CuBi₂O₄–Bi₂O₂CO₃ (denoted as CBO–BOC) were effectively deposited on S-doped g-C₃N₄ (denoted as SCN) through a simple approach. These photocatalysts were employed to purify water contaminated with four different antibiotics (tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), cephalexin (CPN), azithromycin (AZM), and metronidazole (MET)) upon visible light. The TCH degradation rate over the optimized Bi/CBO–BOC/SCN nanocomposite reached 99.7 % within 75 min, and the degradation constant was 754 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹, which was 8.98, 9.08, and 2.52 folds higher than SCN, CBO–BOC, and CBO–BOC/SCN (10 %) photocatalysts, respectively. The enhanced performance was devoted to the presence of metallic bismuth with surface plasmon resonance properties, sulfur doping, and the development of dual Z-type heterojunctions in the developed nanocomposite. This combination promoted the movement of photogenerated electrons while suppressing the recombination of electron/hole pairs, promoted the number of active sites, as well as visible-light harvesting properties. The results provide a simple method for preparing heterogeneous plasmonic photocatalysts for the degradation of common antibiotics, and we expect that they could be applied on a large scale for the treatment of industrial and domestic wastewaters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible pressure sensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and corn stover fiber paper","authors":"Jijun Ding,&nbsp;Panting Zheng,&nbsp;Yongfeng Qu,&nbsp;Haixia Chen,&nbsp;Boquan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paper-based sensors have shown significant application due to their wide source of raw materials, low cost and biodegradability. This study aims to develop a novel, eco-friendly paper-based pressure sensor using corn stover as a raw material, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional sensing materials. Fibers are extracted from corn stover through alkaline cooking, followed by pulp preparation with chemical reagents. The pulp is then blended with a dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) solution to form a conductive composite. The sensing layer is fabricated via vacuum filtration and subsequent drying, resulting in a flexible and conductive paper substrate. The sensor exhibits a board sensing range (0–40.7 kPa) with high sensitivities of 15.13 kPa⁻¹ (0–11.7 kPa) and 10.21 kPa⁻¹ (11.7–24.5 kPa), along with rapid response and recovery time of 330 and 248 ms, respectively. The sensors enable monitoring of human physiological signals (such as pulse) and joint movements, along with posture correction. Furthermore, the sensor array demonstrates the capability to collect both spatial distributions and intensity signals of pressure. The results demonstrate the potential applications in flexible electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and magnetic response of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene induced by boron doping","authors":"Sergio Morales ,&nbsp;Johanns Canaval ,&nbsp;Viviana Gomez ,&nbsp;Gustavo A. Orozco ,&nbsp;Yenny Hernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron-doped graphene was synthesized from electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) in Cyrene, DMF or NMP solvents, followed by freeze-drying and thermal treatment. Comprehensive characterization (Raman, XRD, FTIR, VSM) reveals that solvent selection influences the doping mechanism and resulting structure. Cyrene’s high viscosity promotes a porous architecture during freeze-drying, preserving EEG quality and enabling boron intercalation between graphene layers. This is evidenced by distinct signatures: a Raman sub-peak near the G band, the sharpening of the (002) XRD peak, and a magnetic transition from paramagnetic to diamagnetic behavior—analogous to lithium-intercalated graphite. In contrast, DMF and NMP lead to boron binding primarily at defects or edges, with significantly lower boron concentrations, resulting in weak turbostratic stacking, broader XRD peaks, and suppressed magnetic responses. These findings suggest that solvent properties, particularly viscosity, play a key role in determining the efficiency of boron doping and the resulting structural organization of the graphene-based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100967"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the multifactorial coupling effects on electronic properties and irradiation behavior of transition metal dichalcogenides MS2 (M = Mo, W, V)","authors":"Ru-song Li ,&nbsp;Ling-Jun Zheng ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Jia-huan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zheng Xie ,&nbsp;Jin-tao Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reveals the multifactorial impacts on the electronic properties and irradiation response of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) <em>M</em>S₂ (<em>M</em> = Mo, W, V). Employing first-principles calculations, we unravel the intricate interplay between d-electron correlations, magnetic ordering, and van der Waals interactions. Our results highlight that these interactions significantly modulate the band structures and phase stability of TMDs, leading to phenomena such as metal-insulator transitions and bandgap engineering. Additionally, we explore the effects of neutron irradiation on TMDs, revealing defect-induced structural metastability and electronic phase transitions. This work not only enhances our understanding of TMDs but also paves the way for designing advanced electronic and spintronic devices with tailored properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100942"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-principles investigation of bimetallic Janus ScTaCO2 MXene: Structure, stability, and gas-sensing performance","authors":"José A.S. Laranjeira ,&nbsp;Nicolas F. Martins ,&nbsp;Fredy M. Gonzalo ,&nbsp;Victor J.R. Rivera ,&nbsp;Efracio M. Flores ,&nbsp;Pablo A. Denis ,&nbsp;Julio R. Sambrano","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100961","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this study, a first-principles investigation of bimetallic Janus ScTaCO&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; MXene is conducted, a novel two-dimensional carbide with Sc and Ta atoms positioned on opposite layers. This structure features lattice parameters of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;18&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Å and a cohesive energy of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;80&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; eV/atom. Phonon dispersion reveals and &lt;em&gt;ab initio&lt;/em&gt; molecular dynamics (AIMD) attest to the dynamic and thermal stability of this new material. An indirect band gap is reported, measured at 1.35 eV (2.24 eV) using the PBE (HSE06) method. It exhibits an isotropic onset of optical absorption, starting at 1.4 eV, with an absorption peak in the green-blue range. Evaluating the elastic constants, it was found &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;11&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;22&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;263&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;74&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N/m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;12&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;38&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;45&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N/m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;66&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;112&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;64&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N/m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, all fulfilling the Born–Huang criteria, which subsequently result in a calculated Young’s modulus of 258 N/m and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.146. Engaging in gas-sensing performance, gases such as NH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, NH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, NH(CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and PH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were examined, revealing adsorption energies between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;318&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;917&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;eV&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Shifts in work-function up to 0.884 eV were noticed, alongside recovery times between &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;23&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; s for PH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;57&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; s for NH(CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100961"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of transition metal and etchant in the synthesis of MXenes (Ti-, V-, and Cr-) and their electrochemical properties as supercapacitor electrodes","authors":"Syeda Sheeza Nadeem ,&nbsp;Rizwan Khan ,&nbsp;Afiten Rahmin Sanjaya ,&nbsp;Muhammad Iqbal Syauqi ,&nbsp;Yulia Mariana Tesa Ayudia Putri ,&nbsp;Respati Kevin Pramadewandaru ,&nbsp;Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho ,&nbsp;Munawar Khalil ,&nbsp;Tribidasari Anggraningrum Ivandini","doi":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of varying etchant on the synthesis of early 1st-row transition metal-based MXenes, including titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and chromium (Cr), from their corresponding MAX phases were explored for supercapacitor applications. The MXenes were synthesised via chemical etching using HF/HCl or NaF/HCl mixtures, revealing that HF favors Ti-MXene while NaF is more effective for V- and Cr-MXenes. Comprehensive physiochemical characterisation including XRD, FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed the successful formation of transition metal carbides. FE-SEM/EDS and HR-TEM analyses revealed a two-dimensional layered morphology in each MXene with distinct lattice fringes, exhibiting d-spacing values of 0.245 nm, 1.556 nm, and 0.549 nm for Ti₃C₂T_x, V₂CT_x, and Cr₂CT_x respectively, confirming their crystalline nature. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry revealed that V₂CT_x delivered the highest specific capacitance at 408.26 F g⁻¹, compared to Ti₃C₂T_x (97.23 F g⁻¹) and Cr₂CT_x (72.92 F g⁻¹) at 2 mV s⁻¹. Similarly, galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements showed a capacitance of 625.00 F g⁻¹ for V₂CT_x, significantly outperforming Ti₃C₂T_x (191.44 F g⁻¹) and Cr₂CT_x (41.19 F g⁻¹) at 0.5 A g⁻¹, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further confirmed its higher conductivity than the other MXenes. These findings underscore the critical role of the etchant in MXene synthesis and demonstrate the superior electrochemical performance of V-MXenes for supercapacitor electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":316,"journal":{"name":"FlatChem","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 100944"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}