Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Environmental Disasters of Mariana and Brumadinho and the Brazilian Social Environmental Law State","authors":"C. Armada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3442624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3442624","url":null,"abstract":"The disruption of a mining tailings dam in Mariana, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, on November 13, 2015, ignited the alert for safety issues involving mining activity in Brazil. Even after this accident of huge proportions, Brazil experienced a new dramatic event with the rupture of a dam in the city of Brumadinho, in the same state of Minas Gerais. From these two episodes, the general objective of the present study is to analyze the incompatibility between the preservation of the environment and the economic development of the country in order to identify the Brazilian Social Environmental Law State that fails in its objective of preservation or the developmental state that favors economic growth at any cost. It emerged from the research carried out that the actions (and omissions) of the Brazilian public power in relation to the mining activity show a fundamental preoccupation with the economic development to the detriment of the aspects of environmental preservation and social quality. The methodology used to develop the research was the inductive method operationalized by the reference technique, categories, operational concepts and bibliographic research.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Consumption Monitoring System","authors":"T. G, P. R","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3441726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3441726","url":null,"abstract":"Water management is a big problem in many apartments, especially in cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi. Indian cities are facing severe water crisis and this situation reaches its peak during summers. But still there are wastage of a good amount of water every day. Many apartment authorities have not still taken necessary steps to manage the water scarcity issues in their building. In apartments, there is no system to know the quantity of water consumed by each flat. They often divide total water bill equally a fixed amount for each flat. Water metering is the process of measuring water use through water meter and is one of the best ways to keep an account on the amount of water used in an apartment society. It provides an incentive for water conservation along with volumetric pricing. It helps the detection of water leaks in the distribution network which further provides a basis for the reduction of non-revenue water. The water supply can be ended if the residents are not present in their home. This system enables residence or owners to pay for the water they use rather than paying a fixed amount. The water consumption monitoring system contains an electronically controlled valve and micro controller with embedded hardware. The sensor provides a series of pulses which is proportional to the water flow through the valve. By measuring the number of pulses, we can estimate the volume of the water flowing through the valve. This information is displayed in LCD module and the number of liters consume each day is sent to the owner via GSM module. The primary function of the system is to monitor and manage domestic water consumption. The water consumption is monitored directly from the pulse output of a conventional water meter via a fully electronic probe. This ensures high accuracy, reliability, and long life.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"366 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121379763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization of the Sustainable Development Goals Drives Opportunities and Risks for a Blue Future","authors":"K. Nash, J. Blythe, C. Cvitanovic, E. Fulton, B. Halpern, E. Milner‐Gulland, P. Addison, G. Pecl, R. Watson, J. Blanchard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3439664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439664","url":null,"abstract":"The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were designed to recognize the fundamental role the biosphere plays in our sustainable future. However, decision-making bodies, from local to international levels, have assigned lowest priority towards Goal 14 (Life Below Water). Here, we analyze policy reports and indicators to explore risks associated with low attainment of Goal 14 for other targets. We show that limited progress towards Goal 14 is likely to affect long-term attainment of social and economic targets. This is particularly the case for countries highly dependent on fisheries or for those developing a blue economy, due to the reliance of the social and economic goals on a healthy ocean in these contexts. To help ensure sustainability is not compromised by environmental degradation we suggest an extension to existing indicator assessments. This approach would provide greater transparency and specificity to decision-makers as they direct actions to attain SDGs.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122121375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidding Into Balancing Markets in a Hydrodominated Electricity System","authors":"M. Schillinger, H. Weigt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3441591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3441591","url":null,"abstract":"In an electricity system, demand and supply have to be balanced in real time. Since most energy is traded before real time already in forward, day-ahead and intraday markets imbalances can occur. To ensure the balance between demand and supply even if power plants deviate from their schedules, the system operator procures balancing capacity and energy in balancing markets. The market outcomes may significantly differ from one country to the other depending on the underlying generation technologies and market design. In this paper, we have a look at the balancing market prices of a hydro-dominated electricity system using Switzerland as a case study. By using a short-term hydropower operation model and a set of Swiss hydropower plants, we are able to identify a competitive benchmark for Swiss balancing market prices defined by the opportunity costs of hydropower for providing balancing capacity. Our results show that Swiss balancing market prices are influenced by several drivers but do not hint at any market imperfections.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117240645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart and Sustainable Leakage Monitoring for Water Pipeline Systems","authors":"Harshit Shukla, Kalyan Piratla","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3410336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3410336","url":null,"abstract":"It is estimated that about 20% of treated water is lost through leakages in the distribution pipelines in the U.S. and this percentage is much worse in developing nations. It is vital to minimize such leakage given the growing scarcity of freshwater in many regions across the world and the possibility that a leaking pipeline could eventually fail resulting in significant consequences. Furthermore, minimizing leakage will reduce the operational costs of water utilities. Modern leakage detection techniques are capable of locating leaks when there is prior knowledge of the leak to be located in a certain section of the system. Many such techniques require human intervention to successfully locate leaks. There is growing interest in developing sustainable leakage monitoring systems that are embedded in the pipeline infrastructures and are selfpowering. This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a novel framework of surface vibration-based pipeline leakage detection that could work with self-powering sensors which harvest locally available energy. The alternatives to local energy harvesting are either batteries or wired power sources, which are environmentally harmful and inconvenient, respectively. This paper will specifically outline the: (a) development and testing of a robust vibration-based leakage detection technique on buried water pipelines using an experimental test bed built on the Clemson University campus; (b) investigation of leveraging deep learning algorithms to detect leakage using vibration signal data collected from multiple locations along the pipeline length; and (c) investigation of the availability and variation of the harvestable energy in water pipeline systems to support leakage monitoring sensors. A leakage detection index (LDI) is formulated to determine the leakage presence and its relative severity. LDI quantifies the changes in the cross-spectral density of acceleration signal measured at two locations on the leaking pipeline relative to a baseline (i.e., non-leaky) state. The results show that the LDI method is effective in detecting the small leakages in the buried pipelines, which can go undetected for a long time because of their minimal impact on vibration signal and pressure. Subsequently, it is shown that leakages may be detected using machine learning algorithms by bypassing the knowledge of the engineering system dynamics. As a preliminary investigation, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict the leakage size and location using the LDI values. The ANN model is able to predict the leakage size and location with more than 80% accuracy. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model has been trained using the layers of AlexNet (a pre-trained network) on scalogram images that are created from acceleration signal data collected across multiple location along the pipeline length to detect the leakages. The CNN model is able to detect the leakages on buried and unburied pipeline with approx","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132136643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Environmental Politics and Developing Nations' Climatic Vulnerability Nexus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Anutosh Das","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3641773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3641773","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is arguably one of the most formidable environmental problems the world is facing nowadays and global environmental politics apprehends the complications further given its interdisciplinary nature and the scientific difficulties involved in climate change. Bangladesh has been recognized as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change as per the Global Climate Risk Index (GCRI) 2018 at global stage emitting only 0.36 percent Greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, per-fluorocarbon, hydro-fluorocarbon, and sulfur hexafluoride) of total global GHG emission, which is lower than most of the countries. A paradox is felt across the globe is that the five major GHG emitting countries emit more than 60 percent of total global GHG emission but are not facing immediate climate risks. While on the contrary, countries like Bangladesh, Maldives, Lesotho or Tuvalu have little to do with GHG emissions but are most exposed to the long-term adverse impact of climate change. More to add, the most exposed countries to climate change are mostly developing or least developed and cannot fund their plans to fight out the climate change. In this global context, the countries at apex climatic risk despite demanding adequate financial support are not getting though. Being devoid of proper assistance from global community, they are getting more exposed to the climatic consequences and rushing to a possible extinction from the world map. This is being realized the most after a major GHG emitting country left Paris Agreement in 2017, believed to be influenced by international environmental politics, to pursue some short-term benefits leaving the long-term goals, and also has vowed to restructure the carbon regulations imposed by the previous administration. With the withdrawal of such a strong economic power from the agreement that pledged 3 billion dollars to the UN Green Climate Fund, at least two-thirds of the pledged amount is at Proceeding, International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC-2019), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 01-03 March, 2019 risk. Also, with the proposed restructuring of the carbon regulations, the global target to reduce carbon emission is expected to receive a major blow. This paper will explore the nexus between nature of global environmental politics and its implications on climate-vulnerable nation's as well as act as a future guideline toward the practitioners and nationwide policymakers in mainstreaming the inclusive resilience issues for the safeguard of the climatic hazard prone third world countries.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131242045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Environmental Regulation Affect Firm Exports? Evidence from Wastewater Discharge Standard in China","authors":"Yan Zhang, Jingbo Cui, Chen-Fu Lu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3414927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414927","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the effect of water pollution regulation on polluters' exporting decisions and exporting structure. Using a detailed firm-by-product level dataset, we employ a difference-in-differenceds model to identify the causal relationship between environmental regulation and firms' exporting performance. We find that stringent environmental regulation decreases both export likelihood and export values. Moreover, we examine the channels that the environmental regulation could affect firms' exporting performance through entry-exit of the export market, price transmission, adjustments of exporting destinations, and product switch. The tightening wastewater discharge standard appears to deter the new polluters rather than incumbents to enter the export market. Productive polluters could gain the relative larger export market by lowering down exporting prices and selling more products overseas. In response to this water pollution regulation, polluters would make substantial adjustments in their exporting destinations, exporting products, and exports value via different trade modes.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116042360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When It Rains, It Pours: Estimating the Spatial Spillover Effect of Rainfall","authors":"F. Hossain, Reshad N. Ahsan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3267074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3267074","url":null,"abstract":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that global rainfall levels will increase by 8 percent by the second half of the 21st century. The existing literature generally finds that increases in rainfall either have no effects or actually raises agricultural profits and economic growth. Using household-level, panel data from India along with high-resolution meteorological data, we show that these average effects mask the fact that greater rainfall can create both winners and losers. Central to this novel finding is our focus on identifying the spatial spillover effect of rainfall. We show that while greater own-district rainfall raises rural household consumption, greater rainfall in neighboring districts actually has a negative effect on such consumption. While this spatial spillover effect generally attenuates the positive effect of own-district rainfall, households in districts with a low-to-moderate own rainfall shock and a large rainfall shock in neighboring districts may be made worse off from increases in rainfall.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131565046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acción Colectiva Para Abordar Conflictos Socio-Ambientales. El Caso De Santurbán (Collective Action to Address Social-Environmental Conflicts the Case of Santurbán)","authors":"J. Cárdenas, Juan Felipe Ortiz-Riomalo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3203922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3203922","url":null,"abstract":"El presente capA­tulo describe y analiza un proceso participativo llevado a cabo con el propA³sito de apoyar la construcciA³n de acuerdos colectivos y un sistema de monitoreo ciudadano para el manejo sostenible de las cuencas de los rA­os SuratAi, en Santander, y Zulia y Pamplonita en Norte de Santander, asociadas al Complejo de PAiramos Jurisdicciones SanturbAin BerlA­n (CPJSB). Luego de presentar brevemente el contexto de la intervenciA³n, el capA­tulo presenta el Marco conceptual para el anAilisis institucional y desarrollo (IAD, por sus siglas en inglA©s) (Ostrom, 2005), el cual ha guiado tanto el diseA±o del proceso y enmarca la presentaciA³n, descripciA³n y anAilisis del mismo en este documento. En seguida se presentan de manera sucinta tanto las actividades realizadas como los resultados alcanzados a febrero de 2016. Por Aoltimo, a modo de conclusiA³n, se ofrecen una serie de reflexiones finales sobre los retos que Colombia enfrenta para el manejo del agua, sus cuencas hidrogrAificas y ecosistemas de pAiramo. Se presentan y discuten brevemente tambiA©n los aprendizajes que, para encarar tales retos, se pueden derivar de procesos participativos como el aquA­ documentado. La presentaciA³n de las limitaciones y alcances del proceso expuesto ayudan tambiA©n a generar pistas sobre cA³mo organizar y llevar a cabo este tipo de intervenciones encaminadas a fortalecer la acciA³n colectiva para abordar las tensiones y discrepancias en torno al manejo de ecosistemas estratA©gicos como los pAiramos y sus recursos naturales.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127265489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Water Trade: The Implications of Capital Scarcity","authors":"Mohamad Afkhami, T. Bassetti, Hamed Ghoddusi, Filippo Pavesi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3166874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3166874","url":null,"abstract":"The original idea behind the virtual water (VW) concept is that water-abundant countries will become producers of water-intensive goods and consequently net exporters of water, and this will alleviate the initial unequal distribution of hydric resources. We criticize this optimistic view by introducing empirical evidence that is consistent with the Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. We find that, though virtual water exports are increasing in the combined availability of water and arable land when comparing countries with a similar level of available water-land resources, those with higher (lower) levels of physical-human capital tend to be net importers (exporters) of water. This result relies on the intuition that high levels of capital accumulation lead water to become a relatively scarce factor in developed countries. Thus, while more developed countries shift away from agriculture, less developed countries that lack sufficient capital do not have this option and end up using water resources even if they are not abundant. Such a trade pattern could create immediate economic benefits for less developed countries, but also exerts pressure on their water resources. Therefore, prioritizing economic development in countries that have limited water availability, may be crucial to avoid excessive usage and depletion of global water resources.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124126380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}