InterCarto InterGIS最新文献

{"title":"Calculation of vegetation passability categories for vehicles based on laser scanning data","authors":"I. Rylskiy, T. Nokelaynen, T. Kotova, A. Panin","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-314-324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-314-324","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the categories of vegetation passability for vehicles (in forested areas) is a very popular and technically difficult task. Its complexity increases as the area of the territory increases, while duration of works and their cost should decrease. The passability of forests is influenced by elementary characteristics such as the species composition, the diameter of the trunks, the average distance between the trunks, etc. An example of such work is the construction of vegetation passability maps for vehicles by category. This task is in high demand during the construction of new facilities (pipelines, roads, railways) and the development of new deposits in the forest zone. One of the most promising methods of information support for solving this problem is airborne laser scanning and digital aerial photography. The disadvantage of this method (as well as all methods of remote sensing) is the practical impossibility of direct instrumental measurement of a number of vegetation parameters (despite 25 years of progress in the development of the lidar method), such as the diameter of the trunk, or its exact location. Increasing scan density, combined with the use of UAVs surveying at high angles to the vertical, allows these characteristics to be obtained at the cost of a significant decrease in productivity, an exponential increase in the cost of surveying and data processing, with little confidence in the obtained vegetation characteristics. This paper proposes an alternative approach based on the identification of relationships between characteristics that can be directly measured from low-density laser scanning data (crown height, coverage density, range of distribution of points of laser reflections in height relative to the ground) and vegetation passability categories measured in the field conditions. The obtained results show high reliability. A positive feature of this approach is the low cost and high productivity in determining the categories of terrain passability.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the ice coverage in the Bering sea according to the Sea Ice Index and Masie data","authors":"Artur Oganezov, V. Pishchalnik, V. Romanyuk","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-450-457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-450-457","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative analysis of the ice cover of the Bering Sea. The analysis was performed according to the National Snow & Ice Data Center (NSIDC) using NASA algorithms Team (Sea Ice Index) and Near-Real-Time Passive Microwave/Visible Data Sharing DMSP SSMIS Daily Polar gridded Sea Ice Concentrations and Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data (MASIE-NH). The absolute and relative difference of the ice cover values were calculated using the algorithms Sea Ice Index and MASIE-NH with daily discreteness for 14 ice seasons from 2006 to 2020. Despite the fact that the spatial resolutions of the data of the algorithms under consideration and the quantitative criteria for the condition for classifying a pixel as pure water or ice extent differed (the side of the pixel was 25 and 4 km, identification was 15 and 40 %, respectively), the curves of the average seasonal variation of the ice cover were in phase and that was confirmed by the high value of the correlation coefficient (0.92). It was determined that the difference in ice cover values were not critical and were within the calculation limits, which allowed using data from both sources without calculating correction factors. Sea Data Ice Index data should be appropriate for long-term analysis of inter-seasonal variability, since data series of observations with daily discreteness have been available since 1978. It was concluded that the use of both sources would be quite acceptable in the analysis of intra-seasonal fluctuations. A characteristic feature of Sea Ice Index was noted—the presence of ice throughout the warm season. Although according to literary sources, such a phenomenon in the Bering Sea was typical only for severe types of winters. That was probably due to the technical difficulties in identifying the ice extent using passive microwave sounding methods.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoinformational assessment of the interest of internet users in the border region to cross-border mobility","authors":"A. Mikhaylova, Dmitriy Hvaley, Andrey Sergeevich Mikhaylov","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-146-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-146-159","url":null,"abstract":"Features of the economic-geographical position of the border regions are manifested, on the one hand, in their territorial proximity to foreign markets, international resource flows and infrastructure, and on the other hand, in their location on the periphery of the national spaces of neighboring states. In this regard, the economy of the borderland, in comparison with the inland regions, is more closely integrated into the international agenda and is more dependent on the permeability of the state border. An important component of the competitive potential of border areas is the development of the transport and logistics system, including its ability to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of international passenger and cargo transportation. The global course towards the digitalization of all social relations has also influenced such a traditional area of economic activity as transport. The growth of digital literacy and accessibility of the Internet, the expansion of the variety of information and communication channels and specialized digital services have created new opportunities for the border regions of neighboring countries to develop cooperation in relation to cross-border mobility of the population and joint management of this process. The digital environment is becoming an increasingly important component in maintaining the transport and logistics connectivity of border areas, and its development is accompanied by the generation and accumulation of an increasing amount of digital data about users. This article proposes an approach to assessing the geography of the interest of internet users of the border region in cross-border movement based on the analysis of big digital data. On the example of the Kaliningrad region (exclave territory of the Russian Federation), the level of attractiveness for Internet users of transport routes, covering the settlements of neighboring countries—Poland and Lithuania, located no further than 100 km from the border, was analyzed in the period from midJanuary to mid-March 2022. The data source is the Yandex Wordstat service. Based on the results of a study of search queries in relation to 194 cities of the Polish and Lithuanian adjacent border areas, two main types were identified—the final points of the route and transport hubs with outgoing mobility to other cities and countries. In total, the interest of users from the Kaliningrad region covered 130 international destinations. The conclusion is made about the transport connectivity of the border regions of Poland, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad region of Russia, however, the digitalization of this process remains off-system in nature.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and mapping of the structure of suburban settlement of the city of Orel","authors":"Ivan Kiryunin, V. Tikhii","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-160-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-160-171","url":null,"abstract":"From the late 1980s to the present, the “ceiling” of urbanization has been reached in the Oryol region—the share of the urban population is in the range of 62–66 %, around the city of Oryol, in rural areas, a large number of the population is concentrated, the number of which is growing. Often, in the territorial planning system, the area of contact between urban and rural territories is not distinguished in any way, the development strategy of this territory cannot have the expected result. In this regard, the main purpose of the work was an attempt to identify the suburban area of the city of Orel using the method of transport zoning, which is based on the analysis of transport communication. The method of transport zoning of suburban areas allows us to estimate the territorial concentration of the suburban population in individual parts of the district. Each zone differs in the transport conditions of settlement, including the conditions of transport service. The paper presents the result of the application of the methodology for identifying suburban areas as territories served by different modes of transport on the example of the city of Orel. Based on the assessment of the differentiation of transport mobility of the population, as the most important condition for the quality of life, the zoning of the suburb of Orel was carried out. Its structural zones are highlighted—the neighborhood of the city, the near suburb and the far suburb. To achieve the purpose of the study, data from the All-Russian population censuses, OpenStreetMap data, and field research information were used. Based on these data, maps were built in QGIS that visually display the phenomena under study, and the zoning of the Oryol Municipal District was carried out. The article also concludes that transport communication radically affects the settlement system of the population, demonstrates the tendency of settlement in areas with better transport links.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms and methodology for inflection line identification within information and mathematical model of relief","authors":"O. Plisenko","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-683-695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-683-695","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this research topic lies in the fact that a universal technology for automated recognition and identification of structural relief elements is currently not available. This task is one of the main analytical directions of geomorphological mapping, and its solution will reduce the time for its development, unify the results, and expand the field of application of the homomorphic and genetically homogeneous elementary surface model in interdisciplinary research. To solve this problem, an information and mathematical relief model is developed, the purpose of which is to present surface relief in the form of a consistent set of all structural elements, simulate the obtained surface in 3D space, provide a complete automated cycle of highlighting and classifying structural relief elements, and present various algorithms for its analysis. The described work stage includes the development of original algorithms and methods for automatic identification of slope inflection lines as part of an information and mathematical model. Slope inflection lines are structuring in material-energy flow redistribution between and within genetically homogeneous surfaces. Automation of the selection of inflection lines is the penultimate stage of constructing the target terrain models. In the study, we discuss the main stages of the automated technology supplying the initial data for the developed algorithms, give an overview of the existing methods and software products used to determine the slope inflection lines, describe the mathematical and algorithmic techniques used in the developed algorithms, and discuss the peculiarities of using these techniques in relation to the developed general technology. The result of the work is an original automatic methodology for determining slope inflection lines, which allows us to proceed to automatic identification and classification of elementary surfaces.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cartographic interpretation of the study of rural lifestyle in Сrimea","authors":"D. Volkhin, A. Shvets, I. Yakovenko","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-188-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-188-202","url":null,"abstract":"The method of obtaining and cartographic interpretation of information revealed in the process of studying rural areas of Crimea is considered. The rural territories of this region are presented as an alternative space to the traditional recreational use of the Crimean Peninsula. This approach made it possible to single out the geoconcept “Other Crimea”. The boundaries of this territory have a complex—natural and administrative—character, which allowed us to identify key points of research with reference to the main landscape and geomorphological regions of Crimea. The program of research of rural territories of Crimea on two thematic blocks is proposed: identification of the transformational dynamics of the rural settlement system within the borders of the whole Crimea and identification of the problems of rural lifestyle within the “Other Crimea”. The result of the study of the spatial-temporal picture of the rural settlement system in the Crimea was the map “Rural settlement of Crimea”. The map illustrates the changes in the population of rural settlements and the density of rural settlement according to the results of the 1989–2014 censuses. Conclusions are drawn about the reduction of the network of rural settlements and depopulation of Crimean villages in the post-Soviet period; an increase in the proportion of small villages with a population of less than 200 people (28 %) and rural settlements with a population of more than 3,000 people (6 %); a change in the functions of coastal rural settlements from agricultural to recreational, which had a positive impact on their demographic situation; preservation of spatial unevenness of rural settlement of Crimea. The results of a sociological opinion poll of residents of 30 rural settlements in 14 municipal districts of the Republic of Crimea and in rural settlements within the boundaries of the federal city of Sevastopol are proposed. The rural lifestyle is illustrated by maps of the structure of the problem field of rural territories of Crimea and the prospects for residents of the peninsula to live in them; estimated income maps of rural residents and the typology of rural territories by income level. The main problems of the rural lifestyle in the non-recreational territories of the Crimea are revealed: the washing out of the peasant lifestyle, the reduction of personal farms of rural residents, increased mobility of rural residents, the perception of emigration from the villages of Prisivashye and the Kerch Peninsula as the main way to solve everyday, social and economic problems, the preservation of the severity of the problem of preserving the values of rural lifestyle among young people.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69898659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About technogenic transformations of the river network on the Azov-Kuban Plain (Chelbas, Albashi rivers)","authors":"A. Pogorelov, D. Lipilin, Alena Dudkina, Oksana Kopaneva","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-567-582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-567-582","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes changes in steppe agricultural landscapes in the central part of the Azov-Kuban Plain over the period 2000–2020 using satellite imagery and DEM ASTER GDEM data. in terms of changing the structure of land use and hydrographic characteristics. Most of the agricultural land of the Krasnodar territory, occupying 61.4 % of the region’s territory, is located on the Azov-Kuban plain in the steppe river basins. The territory under consideration with an area of 6268 km², covering the basins of the Chelbas and Albashi rivers, according to its geographical characteristics, is typical from the standpoint of the modern dynamics of agrolandscapes and transformations of the river network. The transformation of agrolandscapes is accompanied by redevelopment and plowing of the territory, mass construction of dams on rivers, violation of the conditions of natural drainage, which leads to the restructuring of water exchange processes in river basins. 19 private river basins have been identified with the definition of land use types on the surface of the basins. In each of the private basins, a land use structure has been established that affects hydrographic indicators, a decrease in the length of watercourses and the density of the river network has been revealed. For 2000–2020 in private basins, the total length of watercourses, due to plowing and redevelopment of the surface, decreased by 1.51–33.14 %, and in general, in the analyzed section of the Azov-Kuban Plain, by 437 km or by 16.5 %. A widespread “die-off” of the upper sections of the river and ravine network was recorded, most noticeable in the peripheral watersheds.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69899026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of adding spatial information to the database of water bodies in a GIS environment","authors":"E. Lyubimova, N. Ivlieva, E.A. Primachenko","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-644-654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-644-654","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the experience of adding new objects to the existing reference database of the rivers of the Republic of Mordovia in a GIS environment, which contains information about water bodies from the reference manual “Hydrological knowledge”. Watercourses and reservoirs from the official list of objects subject to regional state control and supervision over the use and protection of water bodies on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia were added to the database. An assessment of the temporal reliability of the data was carried out, since over time the river network has undergone changes, the names of individual water bodies have become outdated. In order to update the data, modern maps, a register of geographical names of objects in the Republic of Mordovia, and satellite images were used. The functionality of the ArcGIS GIS package was used in the work. The Linear Referencing Tools were very useful, allowing us to use a linear coordinate system to determine the distances from the mouth of the main river to its tributaries. The created database of water bodies of Mordovia performs a reference and information function. For the convenience of database users, attribute information about individual objects can be displayed in a pop-up HTML map window, where you can include photos and links to files with various information about the object. With the help of GIS technologies, it is possible to perform cartometric determinations, refine and add information about other water bodies, conduct spatial analysis, and create maps using geoinformation mapping methods. The results obtained serve as a significant step towards promptly providing consumers with up-to-date reference information about water bodies in various forms.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69899714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possibilities of GIS technologies for studying hydrological characteristics of a water body and environmental parameters of its catchment area","authors":"E. Goncharov, Aleksandr Fadeev, A. Ivanov, Marina Timofeeva","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-691-708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-691-708","url":null,"abstract":"This work summarizes literary and cartographic material that characterizes the Morskoy Glaz Lake and its catchment area. The levels of aquifers and the catchment area of the lake were determined along with development of digital models of the terrain and relief of the lake basin, which were developed on the basis of multi-temporal microdrone photo-shooting with usage of geodetic referencing of basepoints using the tools of Agisoft Metashape and GIS “Panorama”. The catchment area of the lake doesn’t exceed more than 1.3 km², while the main supply of water nourishment of the lake forms as a surface runoff and groundwater flow on an area of about 0.6 km². This area contains 45 residential building connected by local sewerage and many private water wells. The lands of rural settlements and agricultural lands make up 26 % and 64 % of main catchment area, respectively. With the usage of photographic materials of the lake provided by users of social medias and usage of digital terrain models of Agisoft Metashape, a reconstruction of the dynamics of the lake water levels for 2013–2022 was carried out, which made it possible to calculate volumes of lake waters for specific calendar dates along with possibility of estimation of the rate of change of water volumes in the lake, which was achieved through the usage of tools of GIS “Panorama”. Long-term level of water’s edge of the lake is 121.5 meters, the total volume of the lake is 53,185 m³. Since 2014, there have been significant fluctuations in the level of the water’s edge in the lake. Meanwhile, the rate of water volume change varied from 3.9 to −3.6 dm³ per second. The reason for the negative water balance in March 2022 is formation of a ponor at the end of the winter of 2014, which subsequent expansion along with periodic overlapping by screes and microlandslides have led to complete disappearance of the lake. The proposed algorithm based on the usage of the Citizen science technologies (collection of amateur photo- and video- data), combined with usage of GIS-tools can be used for providing monitoring for water bodies.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69899883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoinformation support of the school course of geography","authors":"E. Morozova, I. Bryzhko","doi":"10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-189-203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-189-203","url":null,"abstract":"The current level of development of information systems, the introduction of technology in all aspects of life and the ever-accelerating process of digitalization also affect school education. Students increasingly notice the gap between the classical form of presenting material and the capabilities of modern information systems. Especially acute, in our opinion, this problem concerns the study of geography. The study of geography by traditional methods is not only ineffective and discourages students from learning but does not meet the requirements of the federal state educational standard. The teaching of geography should be conducted with the introduction of geoinformation technologies. Based on this thesis, to solve the problem we have voiced, the creation of a textbook is proposed. In our demonstration manual, based on the requirements of the federal state educational standard, 4 blocks of tasks were identified. The solution of these problems is aimed at developing the ability of students to form relationships and see dependencies using a layered organization of data. A set of layers for solving problems consists of the actual data needed to solve a specific task. All tasks are printed on translucent paper so that students have the opportunity to see the previous layers and analyze their relationship, formulate conclusions about the connection of phenomena. Also the manual has a section with questions aimed at helping students to formulate their thoughts when writing an answer, and ready-made templates with sample answers for self-testing and understanding the general principle of an answer generation. Due to epidemiological restrictions, the testing of the textbook took place remotely in one of the schools in Perm.","PeriodicalId":31498,"journal":{"name":"InterCarto InterGIS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69897949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}