{"title":"The Roman Cult of Hercules","authors":"Christopher Siwicki","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the cult of Hercules through an examination of the construction of temples to the god in the city of Rome, from the sixth the century BC to the third century AD. Beginning with the earliest evidence for cult sites to Hercules, the chapter discusses the Great Altar in the Forum Boarium, before going on to consider the importance of the deity to Rome’s triumphators in the second and first centuries BC. The popularity of Hercules among leading Republican politicians is reflected in the erection of a number of significant and architecturally innovative shrines, notably that of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in the Circus Flamininus, the round temple in the Forum Boarium, and the enormous sanctuary to Hercules Victor at neighboring Tibur. The discussion brings out both Hercules’ relevance as a militaristic figure and the enduring association between his cult in Rome and his cult in the Greek world. There was an apparent dearth of new temples to Hercules built in Rome during the imperial period and the chapter concludes by considering the last of these, the dual temple of Bacchus and Hercules.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"56 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128897653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hercules, Caesar, and the Roman Emperors","authors":"Matthew P. Loar","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter schematizes the different ways that Roman emperors, their surrogates, and their detractors deployed Hercules as a way of framing, authorizing, or delegitimizing imperial rule. In looking at the evidence from Augustus to the Tetrarchs, it identifies three primary relationships that Roman emperors occupied or were seen to occupy relative to Hercules: like Augustus, they could be viewed as similar to Hercules; like Commodus, they could claim to be identical with Hercules; or, like the Tetrarchs, they could self-fashion as simply associated with Hercules. The best emperors therefore merely sought a connection with Hercules, while the worst longed to collapse the distinction between emperor and hero to become Hercules himself.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123025437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Auge and Telephus","authors":"E. Griffiths","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"Heracles’ role as the father of Telephus involves significant elements for our understanding of the wider myth. The conception of Telephus is variously depicted as a “rape” or a “seduction” of Auge and starts a chain of events that portray Heracles as a caring father who rescues his abandoned child, providing a model for the Roman foundation myth. It also projects Heracles’ role in the First Trojan War into the Second. The story unfolds across several different locations in the Mediterranean, from Arcadia to king Teuthras’ kingdom in Mysia, and indicates Heracles’ role as a connecting figure for historical and cultural societies.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121625783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles and Melqart","authors":"Megan Daniels","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the interrelationships between the Greek Heracles and Phoenician Melqart in cult, myth, and iconography from the Iron Age to Roman period. It articulates these connections not as a simple one-to-one equation of Heracles and Melqart, but rather views the long-term syncretism of these god-heroes as representative of the shared ideologies and cultural mentalities that emerged from human interactions and endeavors around the Mediterranean world in the first millennium BC. As such, a major focus of this chapter is the equivocal statuses that Heracles and Melqart inhabit between mortality and immortality, a status of particular concern for Greek and Roman authors in their portrayal of Heracles, and reflected also in cultic practices surrounding these figures in terms of their death and apotheosis. This status held particular significance for Heracles’ and Melqart’s roles in human affairs as divinized royal ancestors and colonizers par excellence, roles arguably expressed through their bellicose and leonine iconography. Examining the intersections between Heracles and Melqart thus reveals a great deal about human enterprises in the Mediterranean from the Iron Age to the Roman period.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"4027 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127540385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles Rationalized and Allegorized","authors":"Greta Hawes","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes ancient attempts to render Heracles as a historical figure (“rationalization”) and to find in his stories philosophical principles (“allegorization”). It argues that rationalistic and allegorical interpretations cannot be as clearly delineated from one another in practice as they frequently are in theory, and that neither was hermetically removed from the “conventional” tradition of ancient storytelling. All three betray the interaction between fragmentation of episodes and a cohesive portrait of the figure. The well-worn habits of narrating Heracles as a far-traveling, long-toiling individual noted for his out-sized personality and for defeating a range of monsters reappear: in the hands of the rationalizers he imposes order on a primitive world, fighting opponents who are fabulous only in reputation; allegorists make these opponents figures of moral distractions which must be conquered in the soul.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127716247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles between Hera and Athena","authors":"Susan Deacy","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Heracles, the self-sufficient “loner” of ancient Greek myth is shaped through interactions with others, notably Athena and Hera. As this chapter demonstrates, the input of these two deities runs deeper than the standard binary of helper (Athena)/persecutor (Hera) allows. Heracles is marked out as a mythological being through where he stands in relation to Athena and Hera who—separately and in collaboration—mark out his life as hero and his transformation to godhead and to a life as a specific kind of god. His nature, both his heroic nature and his divine nature, is shaped by Athena, but it is in connection with Hera that he is born, killed, immortalized, and, indeed, named.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130966181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Reception of Heracles","authors":"E. Stafford","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.39","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter briefly outlines the reception of Heracles in Western culture from the end of antiquity until the present day, giving examples of the hero’s many appearances in a wide variety of literary genres, all kinds of visual media, and the performing arts, from the theater to the silver screen. It traces the ways in which particular elements of Heracles’ story and aspects of his character—from the monster-slayer to the comic hero to the incarnation of virtue—have been foregrounded at different periods and in different contexts for ethical, educational, or political ends, or simply for the entertainment of a wide range of audiences, both elite and popular, young and old.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130015841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles as Ancestor","authors":"Lee E. Patterson","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"As he is ubiquitous in myth, Heracles is also ubiquitous in political myth-making, especially in his role as ancestor of communities and dynasties in the archaic through Hellenistic periods. Whether invoking his heroic qualities to enhance their own virtues or linking themselves to a Heraclid tradition to promote their own historical significance, such communities found Heracles to be useful in the context of political legitimization, kinship diplomacy, religion, and other areas. Examples include the creation and promotion of the Return of the Heraclidae by the Dorian regimes of the Peloponnese and attempts by individual Spartans to benefit personally from their putative Heraclid ancestry.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"9 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132934693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Early Christian Heracles","authors":"Alexandra Eppinger","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a summary of the role of Hercules in late antique art and literature, with a special focus on how Christian clergy and laypersons perceived the hero. Using literary texts and archaeological finds as source material, it shows that Hercules was still ubiquitous in late antiquity, even though there was a quantitative decline of depictions of the hero in comparison with earlier periods. Both daily life and the sepulchral sphere are considered; examples of relevant archaeological finds include the mosaics from the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina, the cycle of reliefs of Hercules’ deeds from the villa of Chiragan (France), and the wall paintings in the catacomb on the Via Latina in Rome. Additionally, the late antique stage as a space where people were confronted with the Hercules myth in the form of highly popular pantomimes is addressed. The chapter concludes with a section on the treatment of Hercules in apologetic literature, with a focus on Lactantius and Tertullian; in this context, the topos of the hero’s effeminate behavior at Omphale’s court in particular is considered.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"29 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113977304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Labor VIII","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"The tradition of Heracles’ Labor of the fire-breathing Mares of Diomede is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. The Labor’s complex literary tradition may be analyzed into three major variants: (1) Heracles (acting alone) throws one of Diomede’s grooms to the horses to distract them so that he can bridle them; Diomede rushes to retaliate (and is presumably killed). (2) Heracles and his men overpower Diomede’s grooms to make off with the horses; when Diomede and his Bistones pursue them, Heracles leaves the horses in the care of his beloved, Abderus, so as to join battle; he kills Diomede and repels the rest, but in the meantime Abderus loses control of horses and they drag him to death; Heracles founds Abdera beside his tomb. (3) More simply, Heracles (acting alone) throws Diomede himself to the horses to distract them while he bridles them. The horse-taming episode in Heracles’ cycle and in other quest-myths (those of Perseus and Bellerophon, and even the mythologized childhood of Alexander the Great) may refract a rite of passage. This Labor serves as the insertion point in his cycle for Heracles’ rescue of Alcestis from Death.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"144 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：