{"title":"Infrastructuring to support multi-discipline, multi-stakeholder research: Co-designing synergy through a systems lens","authors":"Eli Hatleskog","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores how systems informed collaborative design practice can help multi-discipline, multi-stakeholder research to integrate knowledge and think in aligned ways. Whilst there is growing appreciation for the need to do joined-up complex research and move beyond one-way research processes, there is less consensus on how researchers can practically work together to integrate their skills, expertise, and knowledge. Through working closely with an ongoing research consortium, participatory design approaches were developed that can benefit complex research projects, leading towards better collaboration across disciplines sectors and publics. Learning from interviews with researchers on a large-scale multi-discipline multi-sector consortium, who came from different backgrounds, with varying perspectives and expectations, collaborative design methods were developed to support researchers in taking self-determined steps toward more productive research infrastructures. The consortium aimed to employ systems approaches to help researchers to understand and address complex urban challenges. Taking a starting point in different understandings of systems approaches on the project, the design research was influenced by contemporary approaches to community involvement in the urban planning system. The activities described in this paper sought to build capacity towards a responsive infrastructure of shared connections, interests, and needs, with the overarching aims of supporting future discussions about dynamics, interactions, alignments, and synergies; and making a process contribution to the improved integration of the consortium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104034"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reflections eight years on from the first declaration of climate emergency: The role of LDA topic modelling combined with qualitative policy analysis in detecting a frame of \"climate emergency\" in real-world policy","authors":"Kathryn Davidson , Thi Minh Phuong Nguyen , Sombol Mokhles , Zichao Sang","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper considers the merits of combining LDA topic modeling as a technique in Natural Language Processing [NLP] and policy analysis to contribute to methods for systematically analysing the rapidly evolving climate policy landscape. The novelty of the use of topic modelling within our methods contributes to a growing literature on using NLP to analyse policy changes. In our case study, we consider the policy frame of “climate emergency”. Eight years after the first declaration of climate emergency and now with the movement slowing, it is timely to reflect on the presence (or not) of the climate emergency policy mode. To do so, we undertake a text analysis of local government climate strategy documents of 70 local governments in Australia that declared a climate emergency from 2016 to the end of 2022. We aim to ascertain whether the framing of \"climate emergency\" can be detected in real-world policy utilising a mixed-methods approach of qualitative and quantitative methods, including the use of LDA topic modelling and qualitative policy analysis. We conclude that topic modelling techniques such as LDA contribute to the identification and analysis of the evolving framing of “climate emergency” in local governments’ policies. LDA Topic modelling complements traditional qualitative policy analysis by introducing efficient and replicable methods for comprehensive examination of policy documents. In addition, for the first time at scale, we can assess the impact of the Climate Emergency Declaration movement across local governments in Australia, revealing the presence of all key attributes of the climate emergency mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamara Avellán , Andrea B. Müller , Daniella Kristensen , Chrysaida-Aliki Papadopoulou , Maria P. Papadopoulou , Ingrida Bremere , Stefania Munaretto , Florentina Nanu , Malgorzata Blicharska
{"title":"Impact of explicit consent to data protection rules on the stakeholder landscape in transdisciplinary Nexus research projects","authors":"Tamara Avellán , Andrea B. Müller , Daniella Kristensen , Chrysaida-Aliki Papadopoulou , Maria P. Papadopoulou , Ingrida Bremere , Stefania Munaretto , Florentina Nanu , Malgorzata Blicharska","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transdisciplinary Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus projects intend to engage stakeholders from a broad base. European Union funded projects must adhere to General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) that govern the way in which personal data of stakeholders is gathered, stored, and used. In the H2020 project NEXOGENESIS, WEFE nexus interlinkages are assessed in five river basins, four in Europe and one in Southern Africa. This work is carried out in a participatory manner and stakeholder engagement plays a central role. Stakeholders were asked to actively consent to the collection, storage, and use of their information through a privacy policy consent form. Active engagement with stakeholders occurred in the first half of the project (2021–2023) through stakeholder workshops via different modalities in each of the five case studies, and targeted stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions. We show that the stakeholders that actively consent to the use of their information are not evenly distributed across all sectors but are generally from the water sector and have high interest and rather low power. Our study provides evidence that the need to sign a consent form reveals biases in the stakeholder landscape. Results also show that consent rates increased with active engagement situations and were relatively high through face-to-face interactions but were the highest in absolute terms through hybrid events. Using consent forms not only helps increase the transparency of how personal data of stakeholders is used, but also helps show the biases that are present in the active stakeholder base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104029"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander J.F. Martin , Emma S. Bacon , Niigani Migizikwe Jenna V.L. Valiquette , Serena Soucy , Amber Grant , Tenley M. Conway
{"title":"History, engagement, and visibility of Indigenous Peoples in urban forest management plans from Canada and the United States","authors":"Alexander J.F. Martin , Emma S. Bacon , Niigani Migizikwe Jenna V.L. Valiquette , Serena Soucy , Amber Grant , Tenley M. Conway","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental justice in urban forestry is concerned with recognizing and centering the needs of under-engaged communities in planning and decision-making processes. To examine the engagement and visibility of Indigenous Peoples in urban forestry, this study reviewed 181 urban forest management plans (UFMPs) from Canada and the United States. Themes pertaining to Indigenous Peoples were found in only 16 Canadian (22 %) and 27 US (25 %) UFMPs. The most common reference to Indigeneity in the UFMPs briefly referred to the pre-European history of the region, often omitting how settler-colonialism impacted the socio-ecological landscape. Only three UFMPs included a land acknowledgement, despite all cities being located on traditional territory of Indigenous Peoples. Even with a focus on the socio-ecological benefits of urban trees throughout the UFMPs, few referenced socio-cultural and provisioning benefits for Indigenous Peoples specifically. On-going Indigenous engagement was only discussed in one UFMP, although five acknowledged Indigenous engagement in creating the UFMP and eight mentioned plans for long-term engagement. Reconciliation was described in three UFMPs, with one Canadian UFMP referencing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action. Given the deep cultural connection that Indigenous communities share with the environment, the impacts of settler colonialism, and the underrepresentation of reconciliation and decolonization principles with urban environmental planning, it is imperative that Indigenous Peoples be recognized and centered within urban forest planning and decision-making. Supporting engagement and co-governance with Indigenous Peoples acknowledges their rights, traditional ways of knowing, promotes recognitional justice, and helps to foster a more sustainable and just urban future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104026"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Michael Rosset , Ivanete Ferreira Fernandes , Lia Pinheiro Barbosa , Cosma dos Santos Damasceno , Weeraboon Wisartsakul
{"title":"Unlearning the green revolution: Inventory of agroecological practices in Ceará, Brazil, an instrument for decolonizing territory and (re)valuing peasant knowledge","authors":"Peter Michael Rosset , Ivanete Ferreira Fernandes , Lia Pinheiro Barbosa , Cosma dos Santos Damasceno , Weeraboon Wisartsakul","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article we discuss the use of an inventory or mapping of agroecological practices, part of the \"Peasant to Peasant\" (PtP) methodology that is used to promote the territorialization of peasant agroecology, as a method for the epistemic decolonization of a territory. The so-called Green Revolution involved the imposition of exogenous technologies and knowledge, causing the fragmentation and devaluation of local peasant farming knowledge and practices adapted to local conditions, while locking farmers into external dependence. It was an epistemic colonization. The construction of an emancipatory horizontal process of <em>peasant agroecology</em>, on the other hand, necessarily requires “unlearning” that externally imposed exogenous knowledge. We use the case of the PtP process in the Santana Settlement, an agrarian reform community of the Landless Rural Workers' Movement (MST) in Ceará, Brazil, in order to demonstrate and analyze the inventory as a collective tool for decolonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Abunyewah , Thayaparan Gajendran , Michael Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie , Charles Baah , Seth Asare Okyere , Amila Kasun Sampath Udage Kankanamge
{"title":"The multidimensional impacts of heatwaves on human ecosystems: A systematic literature review and future research direction","authors":"Matthew Abunyewah , Thayaparan Gajendran , Michael Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie , Charles Baah , Seth Asare Okyere , Amila Kasun Sampath Udage Kankanamge","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming continues to exacerbate heatwave severity, duration, and frequency causing impacts that threaten humanity, and the physical and anthropogenic environment. Although research on heatwave impacts has increased, the majority of studies have focused on social effects relegating to the background other crucial impacts. Such a narrow focus on social impacts limits the realization of a thorough understanding of the net impacts of heatwaves. Using the PRISMA protocol, this study conducts a review of 127 peer-reviewed articles to provide a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of heatwave impacts highlighting key policies, adaptation strategies and barriers. The review found traceable evidence of heatwaves impact on human and environmental ecosystems via 11 thematic pathways namely, health, food crisis/water shortage, infrastructure/energy use, disaster hazard displacement, labour productivity, living cost, industry loss, infrastructure cost, water resources/marine life, vegetation/wildlife, and ozone/air/particulate pollution grouped under social, economic, and environmental dimensions. These multidimensional impacts of heatwaves necessitate stakeholder synergies in pooling resources and integrating diverse types of information to tackle impacts and develop inclusive policies and adaptation strategies for better heat resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104024"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey Chow , Tianle Liu , Coco Dijia Du , Rui Hu , Xun Wu
{"title":"From research to policy recommendations: A scientometric case study of air quality management in the Greater Bay Area, China","authors":"Jeffrey Chow , Tianle Liu , Coco Dijia Du , Rui Hu , Xun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the consensus that science can inform policymakers about environmental problems and solutions, the empirical literature on the pathways and dynamics of how science influences environmental policymaking is limited. Particularly understudied is how institutional factors shape scientific contributions to environmental policy - from research support systems to the nature of policy recommendations that emerge. Through scientometric meta-analysis, this study examines the contribution of scientific research to air pollution policy discussions in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China by investigating: the types of institutions funding and conducting research, the relationship between institutional characteristics and likelihood of policy recommendations, and how institutional arrangements shape the types of recommendations made. Governed under the \"One Country, Two Systems\" framework, the GBA offers an opportunity to examine how institutional factors such as political systems and government involvement in funding and co-authorship shape the science-policy interface. By analyzing a dataset of scientific studies on air pollution in the GBA, we find that English-language articles focused on Hong Kong are less likely to have government co-authors and are more likely to include policy recommendations when compared with the Chinese literature focused on the entire GBA. Scientific papers published in the Chinese literature have more government involvement in terms of both funding and authorship, with these papers tending to be more cautious in their policy recommendations. Although Hong Kong studies are more likely to propose new policies, such studies become less critical of existing policies if they are funded by mainland city governments or overseas national governments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104025"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renee Zahnow , Ali Rad Yousefnia , Mahnoosh Hassankhani , Ali Cheshmehzangi
{"title":"Climate change inequalities: A systematic review of disparities in access to mitigation and adaptation measures","authors":"Renee Zahnow , Ali Rad Yousefnia , Mahnoosh Hassankhani , Ali Cheshmehzangi","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is tightly coupled with patterns of inequality at both the global and local spatial scales. Inequitable access to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies can exacerbate existing social vulnerabilities and enhance disparities in the impacts of climate change. Despite advances in the development of sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies, the extent to which access to practical initiatives is equitable across the population remains poorly understood. This study provides a systematic review of empirical studies that consider social equality in access to climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Our findings show that in the last decade, research has tended to focus on international income inequalities and climate injustice while few studies have considered inequalities in access to mitigation and adaptation initiatives at the neighbourhood or city level. Also largely absent from the reviewed research, were studies focused on vulnerabilities other than economic disadvantage, such as immigrant status, language barriers or physical disabilities. We suggest that more studies using mixed-methods are required to co-develop sustainable climate change adaptation practices that are accessible for all individuals and appropriate within local contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The endogenous action space in urban biodiversity governance: Socio-political fragmentation, serendipity of agency, and value articulation strategies","authors":"Viola Hakkarainen , Christopher M. Raymond","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid and inclusive approaches to biodiversity conservation globally depend on recognizing the multiple values of nature and shifting away from purely economic valuation towards the inclusion of more plural values. However, issues of power, politics, and agency in local level environmental governance contexts remain critically under-examined in regard to working with plural values. In this paper, we shine a spotlight on urban biodiversity conservation as a contested political context for negotiating diverse values and interests. We study and develop the notion of the endogenous action space of urban biodiversity governance through civil servants’ perceptions of their political and organizational working contexts, agency, and strategies to articulate for biodiversity values in their organizational positions. We employed a case study approach and drew on social constructivism to conduct interviews with 15 civil servants engaged in biodiversity-related work in seven municipalities in the northern Stockholm region, Sweden, and two authorities in the County Administrative Board of Stockholm. Our results exemplify the fragmented socio-political realities and diversity in related action space in local government organizations in which these individuals work. Furthermore, we show that biodiversity governance is shaped by the ‘serendipity of agency’, which gives rise to a subjectivity of actions largely enabled by relationships and constrained by a lack of resources. Additionally, civil servants articulating for biodiversity value employ multiple strategies that diversify their roles beyond their immediate areas of expertise. We conclude by discussing our findings in relation to the transformative ideals of biodiversity governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zulfaqar Sa’adi , Nor Eliza Alias , Zulkifli Yusop , Neo Sau Mei , Choong Weng Wai , Nor Zaiha Arman , Wan Asiah Nurjannah Wan Ahmad Tajuddin , Muhamad Anwar Ramzan , Azmi Aris , Juhaizah Talib , Ainul Syarmimi Rosli , Zainura Zainon Noor , Salmiati Salmiati
{"title":"Enhancing climate change-induced flood co-adaptation in the Johor river basin, Malaysia: A dotmocracy mapping approach with key technical stakeholders","authors":"Zulfaqar Sa’adi , Nor Eliza Alias , Zulkifli Yusop , Neo Sau Mei , Choong Weng Wai , Nor Zaiha Arman , Wan Asiah Nurjannah Wan Ahmad Tajuddin , Muhamad Anwar Ramzan , Azmi Aris , Juhaizah Talib , Ainul Syarmimi Rosli , Zainura Zainon Noor , Salmiati Salmiati","doi":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research endeavours to address the exigency of climate change-induced flooding in the Johor river basin (JRB), Malaysia, through the development of climate change-induced flood co-adaptation approach. The methodology revolves around the multi-step co-creation process with key stakeholders by 1) utilization of dotmocracy to identify the perceive level of flood and flood vulnerable areas on land use map, 2) ideation process based on wall of ideas to populate the adaptation options according to the past, current, and future practices, and 3) ranking process based on roundtable discussion to identify the most practical and relevant adaptation options under diverse near-future (2021–2061) scenarios under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 1–2.6 and SSP5–8.5, respectively. These co-creation methods and consensus-building techniques visually represent stakeholders' preferences for addressing floods in the identified area. The main goal of this research is to formulate flood co-adaptation strategies to address climate change challenges across various scenarios. The study employs participatory methods to foster co-creation among technical stakeholders, facilitating collaborative problem-solving and the generation of sustainable flood adaptation solutions. The significance of this research lies in its potential to contribute empirical evidence and practical insights to the discourse on flood co-adaptation strategies. The study's findings in the JRB, prone to climate-induced flooding, are particularly relevant to water resource managers, policymakers, and researchers working on climate resilience. In conclusion, this research aspires to elucidate a novel and integrative approach to flood co-adaptation, leveraging dotmocracy mapping as a catalyst for collaboration and informed decision-making among key technical stakeholders in the JRB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":313,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Policy","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}