2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)最新文献

{"title":"Should the private sector conduct “hack back” operations against cyberattackers? An ethical dilemma: cyber self-defense or cyber vigilante?","authors":"YuLin Bingle, D. Schaeffer","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","url":null,"abstract":"Recent cyber ransomware attacks against certain sectors of the U.S. critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR) show just how vulnerable the ICS and SCADA—industrial control system and supervisory control and data acquisition—is to being held captive and manipulated by malicious cyber actors. The ransomware attacks against the Colonial Pipeline Company forced a six-day shutdown of the main pipeline that supplied fuel on the U.S. East Coast, causing public concern and increased fuel prices. Beyond questions of whether private sector companies have expertise to hack back or the ability to ascertain attribution of the attacker(s), the core issue we should consider: is it ethical for the private sector to hack back against cyberattackers? Those who advocate private sectors’ right to hack back would compare the actions to the right of self-defense. While those who oppose the private sector from conducting hack back operations would link the actions to be more akin to vigilante actions in the physical domain which are actions involving enforcement, investigation, and punishment without legal law enforcement authority. This research would benefit private sector owners and operators of CIKR, U.S. government policymakers, and academic researchers interested in ethical issues at the intersection of technology and cyberspace. This project would propose to research and examine the ethical considerations of private sector hack back actions in cyberspace by asking: 1) are there differences between cyber domain and physical domains that make hack back operations ethical in cyberspace? 2) are hack back operations akin to self-defense or vigilante actions?","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129781703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical implications of brain-computer interfaces with emotion, motor imagery, and subvocal speech classification","authors":"Joseph O’Neill, Jenario Johnson, Rutledge Detyens, R. W. Batista, S. Oprisan, Prosenjit Chatterjee, R. Integlia","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629168","url":null,"abstract":"Research for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) has rapidly developed in recent years. Significant advances in this field include brain-controlled bionic limbs and wheelchairs. With these devices, there is a potential benefit for patients with neurologic and neuromuscular diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ALS involves the degeneration of motor neurons rapidly over time, leading to paralysis and loss of speech. BCIs have the potential to allow ALS patients to continue to communicate and move with the help of subvocal speech classification and motor imagery control applications. Despite the promise of these devices to improve the quality of life, we must evaluate the ethical implications that will arise due to the advancement of these devices. More advanced and accurate devices that can restore speech could also easily be used to read or listen in on the thoughts of its users, thereby presenting a unique question of ethics. In this paper, we will discuss the current progress, trends, and future ethical implications of current advancements in BCIs. We will also introduce a conceptual BCI-based device with emotion classification, subvocal speech classification, and motor imagery applications.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128679208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing IoT systems and devices for trust by users with disabilities","authors":"D. Wittkower, Stephanie J. Blackmon, Krzysztof J. Rechowicz, H. Herdegen","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629147","url":null,"abstract":"This session will present results from an interdisciplinary mixed-methods research project on trust and access in the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices by disabled persons. The year-long project is directed by professors in Philosophy, Education, and Modeling and Simulation, and will produce a trust framework as well as a prototype app. This presentation will focus on research outcomes about how designers and engineers can build IoT systems and devices that are most likely to be trusted by users with disabilities. The empirical component of the project was situated in universal design (UD) and universal design learning (UDL), and included 63 survey responses, three focus groups, and 58 journals, with the qualitative data being collected and analyzed according to constructivist grounded theory. Oriented by this empirical research, we conducted a literature review of trust discourses in HCI and engineering publication, as well as a review of philosophical work on epistemological and ethical issues in experiences and practices of trust. In this presentation, we will present a primer for abled engineers on the lived experience of disability as a design context relevant to technology adoption. This will address the medical and social model of disability, an analysis of solutionism as a barrier to effective design for disabled users, and a typology of the most relevant sorts of trust for design for disabled users (viz. trust as reliability, trust as veracity, and trust as stewardship), developed through a post-phenomenological analysis of UX in tech interfaces paradigmatic of disabled lived experience. We will also provide an overview of our trust framework which avoids the solutionist implications of providing a checklist or series of principles by instead providing guiding processes and questions.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126004515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On media and disinformation: Examining viewer judgment of political video authenticity","authors":"Keith McNamara, Imani N. Sherman, F. Tavassoli, Jean D. Louis, J. Gilbert","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629120","url":null,"abstract":"Disinformation is false information created to mis-lead public belief. In politics, disinformation is often used to persuade public opinion and achieve political victory. False information can be spread through word of mouth, news articles, images, and videos. The use of manipulated media is becoming a source of concern for the general public. Researchers are exploring the impact of manipulated media on public opinion. While prior research has investigated the effects of various news articles and images, to our knowledge, researchers have yet to explore the impact of manipulated videos of political figures on public opinion. We conducted a between-subjects user study with 420 participants. First, participants viewed edited or unedited videos related to a political candidate and then answered some survey questions regarding their opinion on the political figures. Our findings suggest that video headlines and news sources have influenced user interpretations and beliefs. However, many participants were skeptical about the authenticity of the videos. Overall, we see that a viewer’s political leanings do affect their judgment of a video’s authenticity but the Figure involved and the context of the video matter as well.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125347911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiencing smart farming: Effects of an interactive future scenario","authors":"Elke Brucker-Kley, Thomas Keller, Romina Stumpp","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629136","url":null,"abstract":"The research presented in this paper explores the potential of narrative scenarios to underpin a discourse on the designability of Smart Farming from the farmer’s perspective. The systematic approach to create and validate the multilinear interactive scenario is described and the results of an online field experiment with 56 Swiss farmers are presented.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121512280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing, nanotechnology and organ printing: An ethical and anticipatory ethical analysis","authors":"Richardf . Wilson","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629138","url":null,"abstract":"“An enhanced understanding of fundamental biological sciences primarily the interaction and interplay between biological cells and integrative biological chemical and structural cues within and in Vivo milieu or natural 3 dimensional micro environment requires a carefully defined role for engineering design and Manufacturing to meet the challenges presented by increasingly complex biological problems.” [1]Organ printing and tissue engineering can be used in conjunction with the application of additive computer-aided manufacturing process technologies, which create a layered pattern disposition of complex 3D bearing biological structures with biomolecular and biopolymer material integration. The term organ printing has been more narrowly defined as a biomedical variant of rapid prototyping technology or computer-aided robotic layer-by-layer at biofabrication of 3D human tissues and organs using self-assembling tissue spheroids as building blocks. The combination of 3D printing, nanotechnology, and organ printing can make a tremendous impact on the practice of medicine. 3D printed organs based upon his biological principles in which the self-assembly process, refers to a series of processes, where researchers are actively involved in combining atoms and molecules in aggregates of molecules and components, which eventually arrange themselves into ordered function entities without human intervention. The analysis will review current developments and attempt to identify future developments in organ printing techniques including, micro extrusion based printing, inkjet base printing, and laser-based printing as the possible ways that organs can be printed through developments in nanotechnology and 3D printing. In order for this to occur many challenges will need to be overcome. This analysis will focus on the ethical issues related to 3D organ printing in conjunction with developments in nanotechnology from the perspectives of researchers and physicians, patients and future patients (members of society). In addition an anticipatory ethical analysis will be conducted based upon a projection of future possibilities related to the confluence of 3D technology, nanotechnology and organ printing. In general practical ethicists attempt to identify and address social and ethical issues that arise in the world around us. When practical ethicists attempt to identify ethical problems that may develop in the future, these problems are often identified based upon these general ethical principles. Anticipatory ethics has emerged and begun to gain attention in the area of information technology ethics. Anticipatory ethics can be characterized as focusing on the problems that can be anticipated as potentially arising because of emerging technologies. In this analysis anticipatory ethics will be employed to analyze future possibilities related to the confluence of 3D technology, nanotechnology and organ printing.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127648515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dignity or degradation: The risks and realities of carebots in Quebec","authors":"Sabrina Knappe","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629175","url":null,"abstract":"The use of robots in elder care has been a topic of debate in ethics for the last twenty years. Care robots (carebots) present an opportunity to improve health outcomes for those in long term care by facilitating patients’ independence and reducing the workload on caregivers. However, many existing carebot projects have the potential to do harm, both on an individual and societal level. In this paper, the author examines the ethical implications of deploying carebots in the context of Quebec Public Health with a focus of the potential consequences of use in residential and long-term care centers (CHSLDs). The author connects the ethical principles that have been adopted by Quebec Public Health with the ethical discourse surrounding care robots, discusses the way Quebec Public Health adopts technology, then analyzes the relevance of various care robot projects. The result is a set of guidelines for the deployment of carebots in Quebec care homes.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133725805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithmic pragmatism: First steps","authors":"João Pontual de Arruda Falcão, Silvio Romero de Lemos Meira, Geber Ramalho","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629190","url":null,"abstract":"Algorithmic interventions (the intricate, dynamic arrangements of people and code deployed to address everyday life problems) benefit society. However, they are also responsible for many complex social, economic, and political harms. Unfortunately, there is an epistemological gap in computer science. Computer science lacks the language, the knowledge, and the methods for dealing with how to make algorithms’ stakeholders responsible, accountable, and liable for their outcomes’ effects, impacts, and consequences. Our research focuses on seizing pragmatism philosophy and linguistic pragmatics to reform computer science epistemology, expanding SDLC (system development life cycle framework) based on clinical pragmatics. We support reform to SDLC to help diminish algorithmic interventions’ adverse effects by design or, at least, to assign stakeholders’ duties for every algorithmic intervention in society. The algorithmic pragmatism conceptual framework presented could be taught in schools and universities and be used to public regulate and judge algorithmic interventions. Overall, we aim to design means of thinking about computer systems and algorithms to fill the computer science epistemology gap related to the impacts and consequences of algorithmic interventions.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134366898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpacking Amazon through meatpacking, Adam Smith, and digital colonialism","authors":"Soraya Cardenas","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629196","url":null,"abstract":"In 2021, The New York Times reported that Amazon founder, Jeff Bezos, believed that workers were inherently lazy. Also, Amazon’s strict policies and heavy-handed surveillance contributed to a culture of fear. Bezos’ ideas of lazy employees can also be captured as early as 1776 in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, but unlike Bezos, Smith believed that employees’ motivation could be mitigated through compensation and companies giving back to their employees. Though Smith believed that workers should be compensated, he embodied questionable beliefs, such as racism and labor exploitation. These ideas of racism and exploitation were also practiced during colonialism with the likes of Cecil Rhodes. Despite colonialism appearing to be a distasteful vestige of the past, the reality is that these same beliefs and exploitative systems exist today. To understand the transcendence of labor exploitation, which has not been stagnant since colonialism, but rather continual, the meatpacking industry is introduced. From a personal narrative, providing a more intimate portrait of labor exploitation, this paper will weave the daunting similarities of the Meat Industry with Amazon. Finally, this paper introduces digital colonialism and how modern colonialism is being used by tech companies. Essentially, many modern practices used by tech companies can be traced to the historical foundations of racism and colonialism and governments’ propensity to favor their accumulation function over their own legitimization.","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115270140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Welcome Message from the Publications Chair","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":314239,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127825880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}