Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the Political Economy of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Issues in Rwanda Is Vital to Addressing Them","authors":"A. Tsinda, R. Mugisha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3872050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3872050","url":null,"abstract":"Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are examined from the Political Economy Analysis (PEA) perspective in Rwanda. Through a participatory qualitative approach, the findings show that water and sanitation services have been relatively low on the political agenda in Rwanda. There is a pronounced shortage of qualified employees at both local and national levels who should be responsible for the WASH sector. Other major PEA issues include limited accurate, reliable and timely WASH data to inform decision-making, sustainability of WASH services and ineffective decentralization. A range of strategic entry points are suggested in this paper to address these PEA issues.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115548704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Face Masks - Protecting the Wearer But Neglecting the Aquatic Environment?","authors":"N. A. Hasan, Abu Bashar, Richard Heal, M. M. Haque","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3722737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3722737","url":null,"abstract":"In Bangladesh, as with many countries, the spread of COVID-19 made the single-use face mask, a non-pharmaceutical intervention surged in mass popularity along with healthcare professionals. Consequently, irresponsible discarding of cast-off masks and waste mismanagement are putting huge pollution burden on aquatic environments. In particular, slow degradation of mask-derived polypropylene and polyethylene create large reservoir of microplastic pollutants making their impact on aquatic animals challenging. These omnipresent microplastic can cause acute inhibition and alteration of physiology within aquatic organisms; whereas oxidative processes, immunity and hormonal systems may be affected in the long run. Such affects are likely to disrupt the aquatic food web and with its carcinogenic, mutagenic and neurotoxic properties, biomagnification of microplastics may ultimately become a malign threat to human health. To mitigate these chronic impacts on the environment, a number of recommendations are made that, if adopted, would reduce entry of microplastics into the aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124607249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater Purification Technology by Two-Stage Treatment in Electrical Device of a Compact Local Installation","authors":"L. Chelyadyn, V. Kostyshyn, V. Chelyadyn, T. Romanyshyn, V. Vasechko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.206815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.206815","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater generated at industrial and communal facilities is treated within the limits of permissible values established by law. The drains of transport and tourism infrastructure in most cases are cleared with local treatment facilities. For wastewater purification, the biological method is most often used, which is implemented on complex and bulky wastewater purification plants located in large areas. It is proposed to carry out wastewater purification from small objects locally using physical and electrochemical technology with compact equipment. A design of a device for treating wastewater with cylindrical electrodes located coaxially with the device casing has been developed. It is shown that at the first stage of municipal wastewater purification in a laboratory setup with the appropriate parameters (plane tilt angle in a thin-layer sedimentation tank=45° and voltage on the 1st electric device with a soluble anode=12 V), the purification degree from weighted to 95 is ensured, 8 %. The purification of municipal wastewater in the second stage of purification (the 2nd electric device with an inert anode at 10 V and filtering through the clinoptilolite zeolite layer) increases the purification degree from suspended to 96.1 %. Wastewater purification of a car wash in the first electric device in front of a thin-layer sedimentation tank and in the 2nd electric device with an inert anode at a voltage of 10 V and filtering through a layer of clinoptilolite zeolite increases the degree of their purification from oil products to 95.6 %. The technology with the participation of developed electrical appliances leads to an increase in the degree of wastewater purification in terms of COD to 97.0 %. which allows to reduce the pollution discharge into the environment at the level of 50–70 %.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123832308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefit Sharing for Solving Transboundary Commons Dilemma in Central Asia","authors":"Ilkhom Soliev, I. Theesfeld","doi":"10.5334/ijc.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.955","url":null,"abstract":"Transboundary water governance often represents challenges specific to the commons dilemma. Use of water in one country affects use in another country, yet dynamic and diverse political and socioeconomic factors coupled with relatively large size of a resource system that links not only other sectors such as land and energy but also crosses national jurisdictions make it particularly challenging for interested and affected actors to self-organize. Central Asia represents a typical case of this commons dilemma, where more than 60 million people depend on transboundary waters shared by five independent republics that suffer from vicious cycle of historical rivalry and complexity. We explore whether and how benefit sharing, where the focus is on benefits and not quantities of water, can help solve the transboundary commons dilemma. Further, we suggest distinguishing three priorities in benefit-sharing solutions: economic-development; egalitarian-social; and environmental. Investigating various configurations of prioritization, we discuss selected expressions of it available in the literature in general and from our transboundary waters case study in Central Asia in particular. Based on our findings we stress the importance of setting environmental preservation (restoration) and equitability of sharing as the joint top priority for benefit sharing to be sustainable in the long run, in contrast to a short-term perspective with prevailing economic-development emphasis. In the context of historical distrust conditions and interdependencies, we highlight the mutually important causal relationship between benefit sharing and trust building. For making the new arrangements resilient, particularly in case of large-scale commons, benefit sharing also requires a strong civil society.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131562486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Capital Markets-Based Water Risk Assessment of Key Industrial Water Users in the Great Lakes Region: Indicators for Portfolio Managers","authors":"A. Arnold, Celina Jiang, P. Adriaens, S. Sinha, Abigail Teener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3527442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3527442","url":null,"abstract":"This project explores capital markets risk exposure from water use in key industrial sectors in the Great Lakes region, represented by a subset of the region's largest companies and water users. The largest industrial water users in the Great Lakes region include (in decreasing order): thermoelectric, industrial, domestic/public supply, and commercial sectors. It is salient to make the distinction between water withdrawal and consumptive use, whereby the former is largely returned to the source reservoir after use in business operations, and the latter is removed from available supplies. Industry-specific water risks can be viewed through several lenses: watershed stewardship, impact of water as a natural resource constraint on corporate operations, and risk pricing of water in the capital markets as a result of curtailed operations and growth. The approach taken here builds on portfolio theory by integrating share price trends, with corporate accounting and voluntary disclosure data to extract a share price volatility risk metric - waterBeta - reflective of water and weather risk. The approach leverages signal processing waterBeta algorithms developed by Equarius Risk Analytics, a fintech firm, which prices water/weather risk directly into share price volatility, as a risk premium. The signal is derived from value-at-risk (VaR) models, which captures the short term ‘tail’ of extreme market volatility risks in share price behavior relative to industry and sector-specific benchmarks. Simply put, a higher waterBeta means a company is more prone to capital market volatility as a result of climate risks. Our results indicate that, by comparing nine companies across four industry sectors, the waterBeta signal is lowest for utilities, followed by health care, consumer discretionary, and industrials. Companies with high waterBeta tend to exhibit a higher degree of tail risk volatility in their short term share price, have a high percentage of facilities operating in water stressed regions, and exhibit low water intensities (WI). Interestingly, these same high waterBeta companies also tend to have high fixed asset turnover ratios, indicating high waterBeta companies are more dependent on fixed assets. Conversely, low waterBeta companies exhibit low VaR, high water intensities and a high percent of facilities in water stressed locations. However, these companies have low fixed asset turnover ratios, and are thus inefficient at generating revenue from fixed assets. Even though our subset of companies was too small for sector-wide generalizations, it appears that when an entity has higher fixed asset turnover ratios, even small changes in water intensity or exposure to high water risk areas can have a significant impact on waterBeta. This is the case with Archer Daniels Midland (ADM). However, the opposite trend can be observed, and is exemplified by the thermoelectric companies, which are the most inefficient at generating revenue from fixed assets and hav","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114076327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remittances and Small-Scale Coastal Fishing in a Developing Country","authors":"Ben Gilbert, E. Barbier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3517460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3517460","url":null,"abstract":"Remittances to developing countries exceed $550 billion annually. Although many poor rural households that depend on these remittances also harvest local common-pool resources, few studies explore this relationship. We develop a dynamic model of a coastal fishing household with remittance income. Remittances increase fishing capital investment if households perceive current consumption to be scarce relative to discounted future consumption. This can occur if households heavily discount the future or expect fishing yields to recover. In an empirical application to a Malaysian fishery, we find that households with greater remittance receipts from family migrants either had larger boats and more hired labor, or were more likely to invest in labor-saving capital equipment. These relationships hold most strongly among small-scale artisanal fishers, who are most likely to be financially constrained and more heavily discount the future. We discuss the implications for broader remittance policies in comparison to traditional fisheries management policies.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117336110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Technologies for Mitigating the Water Woes in the City of Bengaluru","authors":"L. Iyer, S. Giri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516768","url":null,"abstract":"Industrialization has caused most of the world's environmental problems like climate change, water security issues, biodiversity issues among others. Water-related issues like water scarcity, lack of water quality, water sanitation issues, lack of proper water resources management are some of them. Urbanization, population increase, pollution has led to an increase in water demand. Water being the elixir of life, is essential for the day-to-day living of an individual. The Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies like AI, IoT, Blockchain, Machine Learning have the capability of bringing solutions to these issues. The current study focuses on the water woes of Bengaluru, a fast-growing urban city, due to its migrating population. The woes are also due to the irresponsible behaviour of builders converting lakes into real estate infrastructure leading to clogged drains, excess sewage creation and flooding. A huge mismatch between demand and supply of water is created due to these issues. Before the city hits the Day Zero – no water day, it is significant to set up water infrastructure along with technology implementation which will help resolve this burning issue at the earliest.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133985223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Digital Good for Providing Water Security? – A Case Study of India","authors":"L. Iyer, Sirish Venkatagiri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3472395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3472395","url":null,"abstract":"We live in an urbanizing world. Large cities with population greater than 750,000 would represent US$21.8 trillion in economic activity or 47.7% global GDP. These cities are already home to 1.7 billion people, about 24% of the world’s population. By the year 2050, it is expected that ninety percent of the world’s urban population growth will occur in Asia and Africa. Economic growth goes hand-in-hand with the urban growth. With the population increase in cities, there is a need for ample and consistent supply of water. The supply of water is a fundamental component of the environmental, economic and social health of cities. There is a huge investment of US$90 billion a year in water supply infrastructure to ensure delivery of clean water to the citizens. If the current trend continues, the volume of urban water need will have to go up by 80% by the year 2030. In this context, The World Economic Forum classified water security as one of the greatest threats to global prosperity in the year 2014. \u0000 \u0000Hence, it becomes essential to manage the water resources in an efficient manner to cater to a large population. The world around us is transformed by various technologies and adopted by humans. Improvement in the performance and cost of computing power, storage and bandwidth are the causes of these technologies. Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies like Virtual & Augmented Reality, Big Data Analytics, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Block Chain have created disruption in various industries through the way businesses are run. India as a country has an advantage of monetising digital technologies for solutions related to social issues due to STEM qualified expertise and experience. AI4SG has got the potential to provide the most sought after Water Security for a country like India. \u0000 \u0000The current study attempts to identify whether there is a dearth in the supply of water due to lack of rain or excess exploitation; or is it that the resources are available but the management of water resources is not efficient. State-wise analysis across India is conducted to identify the gap. The measure used for this study is the Composite Water Quality Index devised by Niti Aayog. The study has found that the gap between supply and demand of this significant resource can be bridged with the proven technology of Block Chain. Issue of Water loss, Water trading and Water quality could be resolved using Block Chain technology. The most common areas of improvement in Water management across various States of India are Water supply, Ground water restoration/rejuvenation, Participatory Irrigation, On-farm use, and Waste water treatment. Block Chain as a technology solution is proposed to bring in possible resolution to these issues to improve upon the water management process.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127171942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Scouts, Fish Marketing and Licensing During the Colonial Period in Lake Victoria, Kenya","authors":"P. Opondo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3466158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3466158","url":null,"abstract":"The paper looks at the political economy of fishing in colonial and post-colonial periods in Kenya. Also examined was the imposition of new fishing gear and methods during the colonial era and how they replaced and affected the indigenous ones. As a corollary, there was unprecedented overfishing and increased mechanization of fisheries due to the rise of capitalism and commercialisation. Using the social history concept, the study examines the role of the bicycle traders and Indian middlemen in taking the fish to the markets and the challenges that fishers faced in marketing their products. It is fundamental that the colonial state encourages the development of roads to the beaches such as Dunga, Lwanda Kotieno and Uhanya in Lake Victoria, so as to assist the fishermen. After independence in 1963, the government of Kenya through cooperatives and Beach Management Units (BMU), the post-colonial state has done much more to assist the fish traders and artisanal fishers to maximize the utility of fish resources in Nyanza Province in Kenya withing the East African region. <br>","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121434122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the Water Industry Found Out to Use Technology and Analytics","authors":"D. N, P. P.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3444814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444814","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is prepared with an intension to add more value to the one of the Pancha Pudhas, that is Nilam, Neer, Nerupa, Katru, Agagayam, among them the most precious one is ‘Water’, we know that how precious the water is? Here is an attempt how industries are using water energy with the help of technology and analytics.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}