超越主权:在跨界水法中定位原住民族

J. Archer
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引用次数: 2

摘要

所有人的生命都依赖于水。土著人民特别容易受到水冲突的影响,但在国际水法中却得不到承认。本文采用批判种族理论来考察跨界水法、主权主义和土著人民国际法之间的交集。本文采用的方法论包括:(i)解构《联合国水道公约》和主权理论;审查土著对主权的看法;(三)以承认国际上确认的土著人民权利的方式重建跨界水法的建议。对《联合国水道公约》及其相关话语的解构表明,以国家为中心的跨界水法方法未能承认土著人民的国际权利,也未能认识到土著人民的传统知识在超越冲突方面可能发挥的关键作用。文中提供了案例(哥伦比亚河和雅鲁藏布江),说明了土著人民在国家发展协议面前的脆弱性。国际水法中存在的不平等根源于主权的历史学说,这一学说已演变为将土著人民的利益置于国家利益之下。关于主权的本土观点为主流法律话语提供了一个对立面,并编织了另一种叙事,挑战围绕主权原则和国际法的客观性和中立性神话。一旦我们认识到主权是一种社会结构,我们就能认识到我们的集体能力,以一种超越主权话语和承认土著人民权利的方式重建国际法。《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的核可表明各国承诺在整个国际法律体系中承认土著人民的权利。最后,本文提出了通过回归伦理和构建联盟来重构跨界水法的建议。今后的改革应着眼于(a)在土著人民的关键参与下阐明国际水伦理;(b)确保以符合这一共同的国际水伦理的方式在每一条跨界河流上建立流域组织。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Transcending Sovereignty: Locating Indigenous Peoples in Transboundary Water Law
All people rely upon water for life. Indigenous peoples are especially vulnerable to water conflicts and yet lack recognition in international water law. This thesis adopts Critical Race Theory to examine the intersection between transboundary water law, the doctrine of sovereignty and the international law of Indigenous peoples. The methodology adopted in this thesis includes: (i) a deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and the doctrine of sovereignty; (ii) a review of Indigenous perspectives on sovereignty; and (iii) a proposal for the reconstruction of transboundary water law in a manner that recognizes the internationally affirmed rights of Indigenous peoples.A deconstruction of the UN Watercourse Convention and related discourse reveals that state-centric approaches to transboundary water law fail to recognize Indigenous peoples’ international rights or the pivotal role that Indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge might play in transcending conflict. Case examples are provided (Columbia River and Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River) that illustrate the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples in the face of state development agreements. The inequities that exist in international water law are rooted in the historical doctrine of sovereignty which has evolved to subordinate Indigenous peoples’ interests to state interests. Indigenous perspectives regarding sovereignty provide a counter-point to the dominant legal discourse and weave an alternate narrative that challenges the myth of objectivity and neutrality that surrounds the doctrine of sovereignty and international law generally. Once we recognize that sovereignty is a social construct, we can recognize our collective ability to reconstruct international laws in a manner that transcends the sovereign discourse and recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples. Endorsement of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is indicative of states’ commitment to recognize Indigenous peoples’ rights throughout the international legal system. This thesis concludes by offering a proposal for reconstructing transboundary water law through a return to ethics and coalition building. Future reform should be directed towards (a) articulating an international water ethic with the critical engagement of Indigenous peoples; and (b) ensuring that river basin organizations are established on every transboundary river in a manner consistent with this shared international water ethic.
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