2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)最新文献

{"title":"ISTAS 2021 Cover Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114425860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-designing a community-led Internet assessment tool in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada","authors":"Nic Durish, Rekkab Gill, Patrick Houlding, Charlie Flowers, Inez Shiwak, J. Ernst, Daniel J. Gillis","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629151","url":null,"abstract":"Inequitable access to telecommunication networks is having discernible impacts on Canadians, particularly in Northern and remote communities. More complete, available, and interoperable datasets are needed to better quantify inequitable access, particularly at the ‘last mile’ of the internet. Community-based internet assessment initiatives have been recognized as valuable programs in this pursuit. The Rigolet Internet Assessment Initiative (RIAI) is a project located in and led by the Inuit of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, to measure and better understand the community’s telecommunications environment. The RIAI data collection began in 2019 and involves collecting measurements every twenty minutes from ten participating households. Using participatory design methods, this paper describes the co-creation of the initiative, the design of the system and development of the software suite, deployment of the integrated hardware tools, and analysis of a sample of the resulting dataset. As a result of this work, an additional 9,436 measurements were added to databases of publicly available download and upload speeds for the community of Rigolet (where only 2 existed prior) where they can be used to support data-driven policy. Further, findings indicate that the quality of internet in Rigolet is far below the Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission’s upload and download speed goals.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114658481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cybersecurity as the protection of cyberspace","authors":"G. Adamson","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629152","url":null,"abstract":"Humans in the 21st century engage in technology mediated communication much of our lives. It has become a dimension of human existence, and since the COVID-19 pandemic is found increasingly in work, study, and leisure. If we search for a meaning in this communication message, we may describe the totality of this communication technology as cyberspace. Cyberspace is a combination of mass media and technology in a new form. Complete with its own practices, behaviors, and manifestos, functioning cyberspace can be considered a global basis of human existence in the same way as unpolluted air or the absence of a pandemic. While cyberspace is resistant to totalizing control, it is nevertheless fragile, and requires protection if humans are to achieve its benefits. Cybersecurity can be considered simply the protection of immediate, practical and ongoing technology elements. Yet to protect any part of cyberspace, it is necessary to protect all of cyberspace.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"32 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121889369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concrete ethical guidelines and best practices in machine learning development","authors":"Bianca H. Ximenes, Geber Ramalho","doi":"10.1109/ISTAS52410.2021.9728979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS52410.2021.9728979","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid adoption of Machine Learning (ML) in human’s daily lives and activities is raising ethical dilemmas and issues. A form of minimizing possible harm to society is to provide guidance to ML developers, who can build systems that are ethical by design. Unfortunately, developers do not have proper ethical formation in regular undergraduate courses, and the existing documents, despite being abundant, are vague and focused on governments and corporations rather than on individual developers. This paper proposes ethical recommendations, 18 concrete guidelines and 24 best practices, for developers. These recommendations were formulated in a focus group and validated quantitatively in a survey with over 130 ML developers working in both industry and Academia. This paper also investigates the state of adoption of such recommendations and compares what developers think they should do to achieve more ethical results versus what they actually do.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"377 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115971560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven technologies and artificial intelligence in circular economy and waste management systems: a review","authors":"Faisal Shennib, K. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629183","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable waste management is an objective that is far from our current reach, requiring new paradigms of thought, policy, and technology to achieve. The explosion of new applications of data-driven technologies provides the opportunity to be applied to the challenges of waste management and moving towards circular economy. This paper reviews a broad scope of current applications of data-driven and artificial intelligence in the domain of waste management, as collected from journals, reports, and a survey of business practices. We observed that few existing applications aim to make waste data openly available. Based on this gap, we propose novel areas for research and development to assess the potential of collaborative, open, data- driven circular economy initiatives.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121334913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating professionals in virtual practice: Protecting the public interest in rapidly changing digital workplaces","authors":"Kathleen Leslie, T. Adams, S. Nelson, Sophia Myles, Aleah McCormick, Maggie Szu Nin Lin, Catharine J. Schiller, J. Shelley","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629156","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual practice is increasingly transforming service delivery in many professions, particularly with the rapid shift to virtual work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulatory authorities face intense pressure to facilitate this type of work while upholding their legal mandate to protect the public. However, there are many legal and ethical complexities associated with regulating professionals who engage in virtual practice. Regulatory activities in the public interest have changed to encompass the following: ensuring that standards provide guidance for virtual practice on topics such as consent, documentation, and privacy [1][2]; changing entry-to-practice requirements to include digital competencies; facilitating interjurisdictional virtual practice through licensure and liability insurance changes [3][4]; and adapting continuing competence requirements and disciplinary procedures to reflect modern digital environments [5]. Our knowledge synthesis project is shaped by the question: How is the public interest conceptualized when regulating professionals engaged in virtual practice? To answer this, we are conducting two inter-related activities that we will report on in our presentation: (1) A scoping review to map the diverse and interdisciplinary academic and grey literature on this topic; and (2) Policy case studies to examine specific challenges and promising practices across Canada. These deeper dive case examples include the role of professional regulation in the expansion of for-profit telehealth in British Columbia, implementation of a regulatory sandbox for legal innovation in Ontario, new standards of practice for disruptive technologies in the Canadian optical and dental fields and the impact on competition, and an interjurisdictional registration pilot for nurses in Alberta and Saskatchewan. There has been a recent push for regulatory policy reform based on current evidence [6][7]. This knowledge synthesis will help inform regulatory innovation and research in Canada, particularly given the rapid expansion of digitally-enabled work for regulated professionals over the past year.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129744587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canada’s policy approach to “killer robots” and the ethics of autonomous weapons systems","authors":"Kari Zacharias, K. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629188","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing international policy discussions on the regulation of autonomous weapons have advanced the concept of “meaningful human control” as an ethical benchmark for weapons systems. In academic discourse, ethical objections to the development and use of autonomous weapons systems include arguments based in feasibility, accountability, human dignity, and established rules for armed combat. This article situates current policy discussions on autonomous weapons systems, and Canadian policy in particular, with respect to the ethical discourse around such systems. We ask how the idea of meaningful human control intersects with various ethical objections to autonomous weapons, and propose a set of questions for policymakers.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124109518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protecting marginalized communities by mitigating discrimination in toxic language detection","authors":"Farshid Faal, K. Schmitt, Jia Yuan Yu","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629201","url":null,"abstract":"As the harms of online toxic language become more apparent, countering online toxic behavior is an essential application of natural language processing. The first step in managing toxic language risk is identification, but algorithmic approaches have themselves demonstrated bias. Texts containing some demographic identity terms such as gay or Black are more likely to be labeled as toxic in existing toxic language detection datasets. In many machine learning models introduced for toxic language detection, non-toxic comments containing minority and marginalized community-specific identity terms were given unreasonably high toxicity scores. To address the challenge of bias in toxic language detection, we propose a two-step training approach. A pretrained language model with a multitask learning objective will mitigate biases in the toxicity classifier prediction. Experiments demonstrate that jointly training the pretrained language model with a multitask objective can effectively mitigate the impacts of unintended biases and is more robust to model bias towards commonly-attacked identity groups presented in datasets without significantly hurting the model’s generalizability.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127599919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Welcome Message from the Finance Chair","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131302822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twitter, media ecology, information warfare: Ethical and anticipated ethical issues","authors":"R. Wilson, Michael Shifflett","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629172","url":null,"abstract":"Media ecology theory is the study of media, technology, and communication and how they affect human environments. The theoretical concepts were proposed by Marshall McLuhan in 1964, while the term media ecology was first formally introduced by Marshall McLuhan in 1962. Ecology in this context refers to the environment in which the medium is used—what they are and how they affect society. Neil Postman states, “Media ecology looks into the matter of how media of communication affect human perception, understanding, feeling, and value; and how our interaction with media facilitates or impedes our chances of survival. The word ecology implies the study of environments: their structure, content, and impact on people. An environment is, after all, a complex message system which imposes on human beings certain ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.” Media ecology argues that media act as extensions of the human senses in each era, and communication technology is the primary cause of social change. Every communication technology (medium) has fundamental physical, psychological, and social characteristics that are basically separate and fixed. These characteristics condition how users of a medium communicate, process information, give meaning to and make sense of the world. Every communication technology conditions users to think and to speak in specific ways. In order to understand how Twitter accomplishes this, the features that define Twitter need to be identified. Twitter is a microblogging platform, a form of blogging in which tweets typically consists of short phrases, quick comments, images or links to video’s limited to 280 characters. As a platform used for communication Twitter can be described as having three key features: simplicity, impulsiveness and incivility.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128984750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}