{"title":"Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Cancer Therapy","authors":"R. Zeineldin","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0241","url":null,"abstract":"The sections in this article are \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Introduction \u0000Cancer \u0000Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy versus Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery \u0000Challenges with Chemical Compounds as Therapeutic Agents \u0000Advantages of Nanocarriers as Drug-Delivery Vehicles \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Carbon Nanotubes as Drug-Delivery Vehicles \u0000Cellular Uptake of CNTs \u0000Functionalization of CNTs with Polyethylene Glycol \u0000Targeting of Cancers \u0000Passive Targeting \u0000Active Targeting \u0000Trafficking of Targeted Drug-Delivery Vehicles \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Targeted Cancer Therapy Employing CNTs and a Critique of Current Studies \u0000erbB Family Members \u0000Folate Receptor α \u0000Biotin Receptor \u0000Integrins \u0000Markers for Lymphomas or Leukemias \u0000Disialoganglioside (GD2) \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Summary and Future Perspective \u0000Acknowledgments \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Carbon nanotubes; \u0000single-walled carbon nanotubes; \u0000multi-walled carbon nanotubes; \u0000cancer; \u0000targeting; \u0000PEGylation; \u0000drug delivery","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126098259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controlling the Shape of Organic Nanostructures: Fabrication and Properties","authors":"R. Al‐Kaysi, C. Bardeen","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0259","url":null,"abstract":"Given the rapid advances in the fabrication of nanostructures composed of inorganic materials, scientists have in recent years sought new methods for the fabrication of nanostructures composed of organic molecules. Organic nanostructures are promising for applications ranging from drug delivery to photomechanical actuation. This chapter will survey the methods used for producing organic nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires), with attention focused on the use of hard templates for the fabrication of organic nanostructures with well-defined shapes and dimensions. The unique properties and applications of these organic nanostructures will be reviewed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000molecular crystals; \u0000nanowires; \u0000photomechanical response; \u0000anthracene; \u0000organic nanostructures; \u0000AAO templates","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129558517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon Nanohorns and Their Biomedical Applications","authors":"Shuyun Zhu, Guobao Xu","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0231","url":null,"abstract":"The sections in this article are \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Introduction \u0000Structure and Properties \u0000Functionalization \u0000Covalent Functionalization \u0000Noncovalent Functionalization \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Biomedical Applications \u0000Toxicity Assessment of SWCNHs \u0000SWCNHs Used in Drug-Delivery Systems \u0000SWCNHs Used in Magnetic Resonance Analysis \u0000Biosensing Applications of SWCNHs \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions \u0000Acknowledgments \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Single-walled carbon nanohorns; \u0000carbon nanotube; \u0000functionalization; \u0000biomedical applications; \u0000drug delivery systems; \u0000magnetic resonance imaging; \u0000biosensor; \u0000microporous and mesoporous materials","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121419539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organic Nanoparticles Using Microfluidic Technology for Drug‐Delivery Applications","authors":"W. Cheng, L. Capretto, M. Hill, Xunli Zhang","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0252","url":null,"abstract":"The sections in this article are \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Introduction \u0000Batch Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles \u0000Specifications of Reactors: Macroscale versus Microscale Syntheses \u0000Properties and Application of Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Microfluidic Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles \u0000Overview: Unique Features of Microfluidic Reactors for the Controlled Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles \u0000Microfluidic Reactors for Organic Nanoparticles \u0000Emulsions \u0000Nanoprecipitation \u0000Liposomes \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Controlled Operating Parameters of Microfluidic Reactors \u0000Flow Velocity, Microfluidic Dimension, and Mixing Time \u0000Mixing Time, Aggression Time, and the Damkohler Number \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Synthetic Operations \u0000Micromixing \u0000Online Process of Various Reactants \u0000Thermal Control and Heat Transfer \u0000Spatial and Temporal Kinetic Control \u0000Self-Assembly Mechanism and Competitive Reaction \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Microfluidic-Related Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery \u0000Drug Encapsulation and Release \u0000Stimuli-Responsive Release \u0000Nanomedicine Delivery to Target Cells \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Conclusions and Prospective Study \u0000Materials, Design, and Fabrication \u0000High-Throughput Microfluidic Processes \u0000Controlled Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles \u0000Spatial and Temporal Kinetics Investigation of Nanoparticles \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000nanomaterials; \u0000microfluidics; \u0000controlled synthesis; \u0000organic nanoparticles; \u0000nanomedicine delivery","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130083896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental Impact of Fullerenes","authors":"N. Shinohara","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0237","url":null,"abstract":"The sections in this article are \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Introduction \u0000Methods Used to Prepare Fullerene Suspensions \u0000Solubility of Fullerene \u0000Aqueous Suspensions of Fullerenes \u0000Toxicity of Aqueous Fullerene Suspensions as a Factor of the Dispersion Method \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Toxicological Data Relating to Fullerenes \u0000Toxicological Effects of C60 on Fish \u0000Toxicological Effects of C60 on Invertebrates \u0000Toxicological Effects of C60 on Algae \u0000Toxicological Effects of C60 on Bacteria and Soil Microbes \u0000Toxicological Effects of C60 on Other Organisms \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Possible Emission Sources of C60 \u0000The Environmental Fate of C60 \u0000Fullerenes in the Environment \u0000Conclusion \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000fullerene; \u0000aqueous suspension; \u0000toxicity; \u0000fish; \u0000invertebrate; \u0000algae; \u0000microbes; \u0000environmental fate","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117111992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Cellular Interactions","authors":"V. Mailänder, K. Landfester","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0255","url":null,"abstract":"During the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction with human cells have been a focus of many investigations. The main advantages of NPs over other nanoparticulate systems (such as liposomes and micelles) are their increased colloidal stability, chemical resistance, and simple formulation procedures. Progress in the field of understanding and harnessing the interactions of polymeric NPs with different cell types is discussed and reviewed. Attention is focused on NPs synthesized by the miniemulsion process, as this route has proved to be the most versatile for formulating different polymeric materials via this platform technology. Nanomaterials are of interest only if they make use of the specific properties of supramolecular assemblies and nanomaterials, so that hitherto inaccessible effects can be exploited for new applications. Examples for such new properties are superparamagnetism or the high surface area that is valuable for catalysis and adsorption. Although not an effect triggered by quantum mechanics, the uptake of NPs into a wide variety of cells seems to be specific for materials in the range of 50–200 nm. Uptake can be further enhanced by surface modifications (positive or negatively charged side groups of the polymers, amino acids or specific peptides/proteins). Factors such as size, surface properties, cell type and endocytotic pathways enable the optimization of labeling and selection of cells and NPs for applications both in vitro and in vivo. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000polymeric nanoparticle; \u0000polymeric nanocapsules; \u0000MRI contrast agent; \u0000cell tracking; \u0000endocytosis; \u0000miniemulsion; \u0000mesenchymal stem cell; \u0000differentiation","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124097699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational Tools for the Biomedical Application of Carbon Nanomaterials","authors":"L. Rakesh","doi":"10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610419.NTLS0238","url":null,"abstract":"Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), with their versatile physico-chemical features, have been investigated as an efficient platform for biomedical applications. The main challenges of drug design are to locate compounds that bind selectively to target receptors, but not to other receptors such that they cause adverse side effects. If dispersed properly, nanoparticles of a certain size can pass through the blood barrier to deliver drugs to a targeted site. Often, drugs are rapidly released at lower pH, as in inflammatory/diseased and tumor cells. Nanoparticles are often functionalized and unfunctionalized with nonionic surfactant polymers, with and without functionalized hydrophobic drugs bound by cleavable linker, to render them stable in suspension. In biological membranes, cholesterol and amphiphilic molecules serve as surfactants and, by design, may be used to assist nanoparticles in carrying hydrophobic drugs to targeted sites. As the experimental investigation of biocompatible surfactants, and of hydrophobic drugs and their interactions with nanoparticles, is time-consuming and expensive, computer simulation might offer a viable means of understanding the interaction between nanoparticles (e.g., carbon nanotubes, fullerenes), drugs and biocompatible surfactants, either by covalent or noncovalent functionalization. Thus, an attempt was made to understand the various interaction properties of these complexes using computer simulation, perhaps to provide insight into the overall mechanisms and for experimental studies. The present study involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a system composed of branched and unbranched PEGylated lipids, with and without the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of drugs [e.g., paclitaxel (PTX) and Irinotecan (Irin)] such as cholesterols and phospholipids (the components of the living cell's membrane) to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The behavior of these complexes in the presence of ssDNA and hormonally active vitamin D2 was also investigated. The addition of SWNTs and vitamin D2 leads to increases in the loading of PTX interaction and binding. Thus, a strategy was investigated to apply a comparative binding energy analysis of SWNTs to identify the interaction between different chemical species. The binding energy, mean square displacement, radial distribution function, angular and translational velocity autocorrelation functions of PEGylated cholesterol and phospholipid molecules are presented, and analyzed to understand the efficiency of the drug-delivery system in the presence of SWNTs, along with an historical perspective of its merits and demerits in biomedical applications. The strong interaction between complexed PTX in the presence of vitamin D2 and SWNTs is believed to be a determinant factor in the higher loading and prolonged burst release of the drug to a targeted site. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000molecular modeling; \u0000carbon nanotubes; \u0000drug dispersion; \u0000biosurfactant; \u0000paclitaxel;","PeriodicalId":312946,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132386339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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