{"title":"Tragedy","authors":"M. Lloyd","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"Heracles is the central character in Sophocles’ Trachiniae and Euripides’ Heracles, and a secondary character in Euripides’ Alcestis and Sophocles’ Philoctetes. This chapter discusses these plays in detail, as well as summarizing references to Heracles in other surviving Greek tragedies and discussing what is known of his roles in lost plays. It also briefly discusses Seneca’s Hercules Furens and Hercules Oetaeus. It takes issue with Michael Silk’s argument that Heracles’ anomalous (god-man) status made him unsuitable for tragedy. The two great tragic moments in Heracles’ story were his madness and the end of his life. Euripides offers a comprehensive account of his career up to the killing of his family, while Sophocles’ focus on the sack of Oechalia and its consequences gave him the opportunity to portray another of the mighty but ambiguous heroes who feature in all his surviving plays.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"528 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126390790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epic","authors":"Elton T. E. Barker, J. Christensen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"As the son of Zeus, accomplisher of great tasks, and civilizing agent, Heracles appears an archetypal hero, central to any number of myths and whose deeds dominate artistic representation. Yet his appearances in extant early Greek hexameter poetry are fleeting and carefully circumscribed. In this chapter we survey the references to an epic Heracles in order to establish common elements (his “fabula”); consider what picture emerges from the (fragmentary) epics devoted to him; and examine his role in the foundational epics of Hesiod and Homer. Heracles comes across as a quintessential hero who metes out and endures suffering, while simultaneously appearing outlandish, excessive, and one of a kind. His extreme individualism marks him out as a problematic figure in Homer’s grand coalition narratives that represent and interrogate political participation.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115174146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Labor X","authors":"P. Finglass","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the sources for Heracles’ tenth Labor, the killing of the three-headed Geryon and the stealing of his cattle. Beginning with Hesiod, it analyzes Stesichorus’ take on the myth with its surprisingly sympathetic portrayal of Geryon, whose home Stesichorus placed in southern Spain; the striking depictions of the clash in archaic Greek art; the accounts offered by the mythographers; and the assertions of settlements such as Saguntum, Alesia, Pompeii, and Rome itself that Heracles visited them on his way back to Greece. The myth proves to be endlessly flexible, appearing in a wide variety of contexts and genres.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122946698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Labor IV","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"The tradition of Heracles’ Erymanthian Boar Labor is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. Having cornered the Boar in a snowdrift, Heracles brings it back to Argos, either by trundling it or carrying it supine over his shoulder. When he arrives with it, Eurystheus, terrified by the creature, hides in a bronze storage jar (pithos) buried in the ground. In art, Heracles threatens to dump the animal on top of Eurystheus in his jar. The Labor serves as the insertion-point in Heracles’ cycle both for his brief Argonautic adventure and for his encounter with Pholus, his wine, and the ensuing battle with the centaurs. The Pholus episode also contains the striking motif of a storage-jar buried in the earth.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127385863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Argonauts","authors":"R. Hunter","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the representation of Heracles in the Argonautic narratives of Apollonius Rhodius and Theocritus, Idyll 13. Particular attention is paid to the importance to the subsequent tradition of the divine Heracles of Odyssey 11 and to how the model of Heracles became important for ruler cult and Ptolemaic ideology. The chapter considers Heracles’ relations with Hylas, both of them being lost to the Argonautic expedition on the outward voyage, and to Heracles’ difference from the other Argonauts; whereas the expedition is presented as a model of Greek solidarity and homonoia, Heracles is both a civilizer and benefactor of mankind and a difficult, solitary hero who does not easily embody communal values.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129219267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Labor XII","authors":"P. Hanesworth","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Heracles’ defeat of Cerberus. After providing a brief overview of Heracles’ presence—or rather absence—in the retellings of the Cerberus myth, it focuses on four ways in which the intricacies of the Labor are explored. Concentrating on the Homeric Iliad, the intertwining of Heracles’ Labor with the underworld journey of Theseus and Pirithous, the introduction to the myth of Heracles’ initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries, and the Labor’s representation in Euripides’ Heracles, the chapter shows how the myth is a mechanism through which ancient mythmakers explore what it means to be a hero. Heracles—godlike and superhuman, mighty and outmoded, humanized and blessed—is seen through his conquering of Cerberus either as being precisely what more contemporary heroes should not be or as embodying the very contradictions and blurred boundaries that Cerberus’ defeat creates.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133011935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Labor V","authors":"F. Mitchell","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650988.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Heracles’ cleaning of the Augean stables is the least glamorous of his Labors: we see a paradigmatic hero reduced to the menial task of mucking out animals. As a result, the number of extant accounts and images of this Labor is relatively small. The texts and images that include this narrative often downplay Heracles’ contact with the object of his task by focusing on his supernatural ability to redirect the river he uses to clear the dung. Nevertheless, the very fact that Heracles is acting as a servant to Augeas under the orders of Eurystheus means that he is necessarily in a subservient position. Each of the versions of this Labor deals differently with the complex relationship between heroism, status, money, and violence that results from Heracles’ position in this myth.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123066514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comedy","authors":"J. Wilkins","doi":"10.4324/9780415249126-m015-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-m015-1","url":null,"abstract":"Heracles appeared in Greek and Roman comedy from the early fifth to the second century BC, and beyond. Comedy drew on myths from his birth to his apotheosis, featuring the Labors, among them the journey to the Underworld. Rich comic material was drawn from Heracles as a man of violence and as a master of sacrifice, the latter leading to themes of massive meat consumption, appetite, and ultimately the comic stock figure of the hungry parasite. The comic imagination also exploited his large sexual appetite, extending his fecundity from tragic myth to human sexual encounters in later comedy. Tragic myth often lurks explicitly behind comic versions of Heracles.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"20 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120985239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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