Forensic Anthropology最新文献_第8页

Assumed Differences; Unquestioned Typologies 认为差异;毋庸置疑的类型学

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0046

S. Tallman, N. Parr, A. Winburn

{"title":"Assumed Differences; Unquestioned Typologies","authors":"S. Tallman, N. Parr, A. Winburn","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0046","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic anthropologists traditionally estimate “race” or “ancestry” as part of the biological profile. While practitioners may have changed the terms used to describe regionally patterned human skeletal variation, the degree to which they have altered their typological approaches remains unclear. This study analyzed 119 peer-reviewed forensic anthropology articles published in four relevant journals (1966–2020) by matching combination(s) of the key words “race,” “ancestry,” “ethnicity,” and/or “population affinity.” Results indicated that while “ancestry” has supplanted “race,” this change has not brought concurrent modifications in approach, nor deeper scrutiny of underlying concepts. “Race” and “ancestry” were infrequently defined in 13% and 12% of sampled articles, respectively, and a plethora of social, geographic, and pseudoscientific terms persisted. Forensic anthropologists increasingly engaged with questions addressing the forces patterning human biological variation: 65% of studies postdating 1999 discussed population histories/structures and microevolution; 38% between 1966–1999. Fewer studies contextualized or critiqued approaches to analyzing population variation (32% of studies postdating 1999; 4% from 1966–1999), and virtually no studies considered the possibility that skeletal variation reflected embodied social inequity (5% of studies postdating 1999; 0% from 1966–1999). This lack of interrogation and clarity contributes to the faulty notion that all forensic anthropologists share similar definitions and leads to an oversimplification of complex biocultural processes. While the lack ofdefinitions and biocultural engagement may be partly due to editorial and peer-review pressures, it is likely that many forensic anthropologists have not interrogated their own perspectives. This article holds that it is essential for us to do so.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115323879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Eugene Giles 尤金·贾尔斯

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0051

J. Hefner

引用次数: 0

Laws of Taphonomic Relative Timing and Their Application to Forensic Contexts 语音学相对时间规律及其在法医学语境中的应用

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-07-22 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.4023

J. Pokines

{"title":"Laws of Taphonomic Relative Timing and Their Application to Forensic Contexts","authors":"J. Pokines","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.4023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.4023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the analysis of taphonomic effects that have occurred to osseous remains, it is often necessary to interpret multiple overlapping changes. Individual taphonomic effects can be isolated from each other, and these follow rules of relative timing, whereby earlier or later effects can be determined. These rules are similar to those of archaeological and geological stratigraphy, from which the basic concepts of superposition and other physical relationships are derived. Taphonomic effects can be caused by multiple processes associated with early phases (death, decomposition, and scavenging of fresh remains) or with later phases (staining of bone surfaces, breakdown of the bone, and scavenging upon dry remains). The relative sequencing of the taphonomic effects to a set of remains can be used to reconstruct their postmortem history and to separate human activity, including trauma, from scavengers and other biological agencies. The four laws presented here pertain to (1) superposition, (2) positional aspect continuity, (3) original continuity, and (4) succession of changes. These laws can be applied more broadly in some archaeological/paleoanthropological situations, but the specific examples used to illustrate them here come from forensic settings. ","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124136337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Documenting Skeletal Scatters in Obstructed Wooded Environments Using Close-Range Photogrammetry 用近景摄影测量法记录受阻树木环境中的骨骼散射

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.0044

Morgan Ferrell, John C. Schultz

{"title":"Documenting Skeletal Scatters in Obstructed Wooded Environments Using Close-Range Photogrammetry","authors":"Morgan Ferrell, John C. Schultz","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic scenes involving human skeletal remains in obstructed wooded environments are challenging to document. One potential solution is to document the scene in 3D utilizing close-range photogrammetry (CRP). This method enables the generation of realistic 3D models and accurate plan-view maps of the scene. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of CRP to preserve contextual information of simulated scenes involving scattered human remains in obstructed wooded environments. The main goal was to improve CRP methodology as well as demonstrate how to incorporate this method into the forensic archaeology documentation protocol. Two large skeletal scatters were documented to test the capabilities of CRP in an obstructed environment. Photographs were collected freehand and 3D models were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional. Accuracy was assessed through visual analysis, root-mean square (RMS) reprojection errors, and total scale bar errors. While visual errors were present when zoomed in, the RMS reprojection and scale bar errors still indicated highly accurate models. However, the wooded environment presented numerous challenges that made utilizing CRP more difficult. Therefore, guidelines were outlined for documenting skeletal scatters in wooded environments using CRP, with a focus on addressing variables that can affect image quality. Overall, CRP is a viable method for documenting complex scenes in wooded environments which should be incorporated into forensic archaeological protocols. ","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129805473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Dowsing for Bone 骨探测

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0024

Michael Easter, Angi M. Christensen, M. L. Miller

{"title":"Dowsing for Bone","authors":"Michael Easter, Angi M. Christensen, M. L. Miller","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Locating clandestine graves is often a significant challenge for law enforcement and other investigators. A number of search techniques can be employed including visual assessments, canines, geophysical techniques, and imaging, often depending on the location/terrain, case information, and available resources. Dowsing is believed by some to be a reliable method for locating underground items of interest including water, oil, ore, and even graves; others, however, consider the practice to be controversial or even pseudoscience. Here we assess the ability of dowsing rods (wielded by previously inexperienced dowsers) to locate buried bones using a controlled blind test. Assemblages of bones were buried in three of nine holes. A control group of participants was asked to identify which holes they believed to contain bones by visual inspection, and a test group was asked to identify which holes they believed to contain bones using dowsing rods. Results indicate that neither method had a significant relationship with the true location of the bones (Matthew’s Correlation Coefficient –0.19 for the control group and 0.00 for the test group), and that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.36). In this study, dowsing was not found to be a reliable method of detecting buried bones. Some practitioners continue to advocate dowsing or other scientifically questionable search methods, even charging investigators or families substantial fees for these services. It is therefore important that such techniques are well-understood and rigorously tested, and that investigators seek and employ methods that are appropriate and valid.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114486251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forensic Fractography of Bone 法医骨断裂学

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-06-25 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0041

Angi M. Christensen, J. Rickman, H. Berryman

{"title":"Forensic Fractography of Bone","authors":"Angi M. Christensen, J. Rickman, H. Berryman","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Fractography involves the study of fractures and cracks in a material in order to understand the cause of failure. Even as a complex, highly hierarchical composite, bone is a material that obeys physical laws, including cracking behavior. The fields of fractography and fracture mechanics, therefore, have much to offer in our understanding of bone’s response to loading and force. Here we discuss how fractography can be used in the assessment of fractures originating from impacts including those from projectiles. Fractures and fracture patterns frequently associated with impact trauma—including radial fractures, circumferential fractures, and beveling—are described and used interpretively in forensic analyses; however, the mechanisms for their production and arrangement are often underutilized in fully understanding the trauma event. These mechanisms are reviewed here from a fractography perspective. Furthermore, a review is presented of new data indicating that beveling in bone associated with impacts, especially with projectiles, is produced by cone cracking, a process that is also well documented in other brittle materials. This information can be used to enhance understanding of impact trauma in general, as well as in the context of specific forensic cases. Moreover, describing and interpreting skeletal trauma within the context of fracture mechanics and fractography has the advantage of aligning the nomenclature used in forensic anthropology with that used in other scientific fields, particularly those involved in the study of material failure. To facilitate this alignment, we provide discussion and definitions for various fractography-related terms.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133993986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying Handsaw Tooth Shape Based on the Micro- and Macroscopic Analysis of the Kerf Floor Contour 基于刻痕底板轮廓细观与宏观分析的手锯齿形识别

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0034

Heather Greathouse, E. Chapman, A. Maxwell, A. Klales

{"title":"Identifying Handsaw Tooth Shape Based on the Micro- and Macroscopic Analysis of the Kerf Floor Contour","authors":"Heather Greathouse, E. Chapman, A. Maxwell, A. Klales","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal trauma analysis is a major facet of forensic anthropology casework and can entail interpretation of sharp force saw trauma. Hand-powered saws are commonly used in cases of dismemberment and analysis requires differentiating class characteristics. Features of the kerf walls and floor provide information utilized in identifying set, shape, size, power, and direction of sawing motion of the tool. The focus of this study is to examine validity and reliability of determining tooth shape class characteristic (rip versus crosscut) from features of the kerf floor. Two crosscut and three rip handsaws, ranging from 6 to 16 teeth per inch, were used to make 30 incomplete cuts per saw for a total of 150 cuts. Each kerf floor was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically using a digital microscope at 30 × magnification by three observers of different experience levels (expert, experienced, and novice). Profile shapes were classified as U-shaped/concave (rip) or W-shaped/convex (crosscut) by each observer for all 150 cuts. Reliability tests using Cohen’s kappa ranged from substantial in the two less experienced observers to almost perfect in pairwise comparisons with the expert. Microscopic classification accuracy was 94.0% (423/450) for all three observers and macroscopic examination increased accuracy to 99.8% (449/450). Saw wear and tooth size were not a significant determiner in correct identification of saw tooth type. Overall, tooth shape can be reliably and accurately determined from incomplete cuts.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124321993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Morphology of Intersectionality 交叉性的形态学

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-06-10 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.1001

Chaunesey M. J. Clemmons

{"title":"Morphology of Intersectionality","authors":"Chaunesey M. J. Clemmons","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.1001","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic anthropologists operate within a medico-legal context, performing analyses to estimate a biological profile (ancestry, age, sex, stature) and make observations on trauma, pathological conditions, taphonomy, and other anomalies evident in skeletal remains. These findings are reported to the appropriate requesting agency to narrow down the possible identity of the unknown individual and to understand the death event. Boundaries of identity and the terminology used to describe and explain identity are dynamic and intersectional. Ancestry estimation is important because there is a bridge between ancestral categories and sociocultural labels. Yet, a lack of agreement between ancestry estimates and social identifiers exists for certain groups. To better understand why this disagreement exists, a three-component concept (bio-origin identity, public ancestral-racial identity, and self ancestral-racial identity) modeled after sociological frameworks is employed. This article explores the identity of a single individual within the study sample using the three-component concept. Results highlight that discordance exists between the identity approximated by ancestry estimation and the application of this identity to the sociocultural context. Understanding the importance of the intersectional nature of the terminology used in instances of forensic identification is imperative so as to not hinder identifications and marginalize groups.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131539468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Centering Transgender Individuals in Forensic Anthropology and Expanding Binary Sex Estimation in Casework and Research 以法医人类学中的跨性别者为中心，在个案工作与研究中拓展二元性别估计

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-03-19 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.0030

S. Tallman, Caroline Kincer, Eric D. Plemons

{"title":"Centering Transgender Individuals in Forensic Anthropology and Expanding Binary Sex Estimation in Casework and Research","authors":"S. Tallman, Caroline Kincer, Eric D. Plemons","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Due to disproportionate violence impacting the transgender community, forensic anthropologists may encounter the remains of trans individuals; however, it is unknown how often trans individuals are represented in casework and if practitioners have sufficient knowledge about trans bodies. After contextualizing forensically relevant demographics for the trans community, this study uses survey data of forensic anthropologists to critically explore the collective knowledge of and experience working with trans individuals; practitioners’ perceptions of sex and gender; and potential opportunities for trans-oriented research. The results indicate that 28.9% of respondents have worked with trans individuals in casework, but most forensic anthropologists were unfamiliar with forms and evidence of gender affirming procedures. Additionally, the survey indicates that forensic anthropologists struggle with the binary nature of forensic sex estimation, with 42.4% agreeing that sex is binary and 56.2% disagreeing. Similar opposition was found with reporting gender: 39.5% indicated that gender should be reported in casework and 31.0% disagreed. Moreover, current sex estimation methods are: rigidly binary; not reflective of human biological variation; and inadequate for trans individuals as they are based on assigned sex. To dismantle rigidly binary sex categorization, we propose the adoption of a biocultural and queer theoretical approach to forensic sex estimation and in sexual dimorphism research that challenges heteronormative assumptions, questions typological two-sex categorization, and combats the presumptions that gender and sex are stable, independent entities that convey universal meaning. Relatedly, the expansion of trans-oriented research, which is supported by 95.8% of respondents, will further improve methodological accuracies. ","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125142019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Examining the Reliability of Morphological Traits for Sex Estimation 形态特征在性别估计中的可靠性检验

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-02-28 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.4015

A. Klales, H. Garvin, Timothy P. Gocha, Kate M Lesciotto, M. Walls

{"title":"Examining the Reliability of Morphological Traits for Sex Estimation","authors":"A. Klales, H. Garvin, Timothy P. Gocha, Kate M Lesciotto, M. Walls","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.4015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.4015","url":null,"abstract":"Morphological skull and pubic traits are routinely used in forensic anthropological casework for sex estimation, with the Walker (2008) and Klales et al. (2012) methods commonly employed. This research aims to present a comprehensive evaluation of reliability in skull and pubic trait scoring and the implications of observer scoring variation on sex estimation accuracy. Results from previous studies are summarized and compiled into tables for comparisons. Data from this study are composed of a large compilation of Walker (2008) and Kales et al. (2012) trait scores (skull n = 392, pubic n = 443) contributed by seven researchers of varying levels of expertise. Intra- and interobserver analyses were performed on the trait scores, and variations in correct sex classifications were assessed among observers, with particular emphasis on the effects of observer experience. Statistical results indicate that the traits utilized in Walker (2008) and Klales et al. (2012) can be reliably scored except for the mental eminence, which has shown considerable variation among studies and individuals. Resultant sex estimations improved with experience level, with the highest accuracy rates for both methods among experts. Although novice observers had good agreement in trait scores with more experienced observers, minor scoring differences negatively impacted classification accuracy, particularly in the Klales et al. (2012) method with more than a 15% drop in accuracy. The results highlight the importance of experience and exposure to human variation and training in these sex estimation methods and also suggests data from expert practitioners can be combined into larger databases.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132471294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2