Forensic Anthropology最新文献_第9页

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.4028

A. Winburn, S. Tallman, Audrey L. Scott, Cate E. Bird

{"title":"Changing the Mentorship Paradigm","authors":"A. Winburn, S. Tallman, Audrey L. Scott, Cate E. Bird","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.4028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.4028","url":null,"abstract":"Mentorship can be defined as the person-to-person transmission of knowledge in a domain where one person has more experience than the other. Formal mentorship programs and awards have recently been implemented in the field of forensic anthropology, but the attitudes of forensic anthropologists toward mentors, protégés, and mentorship experiences have not been systematically explored. This study surveyed a sample of 123 forensic anthropology practitioners and students via 23 multiple-choice and 12 open-answer questions regarding their demographic information, opinions about mentorship, and experiences as both mentors and protégés. Results indicated that forensic anthropologists value both traditional, “top-down” mentorship interactions and “horizontal” peer-to-peer relationships with multiple mentors. Respondents emphasized the career and professionalism advice they received from their mentors, though some wished for additional guidance in social interactions and social issues. Demographic data were consistent with recent research highlighting the problematic homogeneity of the field, particularly in terms of social race. Based on the survey responses, a proposed consensus definition of forensic anthropology mentorship involves professional and personal guidance by a mentor who imparts discipline-specific, experiential knowledge, advice, and support in a way that allows a protégé to develop both professionally and personally. To enable that development in both ourselves and our colleagues—and to increase diversity and retention within our field—we recommend participation in a formal mentorship program specific to the discipline of forensic anthropology.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130606918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Core Competencies in Forensic Anthropology: A Framework for Education, Training, and Practice 法医人类学的核心竞争力:教育、培训和实践框架

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2020-05-28 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.1014

Natalie R. Langley, M. Tersigni‐Tarrant

{"title":"Core Competencies in Forensic Anthropology: A Framework for Education, Training, and Practice","authors":"Natalie R. Langley, M. Tersigni‐Tarrant","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.1014","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic practice, research, and expert testimony has been scrutinized increasingly by the medicolegal system over the last several decades, requiring attention to rigor and triggering reform in the forensic sciences. One hindrance to the forensic science enterprise noted in the National Academy of Sciences report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward is fragmentation in education and training among the forensic sciences. It is crucial that practitioners receive appropriate training in their field of expertise and that education programs demonstrate the effectiveness of curricula in producing competent practitioners. This article examines a model for delineating core competencies in forensic anthropology and translating these competencies into measurable activities that characterize the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required of forensic anthropologists. We propose the model used in medical education: core competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). We suggest EPAs that encapsulate the core competencies and allow practitioners to demonstrate that they can be trusted to perform units of professional practice unsupervised. This model emphasizes the abilities to be acquired by trainees, providing education and training programs with a set of guidelines for designing curricula and assessing learners. It also informs certification testing and credentialing in forensic anthropology. In the era of greater accountability, a competency-based model ensures that all board-certified practitioners are competent in all essential domains. The dynamic model also communicates to the medicolegal community and stakeholders the units of work produced by forensic anthropologists and our role in forensic investigations and casework.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114300434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Dental Morphological Variation in Asian and Asian-Derived Populations 亚洲人和亚洲人后裔的牙齿形态变异

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-12-05 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1025

Rebecca L. George, M. Pilloud

{"title":"Dental Morphological Variation in Asian and Asian-Derived Populations","authors":"Rebecca L. George, M. Pilloud","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1025","url":null,"abstract":"The use of dental morphology to estimate ancestry has become more prevalent within forensic anthropology, and several new methods have been published (e.g., Edgar 2005, 2013; Irish 2015; Scott et al. 2018). While these methods represent great advances, they are lacking in modern Asian reference samples. As such, they may be unable to adequately differentiate Asian individuals from those who express similar dental morphology (i.e., Hispanics and Native Americans). This study explores dental morphological population variation of various skeletal samples in an effort to suggest areas of improvement for methods of ancestry estimation. Biological distance analyses were conducted on dental morphological data from a Mexican skeletal collection housed at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in Mexico City ( n = 88), Hispanic dental casts housed at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque ( n = 71), a Japanese skeletal sample at Chiba University in Chiba, Japan ( n = 96), and a comparative global data set collected by T. Hanihara. Clear patterns emerge that align with the Sinodont/Sundadont dental variation, where Native American samples cluster with East Asian samples (Sinodont) and Southeast Asian groups cluster with Melanesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia (Sundadont). The two Hispanic samples are found to be distinct from these Asian samples and cluster with Macro-European and West African samples. These results highlight the complexity of Asian and Asian-derived populations and underscore the need for appropriate references samples in method creation.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132132857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

The Estimation of Stature from the Tarsals: Enhancing the Disaster Victim Identification Process in Thailand Using the Calcaneus and the Talus 跗骨的身高估算:利用跟骨和距骨加强泰国灾害受害者的识别过程

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-12-05 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1026

S. Scott, T. Peckmann, M. L. Patriquin, Claudia Garrido Varas, S. Meek

{"title":"The Estimation of Stature from the Tarsals: Enhancing the Disaster Victim Identification Process in Thailand Using the Calcaneus and the Talus","authors":"S. Scott, T. Peckmann, M. L. Patriquin, Claudia Garrido Varas, S. Meek","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1026","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of climate change is estimated to be particularly severe in Thailand, where climate change events are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity, resulting in a higher number of deaths in the region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for population-specific methodologies for the identification of unknown human remains in Thailand. The current study focuses on the calcaneus and the talus to establish an accurate method of living stature estimation for a contemporary Thai sample. Paired calcanei and tali of 233 skeletonized individuals, ranging from 19 to 96 years of age, were studied from the Chiang Mai skeletal collection. Nine measurements were collected from each calcaneus, and one measurement was collected from each talus. Sexes were pooled; all measurements of the calcaneus and the talus exhibit sexual dimorphism. Regression equations of the calcaneus and the talus, generated from other samples, were found to be inaccurate predictors of stature when applied to the contemporary Thai sample. Therefore, population-specific regression equations are recommended. The results of the current study will contribute to estimating living stature of unknown contemporary Thai individuals and will assist in cases such as natural disasters where more accurate predictors of living stature, such as long bones, are unavailable.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132050762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Examining Cranial Morphology of Asian and Hispanic Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics for Ancestry Estimation 用几何形态计量学研究亚洲和西班牙人口的头盖骨形态

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-12-05 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1022

B. Dudzik

{"title":"Examining Cranial Morphology of Asian and Hispanic Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics for Ancestry Estimation","authors":"B. Dudzik","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1022","url":null,"abstract":"Poor classification trends of Hispanic individuals have been shown when using the statistical software Fordisc 3.1 (FD3), which is commonly used by practitioners to estimate ancestry for unidentified skeletal cases (Jantz & Ousley 2005; Ousley & Jantz 2012). Similarities in craniometric dimensions were identified between Asian and Hispanic groups when performing discriminant function and canonical variate analysis using FD3 (Dudzik & Jantz 2016; Jantz & Ousley 2005). Hispanic cases were shown to often classify as Asian and showed a particularly close relationship with Japanese individuals, as illustrated by small Mahalanobis distances. This study further explores these misclassification trend findings by comparing craniometric analyses with geometric morphometric approaches to better identify morphological overlap between Asian and Hispanic populations. Geometric morphometric analyses have become increasingly useful for studies of cranial shape, and inter-landmark distances have been shown to more accurately estimate population affinity than standard cranial measurements (Spradley & Jantz 2016). Based on this evidence, a more detailed analysis of the morphological similarities between Asian and Hispanic craniometrics is warranted using geometric morphometric approaches. Data sets used include coordinate data of a subset of the Hispanic sample included in FD3 as well as individuals from Japan, Thailand, Korea, and China. Results show that variation among samples can be better identified to describe which dimensions of the cranium exhibit the most overlap across populations. Specifically, comparisons between the Asian and Hispanic data showed that the position of landmarks mainly representing dimensions of the neurocranium are useful for accurately predicting group membership.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128558496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Sex Estimation from Postcranial Measurements in Filipino Mortuary Remains 菲律宾停尸房遗骸颅后测量的性别估计

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-12-05 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1021

Amanda B Lee

引用次数: 2

A Case of Split-Line Research Specimens Submitted for Forensic Anthropological Analysis 分割线研究标本提交法医人类学分析一例

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1012

Angi M. Christensen, L. S. Larsen, Brian F. Spatola

引用次数: 0

Missing Data Imputation Using Morphoscopic Traits and Their Performance in the Estimation of Ancestry 形态学特征缺失数据的估计及其在祖先估计中的应用

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-11-20 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1015

Michael W. Kenyhercz, Nicholas V. Passalacqua, J. Hefner

{"title":"Missing Data Imputation Using Morphoscopic Traits and Their Performance in the Estimation of Ancestry","authors":"Michael W. Kenyhercz, Nicholas V. Passalacqua, J. Hefner","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1015","url":null,"abstract":"Missing data are an inherent problem in biological anthropology for both reference data sets and individual cases. The goal of data imputation for forensic anthropological applications is to accurately estimate missing values by using other, observed values. To quantify the accuracy of macromorphoscopic data in conditions with slight (10%), moderate (25%), and severe (50%, 75%, and 90%) amounts of missing data, we selected four data-imputation techniques: Hot Deck, iterative robust model-based imputation (IRMI), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and the variable medians. Hefner’s Macromorphoscopic Databank was used (Hefner 2018); the full sample consisted of 688 individuals from 3 U.S. populations (Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites). Six cranial macromorphoscopic variants were scored in accordance with Hefner (2009). The five data sets with missing data were randomly simulated over multiple iterations (N = 500 each) from the original data. These data sets were compared for agreement using weighted Cohen’s kappa and correct classification accuracies over multiple iterations (N = 500) calculated for the original data set. The latter comparisons were also used to examine the effects of imputed data on classification accuracies. Results suggest that IRMI is the most accurate method for imputing missing data, followed by k-NN, in each of the comparisons for nearly all of the variables imputed.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126368307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Recovery of DNA from Teeth Exposed to Variable Temperatures 从暴露在不同温度下的牙齿中提取DNA

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-08-14 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1029

Taylor J. Federchook, J. Pokines, K. Crowley, Catherine M. Grgicak

{"title":"Recovery of DNA from Teeth Exposed to Variable Temperatures","authors":"Taylor J. Federchook, J. Pokines, K. Crowley, Catherine M. Grgicak","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1029","url":null,"abstract":"In mass disaster situations, human remains are often subjected to extreme conditions, and identification by traditional anthropological means may need to be supplemented by DNA analysis. In extreme cases, bones and teeth are potentially the only viable source of DNA. The present research evaluates the correlation between the taphonomic state and the quantity and quality of nuclear DNA obtained from thermally altered teeth. This study used an extraction procedure involving the use of a demineralization extraction buffer followed by concentration and purification. After heat exposure, each tooth was assigned a color value of 1 to 5 to score the state of combustion of the sample. The results indicate a strong correlation between the quantity of DNA recovered, the quality of the DNA obtained, and the color value. The highest recovery rates and lowest degradation index values were obtained from teeth assigned a color value of 1 (unaltered beige) or 2 (yellow to orange). These teeth were exposed to room temperature, 100°C, or 200°C. At temperatures exceeding 200°C, the amount of DNA recovered drastically decreased or was undetected, indicating that DNA processing of thermally altered specimens should be limited to samples with beige, yellow, or orange post-burn coloration. Samples that are brown, black, or gray in coloration (carbonizing to calcining) will likely provide low or undetectable DNA quantification results and little information as to the identity of the remains.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129511004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Inferring Age at Death for Japanese and Thai Skeletal Samples under a Bayesian Framework of Analysis: A Test of Priors and Their Effects on Estimation 在贝叶斯分析框架下推断日本和泰国骨骼样本的死亡年龄:先验检验及其对估计的影响

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2019-07-30 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.1024

Jieun Kim, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt, L. Konigsberg

{"title":"Inferring Age at Death for Japanese and Thai Skeletal Samples under a Bayesian Framework of Analysis: A Test of Priors and Their Effects on Estimation","authors":"Jieun Kim, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt, L. Konigsberg","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.1024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.1024","url":null,"abstract":"A critical step in age-at-death estimation is to identify the age-at-death distribution to which the unknown skeletal remains most likely belong. Age estimation based on a frequentist approach assumes that the age distribution of the target population is same as that of the reference sample. In a Bayesian framework, researchers have greater flexibility, with the freedom to specify mortality information via a prior distribution and integrate it with osteological data to produce more accurate age estimates. The selection of an optimal prior remains challenging, as forensic anthropologists analyze unidentified individuals often originating from unknown populations. Understanding the effects of the prior choice on the final age produced for various populations is essential to the interpretation of these estimates. In this article we investigate the effects of three different priors on age estimates using scores of three traditional methods collected on Asian skeletal samples representing peoples from Japan and Thailand. We test a uniform prior, which assumes the equal chance of death regardless of age, as well as various informative priors, derived from a Japanese mortality database and skeletal collections. We combine each of the priors with the parameters of the cumulative probit regression model to obtain age estimates. The results of our analyses show that the informative prior outperforms when it is carefully chosen to reflect the geographic and temporal origins of the target population. While the uniform prior produces the least-biased age estimates, one should be cautious, as it can generate unrealistically old and inaccurate ages.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124215509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12