2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)最新文献

{"title":"A normative framework of artificial moral agents","authors":"Z. Gan","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629179","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a normative framework for designing and evaluating ethical machines, that is, artificial moral agents (AMAs). There are no systematic evaluations yet to compare ethical machines with similar functions or to validate if a machine is successful enough to achieve the goal defined by the research teams. The framework mainly includes conceptual analysis and nontechnical aspects of installing ethics into a machine with only a few suggestions in the technical dimension. In contrast to the mainstream action-centric models of AMAs, which unjustifiably implies the assumption of “ethics in ethics out,” I will propose an agent-based model of AMAs, which stresses how to design a pattern of a machine that will ensure replicating human ethical behaviors and possessing the abilities of learning, adjusting, and progressing on its own. In particular, the agent-based model of AMAs is able to make and adjust its decisions from a recipient-position with a second-person perspective which is essentially interpersonal. When an AMA uses the second-person perspective to make decisions, it means the machine should be responsive to the reactions and the impacts of humans in the circumstances. AMAs should judge synthetically from the ethical features in the situations instead of just following ethical principles or any ethical theory. Therefore, the agent-based model of AMAs does not have to prefer specific ethical theory which may also avoid the disadvantages of following specific ethical theories. AMAs should also be applied in the specific but not wide field because the second person perspective is often context-dependent. If more and more research teams incline to create domain-specific AMAs, the productions will contribute to establishing domain-specific evaluations to compare different systems of AMA. The proposed framework will deliver a message that not only the process of creating AMAs but also their decisions should be always human-in-the-loop. In short, the purpose of creating AMAs should contribute to making better ethical decisions for humans rather than replace people to make decisions.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124874803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative assessment of cyber-physical threats to megacities","authors":"Jordyn Dennis, C. Grady, S. Rajtmajer","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629170","url":null,"abstract":"By 2030, forecasts suggest that urban areas will house 60 percent of the world’s population and one in every three people will live in cities with at least half a million inhabitants. Within the same time frame, the number of global megacities is expected to jump from 33 today to 43 in 2030 [1]. Underpinning these large urban areas will be an interconnected network of critical physical infrastructures reliant on Internet-connected Industrial Control Systems and susceptible to increasingly sophisticated, e.g., AI-enabled, cyber threats. In hand, the cyber threat landscape is shifting rapidly. We are seeing a sharp rise in the number of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure [2] with significant impacts cascading across multiple sectors and causing disruption to the provisioning of essential goods and services. Security scholars suggest that these impacts are not always equitable and that disruption to critical infrastructure can affect vulnerable groups differently [3], which further emphasizes the need to improve cybersecurity between critical infrastructure sectors [4]. Through structured analysis of city statistics, demographic information, cyber incidents, and current cyber policy, our presentation will articulate potential social implications of megacity growth through the lens of cyber-physical infrastructure disruption. We investigate the largest 15 megacities in the world and find that megacities continue to grow in population but not in cyber policy. We highlight recent examples of cyber-physical disruption in Mumbai and New York City with focus on implications for vulnerable populations. Our work suggests the need for future research on social responsibility regarding security of these critical infrastructure sectors and on the need for technology-focused law, policy, and regulation guidelines.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128473921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trust and explainability in A/IS-mediated healthcare: Operationalizing the therapeutic alliance in a distributed system","authors":"J. Schoenherr","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629118","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare systems are under-resourced. Autonomous and intelligent systems (A/IS) bring the promise of providing methods that can supplement, or replace, healthcare professionals (HCPs). However, healthcare is most effect when patients and HCPs develop a therapeutic alliance (i.e., a trusting relationships) that might not be replicable in A/IS-human interaction. A framework is provided to operationalize the therapeutic alliance in A/IS-mediate healthcare. Using models of persuasive communication as a guide, it assumes that treatment compliance requires understanding discrepancies between the disease models of HCPs and patients in a transactive memory network. The paper also highlights the ethical issues that arise from the creation, or failures of, this process.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127759844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of curriculum and internship culture on developing ethical technologists: A case study of the University of Waterloo","authors":"Conor Truax, Alexi Orchard, Heather A. Love","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629124","url":null,"abstract":"The past decade has witnessed an influx of attention to promoting ethical and responsible tech design from within the industry as well as across governmental and academic sectors. In response to these appeals, this paper engages with engineering ethics education and its approaches to developing ethically competent and socially responsible graduates. Through a case study of the University of Waterloo (uWaterloo), Canada, we observed that ethics curriculum in engineering and tech-related disciplines is not the sole influence of the burgeoning technologist’s ethical reasoning skills, but that cooperative (co-op) education and internship culture play a significant role as students are exposed to the ethos of the innovation-driven tech industry that permeates uWaterloo and surrounding Kitchener-Waterloo region. We suggest that the cultural religiosity of co-op education, epitomized through an omnipresent “Cali[fornia]-or-Bust” mindset, results in a distortion of motives toward practicing responsible tech design. This study draws upon survey responses of undergraduate engineering students from a communications course which focused on the ethical dimensions of engineering work. The results indicate that students recognize the importance of ethics but struggle to relate these principles to other courses, projects, and their co-op roles. To this end, we conclude that there is an ethical disconnect between engineering curriculum and the culture of tech-based co-op education, resulting in a de-emphasis of ethical and responsible practice to future graduates. Future work will need to consider alternative approaches to teaching ethics that account for the range of students’ educational and work-related experiences, as well as take an ethnographic perspective on the coop and internship culture that exists at uWaterloo and other schools with similar models of integrated work-study.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"058 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130934793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmentally smart contracts for artists using non-fungible tokens","authors":"Dan Weijers, H. J. Turton","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629203","url":null,"abstract":"We propose Environmentally Smart Contracts, a new kind of smart contract for non-fungible tokens to solve the prudential-moral dilemma facing digital artists. The current proof-of-work-dominated non-fungible token environment requires artists to trade off the prudential benefits and the environmental costs of selling their art on blockchains. By fully correcting for environmental externalities, Environmentally Smart Contracts will allow artists to reap the sales benefits of non-fungible tokens without contributing to environmental degradation. Concrete steps to encourage the development of Environmentally Smart Contracts are discussed.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125427941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics training: Cultivating an ethical engineer identity","authors":"S. LeFrancois, G. Centeno, K. Reeves","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629178","url":null,"abstract":"There is limited research regarding the impact of current engineering ethics programs on the development of engineers. Most of the literature on this topic does not discuss the role ethics plays in how engineers regard their identity as engineers. Our 4-year NSF funded project directly addresses this oversight by assessing the impact of integrating engineering ethics education with student engineering internships. This is being conducted jointly at Florida Polytechnic University (FPU) and the University of South Florida (USF).Realizing that both academia and industry play an important role in the professional formation of engineers, we are developing an approach that merges engineering ethics training in an academic setting with internships in an industrial setting. The aims are to: 1) promote the development of ethical sensitivity and reasoning skills in engineering students as they serve in industrial internships just before beginning their professional careers, and 2) promote the establishment of ethics as a core concern associated with their sense of identity as engineers. The purpose of this paper is to present the rationale for and description of our proposed intervention.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126723269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual assistants and privacy: An anticipatory ethical analysis","authors":"Richard Wilson, Ion A. Iftimie","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629164","url":null,"abstract":"With the use of the simple phrase, “OK, Google,” or “Hey Alexa…” a user has the world at their fingertips. Virtual assistants are what makes up a whole new artificial intelligence market where these new voice-activated systems are now assisting humans not only with daily tasks but also with making decisions. The virtual assistant market is focused on having the virtual assistant perform a wide range of activities where they want humans do less, and technology does more. Virtual assistants provide help with simple tasks but they are now a major source for research, finance management and other services that use machine learning as the basis of analysis. Virtual assistants function through the use cloud-based program where they use previous data to enhance the current device’s performance. While virtual assistants make day-to-day life much easier for the individuals who use it, there is still a question of privacy and who has access to the information gathered by the personal assistant. The technical issues with virtual assistants include data being skewed and a breach of privacy by storing information on the cloud server rather than on the computer’s hard drive, queries being sent to various companies where the data may be stored for up to two years, and saved queries being connected to their users data in order to associate the collected information with a profile created with the user’s data. By having these flaws related virtual assistant devices, consumers are less likely to trust this form of technology that the market is trying to promote and enlarge. These technical issues lead to ethical concerns that will analyzed in this discussion. The ethical issues that arise from the technological concerns with virtual assistants are the lack of notification that is given to the user when this information gets stored. The user has little, or no, knowledge regarding to where their personal data is going and where it is being stored. Companies are known to have used the information collected to create a more micro-targeted form of marketing, leading them to deeper profits. The social consequence of virtual assistants is that the consumer is left in the dark when it comes to their own, private, personal information. Companies claim that once a user agrees to their terms and conditions that they now own the consumers data but that information still belongs to an individual, creating a confusing dynamic of who owns what data. Despite the technical and ethical issues that are related to virtual assistants, there are several benefits to this new technology that has helped shaped the climate of the technological world. This analysis will examine examples of different virtual assistants, the ethical problems that are associated with them, and carry out an anticipatory ethical analysis of problems that may arise in the future. From this analysis policy can be developed about personal assistants.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"112 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123124003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical decision-making responsibility in Canadian autonomous vehicle policies","authors":"Kiana Mokrian, B. Leech","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629123","url":null,"abstract":"The development and deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) brings on a shift in moral agency from human drivers to the vehicle. This also necessarily results in the need for a shift in the hierarchy and reactivity of policymaking. It also introduces ethical questions that demand answers lest vehicles are deployed that in the operations fundamentally go against Canadian rights and freedoms. This paper first argues that AVs will act as moral agents that require an embedded ethical framework from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and developers. Then, after reviewing current Canadian policies and papers regarding AV technology, and how various ethical concepts including bias, justice and equity are discussed within them, recommendations are made to assure that the vehicles can be deployed ethically, without introducing biases and pre-mediated ethical decisions that go against values integral to our society.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131551840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why and how to regulate emerging technology","authors":"K. LaGrandeur","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629207","url":null,"abstract":"My presentation will focus on how our development of intelligent technology—intended to make our lives easier—has brought along with its advantages numerous hazardous consequences that call for more careful regulation. After giving some examples of specific looming hazards, my presentation will conclude by suggesting multiple avenues for regulation that developers, industry, and government can take that may work to mitigate dangerous consequences of unregulated emerging technology.One of the examples of new AI-based technology that has some great positive potential, but which is also subject to abuse is Brain Computer Interface (BCI). The newer forms of it hold great promise for medical therapy: it has been used with some success to help control extremely severe forms of Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorder, and depression. However, it also has been used in dangerous ways. In China, some businesses are monitoring data from employees’ brains by forcing them to wear caps outfitted with sensors while they work; these sensor arrays can scan their brainwaves for emotional disturbances and send that data to AI run by corporate management. At one such business, the Hangzhou Zhongheng Electric factory, the management feeds that data into algorithms that allow AI to recommend how to manage these wired-up human workers, such as adjusting “the pace of production and redesign[ing] workflows” [1]. Thus, humans have gone from running machines to having machines run them. This scenario is far from isolated. I will discuss further examples of this and other double-sided effects to our social fabric posed by emerging technology. Then I will delineate specific ways we can better regulate it to reduce the danger that our smart technology becomes hazardous to our wellbeing","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121063738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing resources to minimize COVID-19 impact in vulnerable neighborhoods using georeferencing","authors":"Cristina Dreifuss-Serrano, José Cepero Saravia","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629149","url":null,"abstract":"The health emergency of COVID-19 brought particular challenges to vulnerable regions, especially in the global South. Local governments were faced with new tasks and risk situations, and the need for rapid and effective responses. Analyzing the program “Lima te cuida” as a case study of the use of resources and communication, we show a successful experience of technology-focused decision making, and social participation, through the use of geo-referencing to identify and prioritize intervention areas. This in turn leads to interdepartmental collaboration, rational use of resources, and empowerment of local communities towards solid governance that both solves problems in a more practical way and gives feedback to the authorities in identifying specific problems and possible solutions.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122767806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}