{"title":"Heracles, Macedon, and Alexander the Great","authors":"Christian Thrue Djurslev","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter challenges the commonly held view that Alexander the Great’s emulation of Heracles was real, a notion based on a plethora of ancient material purporting to document a special relationship between the Macedonian king and the Greek hero. However, on closer inspection, it becomes clear that the major historiographical texts—by Diodorus, Curtius, Plutarch, and Arrian—develop the Heracles theme inconsistently and to very different degrees. Indeed, the review of relevant episodes and features demonstrates that the theme has an overwhelmingly literary nature, and that it extends beyond the historiographical tradition. The literary texts cannot be used as evidence for reconstructing an emulation of Heracles by the historical Alexander. This conclusion has consequences for how we understand Heracles’ broader role in the self-fashioning of the Argead dynasty to which Alexander belonged.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125501746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Madness and the Labors","authors":"Katherine Lu Hsu","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the varying mythological traditions that recount Heracles’ madness and murder of his children and their significance in framing the Labors for Eurystheus. After a brief survey of the mythographers, three close readings are undertaken. (1) The account in Apollodorus’ Bibliotheca reveals the complex dynamics of this episode: while the madness and killing of his children require that he serve Eurystheus as atonement, his trials and victories nevertheless justify his apotheosis. (2) The Iliad’s account of Heracles’ Labors emphasizes the role of Atē and fate and excludes the madness entirely. (3) Diodorus Siculus’ version demonstrates an attempt to bring the preceding two variants together. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to an analysis of Euripides’ Heracles and Seneca’s Hercules Furens, tragedies which depict the madness occurring after the Labors, and the implications of this reversal of the order of events.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123628148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Philosophical Tradition","authors":"P. Bosman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the development of the image and use of the mythological figure of Heracles in philosophical contexts. Heracles’ mythology is notoriously amoral, but the figure gets drawn into moral roles over time, in tandem with the development of virtue from a heroic to a civic value. Pindar employs him as an example of attaining immortality through virtuous actions and Prodicus’ tale implies that his deeds were the result of autonomous moral choice. Antisthenes and Cynic tradition elevate him to the paradigm for the Cynic way in opting for action (above theory), itinerancy, training of body and soul, and toil. Others also claimed Heracles to have philosophized through his deeds, but prefer an allegorical interpretation of the mythology, a tradition of interpretation that ran from Herodorus through the Stoics Cleanthes, Cornutus and Seneca, and into early Christian apologetics.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126570015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oechalia, Delphi, and Omphale","authors":"Kristin M. Heineman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines some of Heracles’ praxeis that are all connected to the Panhellenic shrine of Delphi—the sack of Oechalia, the struggle for the Delphic tripod and his enslavement to Omphale. At Oechalia, Heracles sacks the city, kills Eurytus and his son, Iphitus, and takes his daughter Iole. While at Delphi, attempting to be purified, Heracles is denied an oracle by the Pythia and so attempts to steal the Delphic tripod. Heracles and Apollo fight over control of the tripod until Zeus intervenes. Finally, Heracles’ enslavement to Omphale is also an act of expiation that the hero must perform, in accordance with an oracle from Delphi.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115371041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deianeira, Death, and Apotheosis","authors":"Dámaris Romero-González","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is focused, in the first part, on the character of Deianeira, especially on her relationship with Achelous, Nessus, and Heracles and how she deals with them. The consequences of these relations are negative, as her name implies (“killer of men”). They are defeated or killed. However, some authors exonerate Deianeira of culpability for Heracles’ death. The death of Heracles and his following apotheosis are examined in the second part. Once he is burned both by the poisoned tunic and the pyre, Heracles’ afterlife is located both in Hades (his mortal part) and with the gods (his immortal part), among whom he enjoys a second youth and a marriage to Hebe, as a prize for his worldly sufferings. Finally, the chapter ends with an analysis of Deianeira’s associations with magic.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129587636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laomedon, Hesione, and the Sea-Monster","authors":"Bronwen L. Wickkiser","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"A generation before the famous Trojan War, a sea-monster threatened Troy. King Laomedon, father of Priam, exposed his daughter Hesione to the creature in order to avert destruction. Heracles, who happened to be sailing by, made a deal with the king: he’d save the daughter in return for the king’s immortal horses. Heracles valiantly fought the monster and saved Hesione, but Laomedon reneged on the agreement, so Heracles stormed and conquered Troy. This chapter examines the long tradition of the story and several key changes to it across time and media, including the literature of Homer, Ovid, medieval epic, and Shakespeare, vase and wall paintings, sculpture, and opera.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134142749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brigands and Cruel Kings","authors":"D. Felton","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"Most of Heracles’ parerga involve not mythological monsters but murderous humans or demigods famous for torturing and murdering travelers unfortunate enough to pass through their territories. Many of these antagonists, such as Cacus, Antaeus, and Cycnus, displayed their victims’ skulls as trophies. Such stories may echo headhunting rituals evidenced by archaeological finds from the Mesolithic through the early Iron Age. Heracles’ victories over these bloodthirsty characters, like his victories over monstrous beasts, may thus not only represent the abstract triumph of “civilized” values but also possibly reflect specific practices of early Mediterranean societies—including skull-taking in battle and human sacrifice related to crop fertility—replaced by more “humane” customs as Hellenic culture developed. These stories, with their extreme concerns about territory and boundaries, may also reflect the xenophobia evident between Greeks and foreigners as Greece expanded her colonial presence in the Mediterranean and beyond.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116425826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles and the Mastery of Geographical Space","authors":"A. Marín","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"The myth of Heracles was modified through the ages and rewritten in accordance with the needs of each period. Given that Heracles was a liminal hero, every time the limits of the world were extended, the spaces Heracles was believed to have reached changed too. Heracles is not satisfied with merely knowing and observing the inhabited world, with controlling it through knowledge; rather, he is a transformer and an alterer of spaces. More than an explorer of the world’s geography, he is a creator of it, and a force of nature in this regard. He is a symbol of Hellenism but also a unifier of Greeks with other peoples, and indeed a unifier of the Mediterranean world in particular.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127656796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heracles as a Quest Hero","authors":"G. Anderson","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"It is worth asking in the first instance what we mean by tasks and quests. When that is done, Heracles can be regarded as an untypical and unusual quest-hero, on a grander scale than any other Greek example; but this is unlikely to do justice to his true function. He is just too complex, and too many details of his legend are still unexplained. Useful comparisons can be drawn with aspects of the Argonautic legend; the Allegory of Prodicus and other philosophical developments point to a different stratum again. Comparisons with the Sumerian Ninurta-legend are a frustrating reminder that we are very far from establishing the early history of this multifaceted hero.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122000463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Greek Cult of Heracles","authors":"Jennifer Larson","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190650988.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Although he is clearly a mortal in the Iliad, both the myth of Heracles’ apotheosis and his earliest divine cults emerged in the seventh century. Geographically, functionally, and in terms of ritual variation, the scope of Heracles’ worship was vast, exceeded only by major Greek deities like Apollo and Artemis. A popular ritual was xenismos, in which hospitality was provided for the god through the spreading of a couch and the offering of food. The cults of Heracles on Thasos and at Sicyon were unusual in that the ritual procedures resembled those for a hero more than a god. War and athletics were key functional domains for Heracles, who was often hailed as Callinicus, “Splendidly Victorious.” His sanctuaries served as convenient mustering or camping places for armies. Like his efficacy in securing military victory, Heracles’ ability to avert all dangers and misfortunes was a staple of popular belief. Heracles was a favorite in both Thebes and Athens, but in one polis he was a native and in the other he was a guest-friend.","PeriodicalId":314797,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Heracles","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130212014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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