Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Governance Mechanisms in Scenarios of Water Scarcity: The Cases of the Hydropolitical Complexes of Southern Africa and Jordan River Basin","authors":"Fábio Albergaria de Queiroz, J. Tiburcio","doi":"10.22158/ELP.V1N1P17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/ELP.V1N1P17","url":null,"abstract":"In many regions of the world, the multiple uses of transboundary fresh water have been a critically important component for regional stability. This situation explains why, in many cases, water management has commonly become linked to national security concerns. But, in what intensity? In search for answers, we analyze the cases of Southern Africa and the Jordan River Basin due to their prevailing condition of hydrological stress. To verify the role played by governance mechanisms in accommodating the interests of riparian states, the Hydropolitical Complexes model was applied in a comparative perspective. Our findings suggest a trend towards cooperation in Southern Africa due to the successful institutionalization of management mechanisms capable of minimizing potential conflicts. In the Jordan Basin, however, the struggle for control of water resources has been a paramount feature in the maintenance of a tense and resilient non-cooperative framework among riparian countries.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126686206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient Systems, Resilient Communities","authors":"J. Kinder, Makere Stewart-Harawira","doi":"10.7939/R38K75B1W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R38K75B1W","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of anthropogenic change, rapidly rising global temperatures and extremes of crisis across multiple spheres, the real possibility of synchronous inter-systemic failure at a level involving multiple cascading system failures (Homer-Dixon et.al. 2015) demands urgent responses. From this perspective, the need for an integrated, whole-system approach to understanding and fostering radical social and ecological transformation has never been starker. The impact of rapid and irreversible biospheric changes calls for an urgent re-thinking of the role of resilience in understanding the ability of both human and non-human communities to adapt to a vastly different environment with enormous social and economic as well as biological implications. In this context, resilience thinking and resilience theory have become major tools for understanding social and ecological change across multiple disciplinary fields. This small contribution attempts to clarify the usefulness of resilience as a framework for understanding and supporting the adaptability of social and ecological systems by centering recent work by scholars in the Intersections of Sustainability transdisciplinary research network within current resilience thinking and theory.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132476508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prerequisites and Possibilities for Consolidation in the Water Supply Sector in Bulgaria","authors":"N. Alexandrova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3048543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3048543","url":null,"abstract":"Study investigates means for achieving consolidation in the water supply sector in Bulgaria - voluntary and obligatory. The results indicate that the most powerful tool for achieving voluntary consolidation is the perspective of receiving EU funds.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132622455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating Water and Sanitation Network Services Accounting for Institutional and Informational Constraints","authors":"Daniel Camos Daurella, A. Estache","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8149","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to argue that the optimal design of regulation of water and sanitation monopolies should be the outcome of a detailed diagnostic of the institutional constraints impacting the ability of the operator -- whether public or private -- to deliver the services. Tailoring the regulatory processes and instruments to account for institutional and informational weaknesses stands a better chance of improving the performance of the sector than the adoption of imported standardized or pre-packaged regulatory tools.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131383563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mixed-Integer Framework for Operational Decision-Making in Sustainable Nutrient Management","authors":"A. Christensen, Hongbo Dong, J. Ramakrishnan, M. Sharara, M. Ferris","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2417062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2417062","url":null,"abstract":"Global population and income trends continue to increase world food demand and an “upscaling” of diets to include more animal proteins. In response, cost and efficiency driven intensification of cropping and livestock operations has created substantive environmental concerns including deforestation, mono-culture versus diversified production systems, increased use of carbon intensive chemicals, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pathogen and antibiotic resistance health concerns, and nutrient runoff leading to large scale eutrophication and algal blooms. This paper shows that management of nutrients within commodity crop and livestock production can provide improved agricultural sustainability. Specifically, optimization and data driven models are used to improve economic and environmental performance using a combination of nutrient cycling, reduced chemical fertilizer application, and logistical enhancements due to manure separation and precision nutrient blending/application technology. Farm field level data from regulatory instruments can be incorporated into a process model foundation using a sophisticated, large scale, mixed integer programming approach to generate a rich, linked decision space for evaluating economic and environmental performance tradeoffs. The paper also details how the operational model can be enhanced to include new environmental constraints that are more in line with the long term health of the land, air and water supply, and furthermore shows how the model can be used to quantify the costs of implementing new policies within an optimized system. In particular, the model can elucidate key strategic tradeoffs that can be used to understand the costs and effects of separation, and can demonstrate the utility of these approaches in dealing with increased regulation of organic nitrogen and dry matter. It also provides policy makers with science and data-based mechanisms to value the impact of specific regulations on both typical and specific farm setups, in a way that can be used directly in a regulatory setting.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132487013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bureaucratic Blockages: Water, Civil Servants, and Community in Tanzania","authors":"J. Bailey","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8101","url":null,"abstract":"How do civil servants in district water and sanitation departments address problems of water access in rural communities in Tanzania? What are the bureaucratic procedures they follow? How do the bureaucratic procedures around formulating budgets, managing money, and interacting with communities impede or enhance their ability to manage water projects? This report addresses these and related questions by examining the social, economic, and political contexts in which Tanzanian civil servants in the water sector work. This research focuses on civil servants employed by water and sanitation departments in district offices, where infrastructure projects are initiated and managed by engineers and technicians in coordination with the private sector and community organizations. Using qualitative research from two of these water and sanitation departments, this report shows that the institutional and bureaucratic contexts in which civil servants work redirect their attention away from maintaining existing infrastructure and towards building new water projects. The focus on new projects corresponds to their efforts to answer the objectives of higher levels of government. Improving water access depends on the shared efforts of civil servants and community groups to maintain existing projects. Civil servants' focus on new projects therefore poses a problem to ensuring that they work community organizations and maintain existing water projects.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128374672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continental Shelf Boundaries in the North Sea and the North Atlantic","authors":"Constantinos Yiallourides","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2985968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2985968","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution provides a composite overview of the continental shelf boundaries in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean from a historical perspective, dating back to the early days of the North Sea oil and gas industry, before considering live issues such as those surrounding the remote Atlantic rock of Rockall and the prospective maritime boundary delimitation between the United Kingdom and its regional neighbours in the Atlantic approaches to Northern Europe over what is now commonly known as the Hatton-Rockall plateau. In doing so, the paper marries discussion of past issues to modern developments, thus, reflects the present status of affairs in the two regions under review.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124203838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amicus Brief on Ecosystem Services in the ACF Equitable Apportionment Proceeding","authors":"J. Ruhl","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2920790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2920790","url":null,"abstract":"A river is more than water flowing downhill. It follows that equitable apportionment doctrine is about more than just how much water must flow downhill across a state line. While that quantum is often the end product of an interstate river equitable apportionment decree, the underlying question the doctrine must answer to designate such a quantum is, “What is being allocated, and on what basis?” \u0000The purpose of this amicus brief is to present the case for using principles from the scientific discipline of “ecosystem services” to help answer that question, specifically in this proceeding but also more generally for the doctrine. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans receive from natural resources in the form of goods, such as water, fish, and timber, and of services, such as groundwater recharge, flood mitigation, and salinity regulation, many of which are public or quasi-public goods and thus not easily accounted for in markets. \u0000It should come as no surprise that there are ecosystem services — that natural resources like rivers are not only ecologically important but also economically valuable to human communities. Nevertheless, a discipline centered on the study of ecosystem services did not emerge robustly until the mid-1990s, when ecologists, economists, geographers, and researchers from other traditionally siloed fields began coming together to focus on the identification and quantification of ecosystem services. \u0000The composition, distribution, and human consumption of ecosystem services are among the attributes that make a river more than water flowing downhill. Water extracted from a river in its physical form is not the only ecosystem service humans consume from a river. They also consume flood mitigation services, estuarine salinity regulation services, habitat maintenance services for commercial fisheries, and a suite of other economically valuable benefits made possible in large part by the water flowing in its physical form down the river. The fact that some of these services seem “ecological” and are not easily monetized in commercial markets does not make them any less economically valuable when humans consume them. It follows that equitable apportionment doctrine ought to take into account all of the ecosystem services humans consume from a river and allocate the water flowing downhill so as to provide an equitable division of those services between the states. Indeed, I argue in this brief that the Court’s equitable apportionment doctrine already incorporates all of the key principles behind the concept of ecosystem services, though not in the language and metrics used in ecosystem services science. The language of equitable apportionment doctrine has lagged behind the science of ecosystem services for the simple reason that the Court has not had a proceeding like this one since the ecosystem services discipline emerged to synthesize and galvanize scientific research. But the spirit of the ecosystem services concept has been ","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133484620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recreational Leasing of Alaska Commercial Halibut Quota: The First Two Years of the Guided Angler Fish Provision","authors":"Kailin Kroetz, Daniel K. Lew, J. Sanchirico","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2890624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2890624","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacific Halibut Catch Sharing Plan creates a process for allocating halibut between the Alaska commercial and recreational charter sectors. A provision intended to allow for “flexibility” creates an inter-sectoral trading market, permitting charter operators to lease commercial halibut pounds to relax client harvest restrictions. Here we evaluate the first two years of lease market activity and participation. We find the program may provide beneficial flexibility to some commercial quota holders, with the number of transfers to the charter sector being greater than transfers within the commercial sector for some types of commercial quota. We also identify a high proportion of self-leasers. However, transfers to the charter sector are on average smaller than within-sector commercial transfers, and total poundage leased by the charter sector is low compared to commercial transfers. Finally, the value-per-pound may be higher in the charter sector, as commercial-to-charter transfer prices approach the commercial ex-vessel price.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134629064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Water Scarcity Shift the Electricity Generation Mix Toward Fossil Fuels? Empirical Evidence from the United States","authors":"Jonathan Eyer, Casey J. Wichman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2849037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2849037","url":null,"abstract":"Water withdrawals for the energy sector are the largest use of fresh water in the United States. Using an econometric model of monthly plant-level electricity generation levels between 2001 and 2012, we estimate the effect of water scarcity on the US electricity fuel mix. We find that hydroelectric generation decreases substantially in response to drought, although this baseline generation is offset primarily by natural gas, depending on the geographic region. We provide empirical evidence that drought can increase emissions of CO2 as well as local pollutants. We quantify the average social costs of water scarcity to be $51 million per state-year (2015 dollars) attributable to CO2 emissions alone; however, this figure is much larger for regions that rely heavily on hydropower.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121862256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}