Journal of Mountain Area Research最新文献

{"title":"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 VACCINATIONS: KARACHI AS A CASE STUDY","authors":"Danish Hassan, Usama Raza, Zaubaria Malick, A. Bakar, Hamza Khan, Muhammad Danish Khan, Kashif Javed","doi":"10.53874/jmar.v7i0.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v7i0.140","url":null,"abstract":"The entire world has started to vaccinate their respective countries' citizens to get rid of COVID-19 from their country. Likewise other countries, Pakistan has also started the vaccination process for its citizens and unlike the rest of the world, there have been different types of vaccines in Pakistan with different manufacturers and with different immunity booster levels. Through statistical analysis of vaccination in this research paper, we have tried to understand the diverse level of vaccines in Karachi and tried to get an understanding of the vaccination process happening in Karachi. For this kind of research, we have maintained the questionnaire and spread it through emails, WhatsApp, and Facebook.  The questionnaire was sent to about 500 people from July to August 2021. The results obtained depict the satisfaction of the vaccination process with normal side effects. Unlike other countries, Pakistan is among the countries where the mass vaccination process has always been very difficult to conduct. Further using the data of seven stations for prediction purposes Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models were constructed. A better future trend analysis of COVID-19 can be observed using these constructed models. The data for the time series modeling from, 1st January 2021 to 25 August 2021, was taken from National Command and Control (NCOC) Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42011236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF GEMSTONES, MINES,MINERS AND PROBLEMS IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"Muhammad Alam, Y. Bano, A. Rashid, Sajid Ali, Abdul Lateef","doi":"10.53874/jmar.v7i0.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v7i0.93","url":null,"abstract":"Gilgit-Baltistan possesses a complex history of crustal evolution and rich diversity of geological environments, and is favorable for various types of mineralization and production of gemstone all over GB. Two batholiths; Kohistan Batholith and Karakorum Batholith which are hosting gemstones mineralization. This investigation reveals that thirty-two precious and semi-precious stones are mined, 95% of the total gemstones produced in Pakistan come from GB. These varieties of gemstones come from 2150 mines which are in working conditions scattered all over GB and number of miners involved is 25000. Miners face problems like lighting, ventilation and drilling. They lack the basic safety equipment like helmets, mining shoes, gloves, googles and masks. Due to the fumes of explosives, miners are suffering from different diseases like Silicosis. The main gemstone-producing areas are Hunza valley, Sumayar (Nager Valley), Shengus and Haramosh (District Gilgit), Bulachi and Mir Malik (District Astore), Istak Nalah and Shiger Valley. The common gemstones mined are ruby, pargasite, spinel, corundum, sapphire, calcite, aquamarine, tourmaline, beryl, quartz, topaz, albite, microcline, apatite, fluorite, emerald, marganite, diopside, tanzanite, axinite, felsite, kunzite, emerald and garnet.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44697910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PETROGRAPHIC AND SEM-EDX CHARACTERIZATION OF MAFIC-FELSIC PLUTONIC ROCKS OF WASHAPI KAUR WESTERN RASKOH ARC, PAKISTAN","authors":"Jafer Iqbal, Inayat Ullah, Abdul Manan Razzaq, Abdul Ghaffar, F. Murad, Jalil Ahmed","doi":"10.53874/jmar.v7i0.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v7i0.152","url":null,"abstract":"The Washapi Kaur plutonic rocks is located at the western part of the Ras-Koh arc, Pakistan, and intruded in the Cretaceous to Paleocene rock sequences. This complex consists of two main magma series, mafic to intermediate, forming small gabbro and diorite intrusions and felsic comprising granitic rock units. Gabbro consists of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole, and biotite and displays in-equigranular poikilitic texture. Diorites present porphyritic texture and mainly composed of plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole, quartz, and biotite with minor constituents of clinopyroxene. Granites are comprised of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. The field features, petrographic and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) suggest that the magmatic activity in the Washapi Kaur formed as the initial mantle-melt magma derived from mafic to the intermediate source. Later, the melt interacted with slab-derived hydrous fluids in a continental arc setting.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44344327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MICROFACIES STUDIES OF THE JURASSIC TAKATU FORMATION, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD-THRUST BELT, PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Kakar, Abdul Razzaq Manan, A. Kasi, Muhammad Ahmad Farooqui","doi":"10.53874/jmar.v7i0.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v7i0.112","url":null,"abstract":"Takatu Formation is well exposed in the western Sulaiman Fold- Thrust Belt, Pakistan. It has an unconformable upper contact with Sembar Formation which is marked by oxidized surface and lower contact with Triassic Wulgai Formation. The Takatu Formation contains a wide variety of limestones, which are fine to coarse grained, palatal, lumpy, skeletal, micritic, nodular, oolitic, and intraclastic. The Takatu Formation is mainly carbonate-litho package with minor siliciclastic content interbedded as shale and marls. The petrography of limestone allowed the differentiation and demonstrated of four major and sub microfacies types. These includes, Mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone and Grainstone microfacies, which are further sub-divided into five microfacies such as, Bioclastic wackstone, Calcispheric packstone, Peloidal packstone, Ooidal grainstone, and Lithoclastic grainstone. These microfacies were compared with standard microfacies and standard zones for their possible depositional environments. On the bases of our studies, it is interpreted that Takatu Formation was deposited in diverse environment ranging from the marginal shallow shelf, upper slope and in deeper parts of the shelf.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44193212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAPPING APPLE TREES FUTURE LAND USE POTENTIAL AS A MEANS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN EAST-MEDITERRANEAN MOUNTAINS: MOUNT-LEBANON","authors":"C. Mahfoud, J. Adjizian-Gerard","doi":"10.53874/jmar.v7i0.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v7i0.145","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural zonal migrations and altitudinal shifts of high chill requirements fruit trees such as apple trees is considered a way of adaptation to climate change in mountain agriculture. This study examines near and far future options (2050-2070) of this local adaptation method in four village clusters in Mount-Lebanon, involving the expansion of agricultural lands to suitable regions under different degrees of climate change scenarios of temperature increase and precipitations regime fluctuation. A Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping calculation model was established for agricultural land evaluation which aims to locate spaces where the agriculture development indicators such as soil type, slope, future temperatures, and future precipitations will be suitable for cultivation under different climate change scenarios and models. The model does not seek the exact delineation of plots as much as the location of areas with a trend of agricultural relevance in the next 30 to 50 years. This classification is a tool to help Mount-Lebanon farmers and apple growers in adapting locally to climate change by choosing the best future spots to migrate their crops to. Results showed that most lands in which agricultural development is viable, are already in use for apple production (mainly) in the 4 clusters, leaving small parcels of land with variable agro-potentials to be developed in the future under favorable climate conditions. The agriculture potential of plots of altitude exceeding 2000 meters is to be validated in the studied area, especially since the climatic and irrigation conditions of there can present serious challenges.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42591193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Ethnic Food and Beverages of Jaunsar-Bawar Tribal\u0000Region, Uttarakhand, India","authors":"Babita Rana, Renu Chandola, V. Rawat, Gopal Krishna Joshi","doi":"10.51220/jmr.v17i2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v17i2.27","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnic foods not only serve the dietary purpose but also offer a range of health and medicinal benefits. In the present era of urbanization and modernization, the age-old traditions and cultural practices are rapidly getting extinct. This is particularly true for a traditional knowledge system that has not been properly documented and scientifically studied. This article presents a comprehensive detail about various fermented and non-fermented food products locally made and consumed by the tribal community of Jaunsar-Bawar region of Uttarakhand state. The survey of the sites and interaction with local people revealed that the tribal community still follows their age-old custom of making various traditional food products. Aske, Chilra, Dhindki, Kadhiyiek, Sidde, Khenda, Pandheye, Mashyada bhaat, Sattu, Baari, Lemda are the local names of important non fermented ethnic foods made in this region. In addition, distilled and non-distilled alcoholic beverages are prepared through fermentation with local names as Ghandhie Gaingti, Mava, Gaingti, Soor/Daru and Paakuyi.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84062862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assemblage of Boletoid Mushrooms Distribution and Diversity in Uttarakhand\u0000Himalaya, India","authors":"KC Semwal, VK Bhatt, MP Vishwakarma, Asheesh Bisht","doi":"10.51220/jmr.v17i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v17i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper provides a distributional list of representative species of the Boletoid mushrooms in the Uttarakhand Himalaya. A literature survey revealed twenty-five taxa from the state, among these six, belong to the genus Suillus, four to Leccinum, three each to Boletus and Tylopilus, two each to Phylloporus, Pulveroboletus, Strobilomyces, and one each to Austroboletus and Xerocomus. Field photographs for some taxa are also provided herein for a better understanding of Boletoid mushrooms appearance and ecology.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81665376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv.VL-1) Seed Production through Organic\u0000Farming”","authors":"Seemab Ali, Navneeti Chamoli, J. Chauhan","doi":"10.51220/jmr.v17i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v17i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Present investigation entitled ‘Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv.VL-1) Seed Production through Organic Farming’ was carried out with the objectives to produce the fruit of high nutritional quality in sufficient quantity, maintaining and increasing the long-term fertility of soil and to avoid all kinds of pollutions that may result from agricultural techniques. It was also an objective to use renewable resources in locally organized production systems and work with a close system with regard to organic matter and nutrient. The variety of tomato used in this study namely, VL Tamator -1, released in 2003 was collected from VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 13 treatments and 3 replications with the combination of organic and inorganic manure namely Farmyard Manure (FYM), Vermicompost, and inorganic fertilizers NPK during the two-year cropping seasons. In the first year, the maximum field emergence per cent, maximum average height of the plants, maximum average number of leaves per plant, maximum average thickness of stem, Maximum leaf area and maximum number of flowers per plant have been recorded in T2 (15t/h vermi-compost) in comparison to T0 used as a control. This T2 combination of 15 ton per hectare vermi compost exhibited the maximum number of fruit/plants, maximum number of seed per fruit and highest weight of fruit. It was recorded that T2 exhibited the maximum average length of roots per plant and plant yield. During the second year, similar observation has been recorded where maximum achievements were obtained in field emergence per cent, height of plant, number of leaves per plant and thickness of stem. The difference among the treatments found significant for leaf area, number of flowers per plant and number of fruit per plant in T2 (15t/h vermi-compost). Similarly, the maximum numbers of seed per fruit, weight of fruit, average diameter of roots per plant, plant yield (kg/plot) were recorded highest. With the maximum adoption of organic manures can lead in high yielding of above-mentioned variety to fulfill demand of the organic produce.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76065701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infrastructure Development in Tibet: An Overview","authors":"Neeraj Naithani, Prashant Agarwal","doi":"10.51220/jmr.v17i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v17i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"During the last few decades China has applied its energy and resources to create a vast infrastructure network in the restive Tibet Autonomous Region. This includes a large network of roads, railways, airfields, habitat and associated logistic infrastructure. There is a concerted effort to develop dual use infrastructure to not only promote development but also to develop the capability to rapidly project the resources whenever required. This paper discusses the development in infrastructure built in Tibet in recent times.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87675606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Geographical Analysis of Rural Out-Migration And Its Impact on The Rural\u0000Landscape of Selected Villages in Garhwal District (Uttarakhand)","authors":"R. Ahmed, Veerinderjeet Singh, Anita Rudola, Gaurav Gaurav, Jitender Rathore, Himani Himani","doi":"10.51220/jmr.v17i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v17i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Rural out-migration is a common spectacle in hilly areasof Uttarakhand state and is directly associated with the socio-economic conditions of rural people. It plays a major role in the transformation of the rural areas into resonating environments because major populated villages show decline in population growth, agricultural activities, rural development, labour migration and rate of employment. Migration refers to the geographic movement of people from a particular area to another area for various purposes and continues to bethe main problem in the rural areas of Uttarakhand. Unemployment and Lack of basic facilities are the major reasons for out-migration in these areas. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the rural outmigration in Dang, Agrora, Kolri, and Morora villages of Garhwal District. In this study, various dimensions of rural out-migration are considered including the types ofout- migration, purpose of migration, years wise, migration in the age group, inter and intra-state migration. It also analyses the impact of out-migration on the rural landscape through principal component analysis. Results indicate that out-migration harms rural landscape because various attributes are in the declining stage with the out-migration such as agriculture, population growth, working population, and businessin study area.","PeriodicalId":31687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mountain Area Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87850551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}