Forensic Anthropology最新文献_第10页

Analysis of Skeletal Demographics and Traumatic Injuries from the Khmer Rouge–Period Mass Gravesite of Choeung Ek, Cambodia 柬埔寨Choeung Ek红色高棉时期集体墓地的骨骼人口统计和创伤分析

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-30 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1027

Julie M. Fleischman

{"title":"Analysis of Skeletal Demographics and Traumatic Injuries from the Khmer Rouge–Period Mass Gravesite of Choeung Ek, Cambodia","authors":"Julie M. Fleischman","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1027","url":null,"abstract":"The Khmer Rouge regime controlled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Conditions were severe, and it is estimated that approximately 1.7 million individuals died from overwork, malnutrition, and violence. Hundreds of thousands were executed and buried in mass graves throughout the country. Many of these graves were exhumed during the 1980s, but until recently the disinterred human remains had not been scientifically analyzed on a large scale. This paper will discuss the osteological analysis of more than five hundred crania conducted at the Choeung Ek Genocidal Center (Choeung Ek) in Phnom Penh. Choeung Ek was used by the Khmer Rouge as the execution and burial location for one of its highest-level detention centers. The crania at Choeung Ek were assessed for demographic characteristics and traumatic injuries. Results indicate that the majority of the 508 crania were estimated to be male (82.9%) and young adults (68.3%) between 20 and 35 years of age. Perimortem trauma was present on 311 crania (61%), with 179 (58%) having discernible impact locations. Blunt force injuries (87%) were the most common mechanism of trauma, and the basicranium (53%) was the most frequently affected region. When the mechanism and location of traumatic injuries were evaluated by sex and age-at-death categories, no statistically significant differences were found, indicating that all victims with perimortem trauma were subjected to similar execution methods regardless of their age or sex. These remains stand as a testament to Khmer Rouge violence as well as a solemn memorial to those who perished.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134329062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Using Biological Profile Data to Inform a DNA Sequencing Strategy 利用生物剖面数据为DNA测序策略提供信息

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1019

Carrie Brown, J. Lynch

引用次数: 1

The Tarawa Project Part II: Resolved Commingling and Identification of Casualties from the Battle of Tarawa 塔拉瓦项目第二部分:解决塔拉瓦战役中伤亡的混合和鉴定

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1003

Audrey L. Scott, H. Maijanen, Rebecca J. Taylor, Anthony J. Koehl, Willard R. Trask

{"title":"The Tarawa Project Part II: Resolved Commingling and Identification of Casualties from the Battle of Tarawa","authors":"Audrey L. Scott, H. Maijanen, Rebecca J. Taylor, Anthony J. Koehl, Willard R. Trask","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1003","url":null,"abstract":"The Battle of Tarawa during World War II resulted in over 7,000 casualties on an approximately three-square-mile Pacific island that necessitated hasty burials, often with poor associated documentation. The loss of original burial information combined with postwar cemetery consolidation efforts resulted in the commingling, disassociation, and loss of identity of casualty remains. This report discusses two cases that are the product of ongoing efforts to recover remains still buried on the Tarawa Atoll and to identify Tarawa unknowns disinterred from the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. Both cases involve the reassociation of disinterred elements to elements recently excavated from their original wartime burial locations on Betio Island. These cases illustrate the steps taken to reassociate elements, the multiple lines of evidence necessary to do so, and the eventual outcome of Tarawa Project identification efforts. Dental and chest radiograph comparisons of the disinterred remains were used to create and narrow short lists of unaccounted-for service members. These comparisons were combined with historical documentation and DNA analysis of remains recovered from the Tarawa Atoll to suggest association of additional elements. Articulation, refitting of fragments, pair-matching, and osteometric sorting supported the association of the disparate elements to single individuals. Ultimately, the dental and chest radiograph comparisons, biological profile, DNA testing, and historical data led to the positive identification of both individuals. The complicated nature of the Tarawa commingled assemblage emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the resolution and identification of commingled human remains.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134544462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

A Novel Method for Osteometric Reassociation Using Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Simulation 一种基于Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)模拟的骨测量再关联新方法

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1000

Kyle Mccormick

{"title":"A Novel Method for Osteometric Reassociation Using Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Simulation","authors":"Kyle Mccormick","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1000","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional osteometric reassociation uses an error-mitigation approach, which seeks to eliminate possible matches, rather than a predictive approach, where possible matches are directly compared. This study examines the utility of a Bayesian approach for resolving commingling by using a probabilistic framework to predict correct matches. Comparisons were grouped into three types: paired elements, articulating elements, and other elements. Ten individuals were randomly removed from the total sample ( N = 833), acting as a small-scale, closed-population commingled assemblage. One element was chosen as the independent variable, with the ten possible matching elements representing the dependent variable. A Bayesian regression model was constructed using the remaining total sample, resulting in a distribution of possible values that were smoothed into a probability density, and probabilities were calculated. The element with the highest posterior probability was considered the best match. This process was repeated 500 times for each comparison. The correct match was identified 51.60% of the time. Paired elements performed the best, at 80.76%, followed by 42.10% for articulating and 33.63% for other comparisons. These results suggest that metric analysis of commingled assemblages is complex and that both elimination-based and prediction-based approaches have a role in resolving commingling. In this regard, the strength of a Bayesian approach is versatility, allowing for prediction of the correct match and elimination of possible matches, as well as integration of independent lines of evidence within one cohesive model.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115044291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Estimating the Number of Individuals in a Large Commingled Assemblage 估计大型混合组合中的个体数量

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1002

A. Palmiotto, Carrie Brown, Carrie B LeGarde

引用次数: 5

Preface: Commingled Remains Special Issue 前言:混合残留物特别问题

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1017

J. Byrd

引用次数: 0

Introduction: Commingled Human Remains Special Issue 导言:混合人类遗骸特刊

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1018

A. Palmiotto, Carrie Brown, M. Megyesi

引用次数: 1

The Tarawa Project Part I: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Resolve Commingled Human Remains from the Battle of Tarawa 塔拉瓦项目第一部分:解决塔拉瓦战役中混合人类遗骸的多学科方法

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1004

Rebecca J. Taylor, Audrey L. Scott, Anthony J. Koehl, Willard R. Trask, H. Maijanen

{"title":"The Tarawa Project Part I: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Resolve Commingled Human Remains from the Battle of Tarawa","authors":"Rebecca J. Taylor, Audrey L. Scott, Anthony J. Koehl, Willard R. Trask, H. Maijanen","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1004","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the U.S. Navy’s campaign against the Japanese during World War II, the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943 resulted in over 1,100 U.S. and over 6,000 Japanese and Korean conscript casualties on and around Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati. Casualties were buried in isolated and mass graves, which were negatively affected by the wartime renovations of the island, resulting in only ~47% of the remains being recovered in the late 1940s. The nature of the wartime burials, multiple postwar disinterments and reinterments, identification efforts in the late 1940s, and postwar anthropogenic changes to the island by the local population have contributed to the commingling of casualties. The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency established the Tarawa Project in 2016 to assist in the sorting, association, and identification of the often commingled remains recovered directly from the Republic of Kiribati and 94 caskets of Battle of Tarawa unknowns disinterred from the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawai’i. The project has been able to confirm a minimum number of individuals (MNI) of 243 based on unique mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, while inventory of ~9,000 elements indicates a MNI of 131 from disinterments and 96 from recent field recoveries. The Tarawa Project has used a combination of historical research, DNA testing, chest radiograph and odontological comparisons, and forensic anthropological and material evidence analyses to help identify 41 of the 84 total service members accounted for from the Battle of Tarawa since the 1940s.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114787527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Forensic Postmortem Interval Estimation from Skeletal Muscle Tissue: A Lipidomics Approach 从骨骼肌组织估计法医死后间隔:脂质组学方法

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1011

Natalie R. Langley, P. Wood, Patrick Herling, D. Steadman

{"title":"Forensic Postmortem Interval Estimation from Skeletal Muscle Tissue: A Lipidomics Approach","authors":"Natalie R. Langley, P. Wood, Patrick Herling, D. Steadman","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1011","url":null,"abstract":"Lipidomic analyses of human skeletal muscle tissue were conducted to detect biomarkers of time-dependent postmortem degradation and to test the predictive capacity of lipids in human skeletal muscle cell membranes. High-resolution mass spectrometry analytical platforms were used to isolate phospholipids in muscle cell membranes that are specific to the corpse tissues and not invading microbes, thus eliminating potential noise from the surrounding microenvironment. The most consistently extracted cell membrane phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 34:0 and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdE) 36:4. The actual accumulated degree days of all validation samples fell within the 95% prediction interval limits for the simple linear regression models with PtdE 36:4 and PG 34:0, though the prediction intervals for the latter were wider. The analysis requires only a small amount of tissue, is less subjective than visual methods for estimating postmortem interval, and is robust to drastic fluctuations in temperature. Sophisticated quantitative methods for estimating PMI from biomolecules unique to the corpse, and the human microbiome may provide a means of overcoming the geographic limitations of methods based on subjective visual observations of decomposition changes.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124593393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1 当代菲律宾人颅骨的分类趋势

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-03-27 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1005

Matthew C. Go, Ansley Jones, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt, B. Dudzik, Cris E. Hughes

{"title":"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1","authors":"Matthew C. Go, Ansley Jones, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt, B. Dudzik, Cris E. Hughes","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1005","url":null,"abstract":"Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample ( n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our study indicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132399267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11