Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Change and Diversity in Smallholder Rice-Fish Systems: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"M. Dey, D. Spielman, Haque A.B.M. Mahfuzul, M. S. Rahman, R. Valmonte-Santos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2198070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198070","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to unlock the genetic potential of both rice and fish, when combined with efforts to improve the management of rice–fish systems, have considerable proven potential for increasing agricultural productivity and food security. In Bangladesh, estimates suggest that the country’s potential rice–fish production system encompasses between two and three million hectares of land. Despite three decades of research on biophysical and technical aspects of rice–fish systems, this potential has not been realized fully due to insufficient attention given to the social, economic, and policy dimensions of system improvement. This paper provides a characterization of the diverse and changing nature of rice–fish systems in Bangladesh by combining data from a novel upazilla-level (sub-district-level) survey of fishery officers with household surveys, focus group discussions, and a meta-review of the literature on aquaculture in the country. The resulting analysis sheds new light on the economic viability of different rice–fish systems and recommends policy and investment options to further improve the development and delivery of rice–fish technologies. Findings indicate that in addition to concurrent rice–fish systems, alternating rice–fish systems and collectively managed systems offer considerable potential for increasing productivity and farm incomes in Bangladesh. Findings also suggest that although the emergent innovation system around these rice–fish systems is fairly dynamic, there is a need for more supportive policies and investments—and analysis of the intended and unintended impacts of these policies and investments.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"18 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131846578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the Irish Economy","authors":"T. Hennessy, S. Hynes","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01487.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01487.x","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the Celtic Tiger years, the contribution of agriculture to Irish gross domestic product and employment declined as other sectors of the economy boomed. Not surprisingly, interest in the sector over this period, from both the popular media and public representatives, declined. However, since the start of the downturn in Ireland’s economic fortunes in late 2007, there has been a renewed interest in the sector. The Irish government’s Food Harvest 2020 strategy has set ambitious targets for the expansion of the Irish agricultural fisheries and food sector, but the achievement of these targets will be dependent on overcoming a number of structural and environmental constraints. This paper examines the characteristics of this important indigenous sector in the Irish economy and the major constraints facing it. This study concludes with a discussion on whether or not the agriculture, fisheries and food sector is in a position to contribute to Ireland’s economic recovery.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116181763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Prevention is Better than Cure' - Planning the Development of Healthy Cities to Promote Public Health","authors":"Ainul Jaria Maidin, Nurul Firdaus Salahul Ahamed","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2148794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2148794","url":null,"abstract":"In some ways, public health is a modern concept, although it is said to have been around since time immemorial. From the early beginning of human civilization, it was recognized that polluted water and lack of proper waste disposal may spread vector-borne diseases. Even religions attempt to regulate behaviors specifically impacting on health, ranging from the types of food eaten, and the extent to which certain behaviors could be indulged, such as consuming alcohol or drug intake. The governments of countries have been empowered to develop public health policies and programs to gain a deeper and better comprehension on the causes of diseases to ensure public well-being, prosperity, to enable the development of healthy and productive human capital. The United Nation’s intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and other scientific panels have assessed the potential health consequences of climate change and are trying to curb its effects. The Quran expressly provides in surah 25:63, for man to walk on the Earth in humility. The industrial revolution brought about a marked change to the world. This led to the most significant public health threat such as infectious diseases which were predisposed by unsanitary conditions and overcrowded areas that lead to its spread, both directly and indirectly. Globally, a significant amount of progress has been made to control communicable diseases such as malaria, typhoid, hepatitis A, leprosy and TB through improved sanitation facilities, increased access to safe drinking water and improved dental health. Land development planning and poorly designed built environment remain at the root of some of the most intractable public health problems, which includes the declining rates of physical activity resulting from higher dependence towards motor vehicle transportation. Land use, community design, and transportation systems substantially impact local air quality, water quality and supply, traffic safety, physical activity and exposure to contaminated industries.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126040261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependence, Independence and Interdependence in the Palestinian Water Sector","authors":"Jan Selby","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2127973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2127973","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an attempt to analyze current and potential future Palestinian water governance in relation to the overall workshop series theme: ‘The Political Economy of Dependence and Independence’. In doing this, however, we need from the outset to go beyond this formulation, in two respects. First, we need to add a third term in addition to ‘dependence’ and ‘independence,’ since these two terms do not exhaust all possible types of relations between Palestine and the outside world, either in the water sector or in relation to various other issues. I propose this added term to be ‘interdependence’. And second, we need to recognize that ‘political economy’ involves not just the analysis of external relations between Palestine and this outside world – relations that can variously be characterized as ‘dependence’, ‘independence’ or ‘interdependence’ – but also the analysis of internal relations within Palestinian society, whether these be relations between regions, classes, parties, religions, genders, and so forth.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124519671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Analysis to Detect Inhomogeneity, Change Points, Trends in Observations: An Application to Po River Discharge Extremes","authors":"R. Vezzoli, S. Pecora, E. Zenoni, F. Tonelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2195345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2195345","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this report within GEMINA project is to outline a procedure to detect inhomogeneity, shift, and trends in observed time series. The analysis of hydrological extremes will help to gain insight in the effects at regional/local scale of climate conditions. The same approach will be used to analyze the discharge obtained from numerical simulations that will be carried on in GEMINA project. The main tests for detecting inhomogeneity, change points, and (linear) trend will be presented and the application of tests to detect change points (SNH, Pettitt, Buishand, and Von Neumann) and trend (Mann-Kendall and Spearman) to annual maximum and minimum Po river discharge at the section of Pontelagoscuro is presented. In addition, a Literature review of the applications of the same tests to climate and hydrological variables is provided.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124698708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Gaming Exercise to Explore Problem-Solving Versus Relational Activities for River Floodplain Management","authors":"P. Magnuszewski, J. Stefańska, J. Sendzimir, P. Romaniuk, T. Taillieu, Flachner Zsuzsanna, P. Balogh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2079020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2079020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new gaming tool that allows players (e.g. water managers and farmers) to explore the consequences of their interactions in managing river-floodplains. To facilitate the process of creating and testing new policies that would help to accommodate disordering events, e.g. floods, we developed a system dynamics model of floodplain agriculture that drives an interactive game. The Floodplain Management Game can be used as an educational resource, knowledge elicitation technique or transition management tool concerning agriculture and river management. The key feature of this game is that it unites technical (problem-solving) and relational issues in one game. Without exception, in multiple venues it has proven a useful tool for participants to experience the challenges of policy-making for managing rivers as well as for floodplain agriculture and for scientists to examine how stakeholders make decisions about such options.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"15 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124627764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggregate Technical Efficiency and Water Use in U.S. Agriculture","authors":"Andrew L. Zaeske","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2066457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2066457","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States freshwater withdrawals for agriculture account for 80% of all out of stream water withdrawals from 1985 to 2005. To assess what drives water use in agriculture, we use the two error stochastic frontier analysis model of Battese and Coelli (1995) to estimate a translog production frontier for agriculture at the state level. The inclusion of non-negative technical inefficiency eff ects allows us to account for additional characteristics in our assessment of production inefficiency. The average marginal value of irrigation is $380, while we fi nd that on average $1 of intermediate inputs provides $0.96 of final output. These results are driven by a small subset of states with large negative values, indicating persistent misallocation of resources. The inefficiency eff ects regression finds that government subsidies increase in value of output of 0:083 per real dollar of subsidies and that that shifts from larger acreage farms to lower acreage ones will generally be efficiency increasing. This analysis highlights di fferences in water use and how they can have major implications for farm policy as a whole. Of particular note is the measured positive correlation between having a negative marginal product of intermediates and having a positive marginal product of irrigation, which suggests that shifts in inputs from intermediates to irrigation are a ripe target for efficiency gains in many states.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114347911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"America’s Wetland? A National Survey of Willingness to Pay for Restoration of Louisiana’s Coastal Wetlands","authors":"D. Petrolia, Matthew G. Interis, M. Hidrue, Joonghyun Hwang, Ross G. Moore, GwanSeon Kim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2054867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2054867","url":null,"abstract":"A nationwide survey was conducted in the summer of 2011 via Knowledge Networks to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for a large-scale restoration project in the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary in coastal Louisiana. A split-sample approach was used to administer both a binary-choice (contingent valuation) and multinomial-choice (choice experiment) version of the survey, with the latter used to estimate willingness to pay for increments in three specific wetland ecosystem services: wildlife habitat, storm surge protection, and fisheries productivity. A total of 3,464 respondents completed the valuation exercise, of which 3,228 (93%) had neither visited nor live/lived in the study region. (Note also that only 32 respondents, < 1%, were Louisiana residents). Of the 1,397 respondents who completed the binary-choice version of the survey, 601 (43%) were willing to pay some positive amount of money for the proposed restoration project (costs ranged between $25 and $2,825 per household). Of the 2,067 respondents who completed the multinomial-choice version of the survey, 1,250 (60%) were willing to pay for some version of the restoration. Results indicate that confidence in federal and state government agencies, political leanings, and “green�? lifestyle choices were significant explanatory factors regarding support. All three wetland ecosystem services significantly affected project support, with increased fisheries productivity having the largest marginal effect, followed by improved storm surge protection, and increased wildlife habitat. Mean WTP for an intermediate-scale restoration program ranges between $909 and $1751 per household, with a total value between $105 billion and $201 billion, which exceeds a recent (and by far the largest) $100 billion restoration cost estimate.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116317063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kızıltepe ilçesinde bitkisel ürün deseninde meydana gelen değişimler ve olası olumsuz sonuçları (Changing in Crop Patterns and Possible Adverse Effects in Kızıltepe Districts)","authors":"M. Sönmez","doi":"10.1501/cogbil_0000000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1501/cogbil_0000000130","url":null,"abstract":"Mardin ovasinin guneybati kesiminde kalan Kiziltepe ovasi, sahip oldugu verimli ve genis topraklar sayesinde hizla nufuslanmaktadir. Ovada 2000’li yillarin basina kadar nadas yontemiyle bugday ve arpa gibi tahillar ile mercimek ve nohut gibi baklagiller tarimsal uretimde onemli yer kaplarken, son yillarda yer alti suyunun kullanilmaya baslanmasiyla sulamali tarim yayginlasmis ve misir ile pamuk gibi yuksek gelir getiren urunler tarimsal uretimde on plana cikmistir. Kiziltepe ovasinda sulamali tarima gecisi urunlerin ekim alanlarinin genisleyip daralmasindan, yaptigimiz gozlemler ve 2000 ile 2010 yilina ait uydu goruntulerinden izlemek mumkundur. Ozellikle ciftciler ile yaptigimiz mulakatlar, uydu goruntulerindeki degisim ve TUIK’in urunlerin ekim alanlarina ait verileri arasindaki siki iliski, Landsat uydu goruntuleri ile TUIK verilerinin guvenirliligini de ortaya koymustur. Bunun yaninda rotasyonla urun ekiminin yapildigi ilcede bu sistemin basariyla uygulandigi da gozlemlenmistir. Ancak ozellikle gecmiste Harran ve Karapinar ovalarinda sulamada gerekli tedbirlerin alinmamis olmasi ve yanlis sulama yuzunden kalsifikasyon (kireclenme), coraklasma ve tuzlanma gibi onemli sorunlar belirmistir. Bu amacla Kiziltepe ilcesinin iklim verileri, su kapasitesi, urunun su istegi gibi parametreler de degerlendirilmistir. Boylece, calismada Kiziltepe ilcesinde sulamali tarim vasitasiyla urun desenindeki degisim ortaya konulmus, urunler n su istekleri ile iklim arasindaki iliski degerlendirilmis ve olusabilecek olasi sorunlar irdelenmistir","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134025220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcending Sovereignty: Locating Indigenous Peoples in Transboundary Water Law","authors":"J. Archer","doi":"10.14288/1.0072588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0072588","url":null,"abstract":"All people rely upon water for life. Indigenous peoples are especially vulnerable to water conflicts and yet lack recognition in international water law. This thesis adopts Critical Race Theory to examine the intersection between transboundary water law, the doctrine of sovereignty and the international law of Indigenous peoples. The methodology adopted in this thesis includes: (i) a deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and the doctrine of sovereignty; (ii) a review of Indigenous perspectives on sovereignty; and (iii) a proposal for the reconstruction of transboundary water law in a manner that recognizes the internationally affirmed rights of Indigenous peoples.A deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and related discourse reveals that state-centric approaches to transboundary water law fail to recognize Indigenous peoples’ international rights or the pivotal role that Indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge might play in transcending conflict. Case examples are provided (Columbia River and Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River) that illustrate the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples in the face of state development agreements. The inequities that exist in international water law are rooted in the historical doctrine of sovereignty which has evolved to subordinate Indigenous peoples’ interests to state interests. Indigenous perspectives regarding sovereignty provide a counter-point to the dominant legal discourse and weave an alternate narrative that challenges the myth of objectivity and neutrality that surrounds the doctrine of sovereignty and international law generally. Once we recognize that sovereignty is a social construct, we can recognize our collective ability to reconstruct international laws in a manner that transcends the sovereign discourse and recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples. Endorsement of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is indicative of states’ commitment to recognize Indigenous peoples’ rights throughout the international legal system. This thesis concludes by offering a proposal for reconstructing transboundary water law through a return to ethics and coalition building. Future reform should be directed towards (a) articulating an international water ethic with the critical engagement of Indigenous peoples; and (b) ensuring that river basin organizations are established on every transboundary river in a manner consistent with this shared international water ethic.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133474650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}