Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication最新文献

{"title":"NOUN STATUS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CATEGORY OF EMOTIVITY IN CINEMATOGRAPHIC DIALOGUE (BASED ON GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN TELENOVELS)","authors":"Menshykova O.S.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-18","url":null,"abstract":"The article draws attention to appropriateness of the comparative study of emotions based on cinematographic database, especially German and Ukrainian dialogues in original telenovelas as a perspective linguistic bulk of the text (“Sturm der Liebe”, “Alisa – folge deinem Herzen”, “Wege zum Glück, Spuren im Sand”, “Тільки кохання”, “Дві матері”, “Обручка з рубіном” (12000 sentences, about 80000 words)).Every country adapts scripts of telenovelas according to its own cultural opportunities and nonverbal semiotic contexts. In spite of the fact emotive vocabulary for every script has ethnically specific features, analysing them it’s possible to make conclusions about the structure and scenario keynotes. The structure and scenario leitmotives have global and typical character. This fact determines the necessity to search standardized semantic number of leitmotives.On the basis of information provided by the analysis and certification of emotive vocabulary paying moiré attention to the status, frequency and the semantics of emotive nouns among other morphological categories. While choosing positive or negative charged lexemes, both denotative and konotative emotve breadths are considered. The given data is compared with the data from corpus studies and the dictionaries as for the frequency of Ukrainian and German languages. The article raises the problem of correlation between positive and negative emotives in sentences considering positive and negative emotions. Moreover, the reasons for large number of lexemes with positive semantics in negatively emotived statements (grammar features, context, nonverbal factors) are also considered by the author. According to qualitative analysis the synonymous line of positive and negative nouns for German and Ukrainian languages is qualified by semantic groups. It gives perspectives for further modelling of a movie dialogue in each developed language. The data as for the correlation between the number of emotive nouns and general number of emotive lexemes in both Ukrainian and German languages is considered. Due to statistic data it’s clear that Ukrainian part is twice as big as German, moreover it’s more full of emotive lexemes. Synonymous variation is also more spread in Ukrainian language than in German.Key words: emotions, negative / positive emotives, emotive nouns, semantic group, telenovelas. У статті розглядається питання доцільності компаративного дослідження емоцій на матеріалі кінемато-графу, зокрема кінодіалогу німецьких та українських оригінальних теленовел, як перспективного лінгвістичного масиву тексту («Sturm der Liebe», «Alisa – folge deinem Herzen», «Wege zum Glück, Spuren im Sand» і «Тільки кохання», «Дві матері», «Обручка з рубіном» (12 000 речень, близько 80 000 слів)).Кожна країна адаптує сценарій теленовели під можливості своєї лінгвокультури та невербальних семіо-тичних контекстів. Хоча вибір емотивної лексики для кожного сценарію має етноспецифічні риси, у ході аналізу можна дійти висновку","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131054443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"АВТОПОЕЗИС СИСТЕМИ ЕТИЧНИХ КАТЕГОРІЙ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ: ЛІНГВОСИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД","authors":"Veremchuk E.O","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"The paper represents the results of ethical categories study on the material of the English language from the linguo-synergetic approach. The aim of the paper is to address the issue of self-organization of the system of English-language ethical categories in diachronical perspective. It also highlights the principles of autopoiesis of language systems, invento-rizes the lexical verbalization means of the target ethical categories, reveals the etymological images that underpin ethical categories verbalizers, explains the cognitive connections among the categories in the process of self-organization. The employed methods include semantic analysis, which reveals the meaning of the analyzed words; etymological analysis, which unravels the inner form of the lexicalization units; cognitive reinterpretation, which explains the mental associative connections between the meanings; synergetic analysis, which explains the process of self-organization of the system of ethical categories. The paper draws a borderline between ethical categories and values and argues that ethical cate-gories appeared as a result of generalizations when, for example, a good deed of recurring character was conceived as something good in general, or an obligation in a particular situation was generalized to an all-embracing duty etc. The synergetic properties of language systems are revealed and they include complex hierarchical organization, being open and dynamic, instability and non-linearity. The paper reveals the etymological images that underly the analyzed cate-gories. The process of self-organization of the corpus of ethical categories consists in the fact that the most primordial moral category being reinterpreted gave birth to all other ones. The most primary cognitive trait is “whole” which underlies the category GOOD, while the antagonistic category EVIL is based on the cognitive feature “split”, which proves the polar perception of these categories on the cognitive level in diachrony but not only on the level of current lexico-semantic vari-ants. The autopoiesis of the system of linguoethical categories in the English language has a complex non-linear character, since the connections between the images, which underlie them are multifaced.Key words: cognitive feature, diachrony, etymological image, non-linearity, self-organization. У статті представлені результати дослідження етичних категорій на матеріалі англійської мови з позицій лінгвосинергетичного підходу. Метою статті є викладення проблеми самоорганізації системи англомовних етичних категорій у діахронії. У роботі розглядаються принципи автопоезису мовних систем, здійснюється інвентаризація лексичних засобів вербалізації аналізованих етичних категорій, викладаються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу вербалізаторів, пояснюються когнітивні зв’язки між категоріями в процесі самоорганізації. Застосовані методи містять семантичний аналіз, етимологічний аналіз, когнітивну інтерпретацію, синергетичний аналіз. ","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132988062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSYMETRY OF MODALITY IN DIALOGIC SPEECH IN LITERARY TRANSLATION","authors":"Holubenko N.I.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-15","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the problem of the modal expression of dialogic speech in literary translation. The special characteristics of the dialogue are determined, one of which is modality as a functional-semantic category that expresses different types of the speaker’s attitude to what is being said. The category of modality provides dialogicity as a property of the text, emphasizing its communicative nature as one of the units of linguistic communication, the content of which is related to the attitude to valuable life things, thus requiring appropriate understanding and interpretation. Objective modality reflects the nature of the objective connections to which the cognitive act is directed, namely the connections that are possible, valid and necessary. Subjective modality is an assessment by a person that indicates the degree of credibility of the opinion that reflects the situation. The semantic basis of subjective modality is formed by the concept of evaluation, which includes not only the logical qualification of the message, but also different types of emotional attitudes. Subjective modality has language resources that tend to infinity. This essential feature can take the form of assertions, remarks, clarifications, assumptions, desires, etc. and be expressed by grammatical, lexical and prosodic means. However, the problem of modality of dialogic speech deserves more close attention, as there is a certain feature of expression of certain modal expressions in the studied functional type. One of the most important psychological features of dialogic speech lies in its situationality, which is manifested in the fact that its content can be understood only in the situation to which it refers, and therefore requires the translator to adequately interpret the situation. The study of the specifics of symmetrical or asymmetrical expression of modal meanings in original and translated works of art is the first task of the proposed investigation. The article highlights the thesis that in case of misinterpretation of the statement, namely the transmission of the wrong modality of the message, which was laid down by the author in the communicative act, information failures and therefore the asymmetry of perception of the message will occur.Key words: category of modality, dialogic speech, speech acts, communicative-pragmatic aspect, specifics of translation. У статті обґрунтовано питання співвіднесеності модального вираження діалогічного мовлення в художньому перекладі. Визначаються особливі характеристики діалогу, однією з яких постає модальність як функційно-семантична категорія, що виражає різні види ставлення мовця до висловлюваного. Категорія модальності забезпечує діалогічність як властивість тексту, підкреслюючи його комунікативну природу як однієї з одиниць мовного спілкування, зміст яких пов’язаний зі ставленням до цінності й вимагає відповідного розуміння та інтерпретації. Об’єктивна модальність відбиває характер об’єктивних зв’язків, на які","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125198678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LINGUOPHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF CONTEXTUALITY IN THE STUDY OF OCCASIONAL SPEECH UNITS (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE)","authors":"Kazymir I.S., Poliova S.V.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-11","url":null,"abstract":"Language is commonly believed to be one of the dominant components in the philosophical ideology. The given article is aimed at revealing the linguistic and philosophical foundations of “contextuality” and “context” under the study of occasional speech units on the material of the English language from the standpoint of interdisciplinary holism. Interdisciplinarity is caused by the lack of a unified methodology for the study of contextual synonyms as global phenomena in newspaper and artistic discourses in the contemporary English.Lexical units on the basis of modern newspaper and artistic discourses are studied. “Contextuality” with a reference to modern explorations of linguistic philosophy is explicated. The study of contextual synonyms characterizes the role of linguistic and philosophical knowledge and outlines the prospects for further research in terms of linguosynergetics. The methodological basis contains a combination of general (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and linguistic (componential, logical) methods. The epistemological interpretation of “contextualism” explains the fact that the context is based on pure experience and a priori structures. From the standpoint of anthropology, “contextuality” is composed of three components, which include a cognitive, behavioral and emotional components.There has been made an attempt to study contextual synonyms within the framework of Austin’s language pragmatism. It has been determined that the main prerequisites for contextuality are ready-made scripts and templates of a certain language community. The proposed article confines that the contextual synonyms are formed by the author’s intentions in the artistic style, while the situational synonyms on the material of the English periodicals are formed on the basis of collective beliefs or background knowledge. The main hypotheses of the British and American schools to understanding the concept of “context” are highlighted. Both schools singled the “cultural component” out. It has been substantiated that contextual synonyms activate the pragmatic effect in terms of a language game. The analyzed theoretical sources indicate that the rejection of structural logocentrism in favor of dynamism and linguistic ambiguity becomes a prerequisite for the study of speech phenomena in the realm of linguosynergetics.Key words: contextuality, context, cultural component, language game, pragmatism. Заведено вважати, що мова є одним із домінантних компонентів у філософській ідеології. Реферована стаття покликана розкрити лінгвофілософські підвалини поняття «контекстуальність» і «контекст» у процесі дослідження оказіональних мовленнєвих одиниць на матеріалі англійської мови в умовах інтер-дисциплінарного холізму. Міждисциплінарність викликається відсутністю уніфікованої методики до дослідження контекстуальних синонімів як глобальних феноменів на матеріалі англійської мови. У розвідці досліджуються лексичні одиниці на матеріалі сучасного газетного й худо","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121280022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OBSOLETE VOCABULARY IN POETIC TEXTS BY SERGIY ZHADAN: FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC ASPECT","authors":"Rud O.M., Horbatenko I.S.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-19","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the functional-semantic aspect of obsolete vocabulary, which is widely used in poetic texts of Serhiy Zhadan. The traditional approach to the classification of obsolete vocabulary is revealed, among which archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Groups of archaisms – lexical, lexical-word-forming, lexical-phonetic, morphological, lexical-semantic are considered. It is noted that historicisms, in contrast to archaisms, have no synonymous equivalents in modern Ukrainian language. They perform proper nominative function in historical texts, reproducing facts, events and phenomena of past epochs.It was found that Serhiy Zhadan introduced outdated words, which he has organically inserted into the artistic fabric of poetic works. In poetic texts of the artist (the collections of poems “Templars”, “Antenna”, “List of ships” were taken as the source base of the study) among obsolete vocabulary lexical archaisms, lexical-phonetic and lexical-word-forming were found. The following semantic groups of archaisms: names of body parts; names of diseases; names of individuals by profession, occupation, etc.; names of military items, ammunition, concepts, etc.; names of family relations; names of numbers are distinguished.In Serhiy Zhadan’s poetic texts archaisms give the language a solemn sound, express the author’s attitude to the depicted, convey his feelings and enhance the emotionality of poetic works.Historicisms in poetic texts of the artist outnumber archaisms. The following semantic groups of historicisms are revealed in his creative works: geographical names; words that characterize the social status, place of an individual in society; names of former professions, occupations; names of extinct nations; names of historical epochs; names of household items, women’s jewelry, etc.; names of buildings or their parts; names of various scientific studies, directions, etc.A detailed analysis of Serhiy Zhadan’s poetic language made it possible to identify the main functions performed by obsolete words in poetic texts: realistic depiction of the events of certain historical epoch; strengthening of solemnity, pathos of the depicted; creation of strong perceptual effect; expression of author’s opinion, etc.Key words: archaisms, historicisms, semantic groups, stylistic means, expressive function, nominative function. Стаття присвячена функціонально-семантичному аспекту застарілої лексики, що широко вживається в поетичних текстах Сергія Жадана. Розкрито традиційний підхід до класифікації застарілої лексики, серед якої виділяють архаїзми й історизми. Розглянуто групи архаїзмів – лексичні, лексико-словотвірні, лексико-фонетичні, морфологічні, лексико-семантичні. Зауважено, що історизми на відміну від архаїзмів не мають у сучасній українській мові синонімічних відповідників. Вони виконують власне номінативну функцію в історичних текстах, відтворюючи факти, події, явища минулих епох.З’ясовано, що Сергій Жадан широко послуговується застаріли","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128496257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONVERSION AND COMPOUND MODELS OF RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE","authors":"Boichuk M.I.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122633810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USE OF LANGUAGE CORPORA FOR VERIFICATION OF SEMANTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS","authors":"Hordii O.M.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the potential of corpus linguistics as an empirical method of modern linguistic research, highlights its advantages for phraseological studies and outlines the possibilities of using the Internet as a linguistic corpus Computer-mediated communication demonstrates a peculiar combination of features of oral and written speech, which is explained by specific parameters of the channel and means of communication (electronic text, hypertext, multimedia, interactivity, simultaneousness, variability in the number and explicitness of communicators). The functioning of communicative and expressive phraseology in asynchronous Internet communication is defined as one of the constituents of this mediolect. Phraseological units of this type are considered as a functional field of phraseological expressives and communicatives.The rich illustrative material revealed the wide and often linguistically creative use of the studied phraseological units, including units with pronounced national and cultural specifics, in the modern German-language media space. These units not only embody the background knowledge common to this linguistic community, but also, given the specifics of their meaning and emotional and expressive color, convey a common “background” humor, express the commonality of emotional and evaluative worldview.The phraseological unit Jetzt schlägt’s dreizehn! was chosen for the empirical corpus check. In lexicographic sources, semantic and translational equivalents are based on associations with both “extremity” and danger (symbolic component) with an obvious negative emotional and evaluative semantic component (indignation).The study analyzed 40 contexts of using this unit in online media articles. The lexicographically codified meaning of something transcends all boundaries, causing outrage was found only in 13 cases, in 10 of which there is a double actualization of the idiom meaning (explication of the number thirteen). The number thirteen was associated with a “superstitious” interpretation of it as dangerous in 5 other contexts, but in spite of this, good news was announced. In most of the analyzed case examples (22) the use of Jetzt schlägt’s dreizehn! turned out to be unexpected: the number thirteen is combined with the announcement of a positive event without explication of its symbolic interpretation. The phraseological unit acquires the meaning something incredible becomes possible; the decisive moment has come.Analysis of 40 usage contexts of Jetzt schlägt’s dreizehn! in the messages on the forums confirmed the uncharacteristic creative language use of phraseological expressives and communicatives in asynchronous communication in comparison with the texts of professional journalists. In 35 messages, this unit is used in its lexicographically codified meaning. In 5 cases Jetzt schlägt’s dreizehn! conveys joy, a pleasant surprise and acquires the meaning something incredible becomes possible; the decisive moment has come","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129106918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE","authors":"Zizinska A.P.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-10","url":null,"abstract":"The article is aimed to investigate speech acts in the Old English language (7–11 centuries). Our study focuses on one of the types of speech acts – directives. Literary monuments of the Old English language, the oldest of which date back to the 7th century, served as illustrative material.We have studied and identified the main types of directives that were most manifested in the language of the above mantioned period. Based on previous researches, and analyzing the sources of illustrative material, we were able to trace back the peculiarities of the directives usage in the Old English language, and to make a comparative analysis.The diachronic analysis revealed that orders were the most commonly used type of directive speech acts. They proved to be the most diachronically stable and have retained a one-part structure since the Old English period. That is why our research focuses on this period, as it is important to investigate the origin and formation of directives, which in its further development became an important part of the imperatives. The grammaticalization of directives and imperative sentences in general was mainly pragmatic and morphological. It was connected to the development of the imperative mood and language in general.The usage of electronic corpora has helped us to determine the frequency of manifestation of a particular directive marker in literary monuments. The article analyzes four main types of directives: ic bidde, sceu scealt / ge sculon, uton, neodþearf / þearf. Performative directives were among the most widely used and widespread in the written literature of the period under study. In Old English, the typical model of a directive speech act was: a directive verb in the first person singular or plural + object. A subordinate clause with a request was often added with the specified action that the speaker required to perform.Our study allowed us to establish that the choice of directives depended (in most cases) on face threat. Instead, the peculiarities of their manifestation had a different purpose. Thus, performatives were used to emphasize the effect of the speech act and to ensure the performance of a certain action. Other types of directives were used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the implementation of a particular act, and to clarify to whom it applies. We found that the above mentioned directives were used mainly in religious texts.Key words: imperative, diachrony, historical pragmatics, request, order. Стаття присвячується дослідженню мовленнєвих актів в англійській мові давньоанглійського періоду (7–11 ст.). Наша розвідка зосереджується на одному з видів мовленнєвих актів – директивах. Ілюстративним матеріалом слугували літературні пам’ятки давньоанглійської мови, найдавніші з яких датуються 7 століттям.Нами були досліджені й виділені основні типи директивів, які були найбільш вживаними в зазначений період. Взявши за основу попередні розвідки й проаналізувавши джерела ілюстративного матеріалу, на","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122971100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LANGUAGE REALIZATION OF AGGRESSION IN THE MIDDLE AGES (BASED ON THE EPIC POEM «KUDRUN»)","authors":"Romanova N.V.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-14","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the topical issue of the role of aggressive domestic and foreign policy of the German rulers of the XIII century. According to the plot of the epic poem «Kudrun», at the heart of the aggressive domestic and foreign policy of the German rulers is a global conflict involving man and the world, people and their religious worldview, the hierarchy of relations of the individual, wildlife and descendants of the «elite», king, queen and the authority of the church, upbringing and education, the beauty of a young woman and the hostility of a man, the jealousy of a brave old king-father and the cruelty of an elderly woman-queen-mother, and so on. Oppositions are also found in the categories of «one’s own» and «foreign», good and evil, old and new, earthly and unearthly, material and ideal, perfect and imperfect, living and inanimate, free from slavery and enslaved, bodily, mental and spiritual, mind and emotions. There is a bifurcation of the whole objective world into its physical existence and meaning. At the same time, the ideal behavior of knights is transformed – the support of German kings. There are relationships – «knight – thief, robber», «knight – barbarian», «knight – animal». Aggressive human behavior as a social being has a moral character. In the question of immorality, the medial man is influenced by ancient psychology, paganism and Christianity. The aim of the article is to identify German language units with the meaning of aggression in the Middle Ages. The study used deductive, structural-semantic, logical-semantic, contextual analysis, the method of linguistic description and analysis of dictionary definitions. The results of the study include clarification of the concept of «aggression», tracing its semantic content in time, highlighting the system of language units such as word, proper name, phrase (free and permanent), sentence (simple, complex, complex, combined, supra-phrase unity) and elucidation of the peculiarities of the formation of the phenomenon. It has been proven that aggression can be natural or artificial. Natural aggression is characteristic of the element of water, wild animals and man as a biological being, artificial – man as a social being and supernatural beings who embody evil.Aggression correlates with gender, age and culture: a man is aggressive at any age and in any culture, a woman – only in old age, being in the status of a mother who wishes her child a happy fate and being a foreigner. We conclude that the concept of aggression in medieval Germany is associated primarily with extralinguistic factors (religion, domestic and foreign policy, social, economic and cultural-historical development), refracted verbally by the author of the epic poem «Kudrun».Key words: the Middle ages, aggression, man, animal, element, word, proper name, phrase, sentence. Статтю присвячено актуальній проблемі щодо ролі агресивної внутрішньої і зовнішньої політики германських можновладців ХІІІ ст. Згідно з фабулою","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130761374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ","authors":"Marina O.V.","doi":"10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-12","url":null,"abstract":"This study applied cognitive-pragmatic, literary criticism and theory of theatre approaches to summarize findings on the dramatic discourse of English Restoration. In this article, I set out the main points of Stuart Restoration ideology, sum-marize findings on the predominant concepts of that time, substantiate that the institution of theatre became a leading ide-ological instrument during the English Restoration, and single out its two main functions: entertainment and dissemination of absolutist ideology. In this paper, the subject matter and dramatis personae of Restoration drama have been character-ized. The paper focuses on generalizing the research results of comparative studies of Restoration and Elizabethan drama which concern their scope, genres, and morality. The conclusions reached in the studies that reported on borrowings in repertoire from native, French and Spanish sources at the beginning of Restoration and the influence of English and con-tinental writers have been synthesized. Further investigation of English Restoration drama revealed an unprecedented genre variety and combination which demonstrated signs of development in different directions during the 1660s. In this article, I state that the existing studies have reported on active behaviour of Restoration audiences during the perfor-mances, describe usual patterns of their behavior, and make conclusions as to the direct influence of such behavior on the processes of drama production and perception. The existing research has demonstrated weak points in some key areas, such as Restoration audiences’ composition. Despite the fact that scholars point to various sources of information as to the theatre-goers’ personalities in the seventeenth century, there is still no consensus of opinions on this issue. Although Restoration drama research demonstrably improved over the 20th and 21st centuries, further research on Elizabethan and Restoration drama cognitive construals of the world, comparative analysis of original plays and adaptations, literary genres origin and development, interactional patterns of viewers and characters of Restoration drama is recommended.Key words: English Restoration theatre, dramatic discourse, play, ideology. У статті наведено узагальнення результатів наукових досліджень, присвячених дискурсу часів англійської Реставрації, з позицій когнітивно-прагматичного, літературного й театрального підходів. У дослідженні окреслено основні положення ідеології Реставрації Стюартів, узагальнено знахідки наукових досліджень, присвячених вивченню основних концептів того часу, обґрунтовано, що інститут театру став провідним ідеологічним інструментом за часів англійської Реставрації, та виділено дві основні його функції: розваги й розповсюдження ідеології абсолютизму. У роботі описано тематику й схарактеризовано персонажів драматичних творів часів англійської Реставрації. Наукова розвідка фокусується на узагальненні результатів наукових досліджень, присвячених порівнянню","PeriodicalId":311226,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115212307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}