Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat最新文献_第2页

Aleksei Petersoni roll vepslaste ja udmurtide rahvuslikus taassünnis (1980.–1990. aastad)

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-12-21 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-003

Indrek Jääts, Svetlana Karm

{"title":"Aleksei Petersoni roll vepslaste ja udmurtide rahvuslikus taassünnis (1980.–1990. aastad)","authors":"Indrek Jääts, Svetlana Karm","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2020-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2020-003","url":null,"abstract":"Estonian ethnographers have always taken a keen interest in Finno-Ugric peoples, their linguistic kin. The golden age of Finno-Ugric studies in Estonian ethnography began in the 1960s and lasted until the early 1990s. The State Ethnographic Museum of the Estonian SSR in Tartu (the current Estonian National Museum) emerged as the center of Finno-Ugric research with its long-term director Aleksei Peterson at the helm of the enterprise. Estonian ethnographers visited almost all Finno-Ugric peoples, with the major focus given to the Veps in the 1960s and 1970s, and to the Udmurts, in the 1980s. The museum acquired an awe-inspiring number of ethnographic objects, descriptions, photographs, drawings and films. Did all this benefit the peoples visited? What was the relationship of Estonian ethnographers with the subjects of their research? Did their plight affect Estonian scholars?\u0000The Estonian ethnographers had a high regard for the ethnic particularities, languages and traditional folk cultures of the kindred peoples and resisted their disappearance. Their views contradicted the Soviet nationalities policy which until the mid-1980s, emphasized the convergence and assimilation of nations. The interaction between the Estonian ethnographers and the Veps and Udmurts during the long series of expeditions helped to stimulate the suppressed and weak ethnic self-esteem of the latter. The mid-1980s marked the beginning of the era of Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika. As a result, national issues could be discussed openly, and it was at that time that the national revival of the Veps and Udmurts began. Estonian ethnologists embraced the process and actively contributed to it. This is especially true of Peterson, who was quite well known in Vepsia and Udmurtia and had a certain authority there. In his speeches at various events and in the press, Peterson encouraged the use of Veps and Udmurt in public life, including the schools. He emphasized the need to place a greater emphasis on traditional folk culture, which he considered to be critical to the national identity of small nations. His ideas influenced the creation of the open-air museum of the Udmurts. He supported the territorial autonomy of the Veps. He could speak as a messenger of perestroika whose word had weight. Thus Veps and Udmurt activists and nationally-minded ordinary people received inspiration and moral support from Peterson (and other Estonian ethnographers) for the preservation of their mother tongue, national identity and cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121350296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Sürja traditsioon Põhja-Venemaa ja Siberi käsitöönduses ja rahvakunstis

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-004

Valeri Šarapov

{"title":"Sürja traditsioon Põhja-Venemaa ja Siberi käsitöönduses ja rahvakunstis","authors":"Valeri Šarapov","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2020-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2020-004","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the term “Zyryanskoe” in the traditional designations of the material objects and art technologies among the people who live in the boundary territories with Komi-Zyryan’s. The article considers the ethnographic material that was gathered under the research project “The nomadic ornament: ethnic identity in the ornamental tradition of Izhma and Nenets reindeer herders”. The article is based on the published and contemporary field data. The author supposes that widely spread “Zyryan designations” among the Northern Russian, Nenets and Ob-Ugric people is the result of the high level of development and uniqueness of some traditional technologies of Komi-Zyryan. Also, this article presents recent field data on the ornamental tradition in the technique of decorating fur products among those modern Izhma Komi and Nenets, who live together in reindeer-herding settlements of the Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The article discusses the ideas of Komi and Nenets masters about what represents the ethnic and cultural specifics in the artistic decoration of fur products. \u0000Also, this article focuses on the question of the reasons for loss of ethnic identity in the modern arts and crafts of the Komi. Special attention is paid to how Komi ethnicity is visualized in modern folk art. Finally the possibility of a correct translation of the ethnocultural heritage in the works of modern masters of Komi Republic is discussed.","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126371564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metafoorid, millega me töötame: kogumismetoodika kajastused Eesti Rahva Muuseumi soome-ugri ekspeditsioonipäevikutes aastatel 1975–1989

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-002

Art Leete, Piret Koosa

{"title":"Metafoorid, millega me töötame: kogumismetoodika kajastused Eesti Rahva Muuseumi soome-ugri ekspeditsioonipäevikutes aastatel 1975–1989","authors":"Art Leete, Piret Koosa","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2020-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2020-002","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim is to examine how the principles of museum collecting are reflected in ethnographic fieldwork diaries. In recent decades, scholars and representatives of indigenous peoples have sharply criticized earlier modes of ethnographic collection and representation. The earlier acquisition policy was based on the understanding that ethnographers had a kind of prerogative to collect objects and that people had to relinquish their possessions in the name of science. By now such collecting practices have changed, but the analysis of the ethnographers’ earlier techniques enables us to gain a clearer sense of the historical context of museum collection.\u0000In this article, we study various metaphors related to museum collecting that we found in Soviet-era Finno-Ugric expedition diaries kept in the manuscript archive of the Estonian National Museum (ENM). We examine how the museum’s ethnographers used specific metaphorical expressions and descriptive models. An exploration of diaries through metaphors offers a way to discuss the formation of ethnographic knowledge. Such an approach can be more subjective, but the metaphorical models that reappear in the field diaries do show that certain beliefs and the fundamental nature of their expression were more prevalent among the museum’s staff.\u0000We analyze the diaries of Finno-Ugric fieldwork kept from 1975 to 1989, the most intensive period of the museum’s collecting work among the Finno-Ugric peoples. The objects collected during these years make up almost two thirds of the current Finno-Ugric collection of the ENM.\u0000The Finno-Ugric expedition diaries of the mature Soviet era reveal some metaphorical expressions and descriptions pertaining to museum collecting that are used repeatedly. We found that the metaphors of trade, war and loot characterized the era’s collection practices in the most expressive way. These metaphors reflect, in the humorous and grotesque key, the ENM’s staff’s perceptions of time-specific museological principles.\u0000In their 1980 monograph “Metaphors We Live By”, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson substantiated the universal potential of metaphor in human thought. While for Lakoff and Johnson, metaphor is a tool that enables us to talk about reality, what is more important is that metaphors serve as a meeting place of fundamental questions concerning people’s everyday experience and life. The analysis of the ENM fieldwork diaries partially confirms Lakoff and Johnson’s view. Although ethnographers use metaphors of trade, war and loot in their fieldwork diaries, they need not always be related to existential reflections, but are often just an entertaining play on words. At the same time, the playful use of metaphors does not in itself preclude the fact that they also reflect the discourses of the deep structure of ethnographic consciousness.","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121847510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Soome-ugri välitööd ja muuseumikogud: sissevaateid uurimislukku

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-001

Piret Koosa, Svetlana Karm

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Järjepidevus ja muutuvad vaatenurgad soome-ugri uuringutes

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-005

Piret Koosa, Svetlana Karm

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Välitöökogemuse kehaliste ja emotsionaalsete aspektide peegeldustest soome-ugri ekspeditsioonipäevikutes

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2020-007

Piret Koosa

{"title":"Välitöökogemuse kehaliste ja emotsionaalsete aspektide peegeldustest soome-ugri ekspeditsioonipäevikutes","authors":"Piret Koosa","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2020-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2020-007","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on fieldwork as a personal, emotional and corporeal experience. My aim is to give an overview of how this kind of subjective dimension is present in the fieldwork diaries of Estonian ethnographers kept in the archives of the ENM. Ideas about the role of scholar’s individuality in knowledge production have transformed in the course of disciplinary history. In the early days of ethnology, it was understood that using appropriate methodology would provide objective descriptions of how things really are. Postcolonial and feminist theories and the discussions leading to and stemming from the reflexive turn made it clear that scholar’s personal background and characteristics inevitably influences both the dynamics and results of research. This article also stems from the understanding that ethnographical knowledge and the formation of museum collections always to some extent reflect the individuality of the people who created them, their subjective choices and motivations in collecting process, and their relationship with the research subjects. Various sensory experiences and emotions shape the researcher’s impressions and attitudes in the field, but they also influence the interpretation of fieldwork materials and the subsequent analysis. Analysing the subjective bodily and sensory experiences reflected in ethnographic fieldwork diaries can thus broaden our knowledge about the context of collecting and contribute to the understanding of the process of creating sources and museum collections.","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117062148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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ERMi esemekogud ja -analüüs

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2019-12-20 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2019-005

Liisi Jääts

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Muuseumid ja pärand: inimesekeskse pärandihalduse poole

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2019-12-20 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2019-006

Kurmo Konsa, Kaie Jeeser

{"title":"Muuseumid ja pärand: inimesekeskse pärandihalduse poole","authors":"Kurmo Konsa, Kaie Jeeser","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2019-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2019-006","url":null,"abstract":"Museums are memory institutions. They serve to collect, study, preserve and mediate to the public culturally valuable objects related to human beings and their living environment. They bolster the formation of social, communal and family identities; they function as public memory institutions, supporting education and scientific research and, of course, museums provide entertainment and recreation. In this article, we look at museums from the perspective of heritage studies, and for our analysis, we use the following three dimensions: heritage objects, levels of society and processes of heritage management. Our objective is to present a conceptual framework which would highlight more clearly the connections between heritage and museums and which would lay a foundation for interlinking some theoretical concepts from heritage studies and museology and help to improve practical heritage management.\u0000Museums and heritage are closely, if not inextricably, linked. A museum’s connection with heritage has always been one of the important features that defines it. At the same time, the relationships between various heritage institutions and their links with broader heritage paradigms have not been sufficiently researched. Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of objects and phenomena considered to be heritage has dramatically increased. Museums endeavor to keep pace with these changes, and thus more new museums are being established and the range of collection items is expanding.\u0000For a long time, discussions of museums encompassed only national-level museums. This is due to the fact that national museums are the oldest of such institutions to have emerged, and on the other hand, it is museums at the national level that have attained the most influential position in the heritage landscape. At the same time museologists have paid rather scant attention to museum institutions at other levels. Private museums and personal collections have not received sufficient museological consideration even though they form a significant amount of social heritage and are the most natural to people, and often the most important for them too. Likewise, community and local government memory institutions have only recently become of interest to museology, which is also the case even in the context of world heritage. All activities connected to heritage may be summed up with the term ’heritage management’. Heritage management incorporates principles and practices connected to the identification, preservation, documentation, interpretation and presentation of objects of historical, natural, scientific or other interest. The processes of heritage management can be grouped according to their focus: object-based, value-based and people-centered. These approaches do not follow a specific chronological order and are not necessarily exclusive of one another. Although they come in a certain chronological sequence, all the approaches are currently used depending on the co","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128737918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Muuseumid tänapäeval: väljakutsed ja võimalused

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2019-12-20 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2019-

Pille Runnel

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Muuseum tänapäeva ühiskonnas: Eesti Vabaõhumuuseumi maaarhitektuuri keskuse mõju

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat Pub Date : 2019-12-20 DOI: 10.33302/ermar-2019-007

Rasmus Kask

{"title":"Muuseum tänapäeva ühiskonnas: Eesti Vabaõhumuuseumi maaarhitektuuri keskuse mõju","authors":"Rasmus Kask","doi":"10.33302/ermar-2019-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2019-007","url":null,"abstract":"In their strategic goals, an increasing number of Estonian museums are departing from the conventional formula of ’collecting, preserving, researching and mediating the heritage of the field’. The new objectives are to ’ignite people's interest in art and culture’, to be ’the creator of social cohesion’ or even ’to increase people's knowledge of Estonia as a maritime nation and to cultivate respect and love of the sea in our society’. It can be said that the Estonian museum landscape is undergoing a transition from entertainment education towards having a greater social impact, or if not that, then at least the new theme is increasingly more clearly formulated in the museums’ mission and vision statements along with the usual activities. There are several possible reasons for this, including: the need for a new conceptual basis, the experience of participatory and inclusive activities having yielded positive results, the influence of global changes of perspective, and so on. But how are the high ideals theoretically justified? What form and priority do social values assume in the daily activities of the museum? The aim of this article is to provide guidelines for identifying societal impacts and offer guidance concerning the appropriate strategic planning of museum activities.\u0000In the first part of the article, I examine the relationship models between museums and society, drawing on the analyses of professional literature published in the past 15 years. My aim is to outline a framework which would make it possible to identify and compare conceptual approaches and which would serve as a guide for strategic planning. Based on a review of the literature, it is possible to discern three categories: “public value”, “societal impact” and “societal change”, which can be differentiated in terms of the theoretical basis, identification of target groups, and the description of activities and impact indicators. Although these categories are notional and traces of various approaches can be found in every institution, they can be mapped along two broad spectrums: one based on the intensity of societal impact (passive vs. active) and the other, based on the audience (public vs. individual).\u0000In the second part, I analyse the past development plans of the Estonian Open Air Museum's Center of Rural Architecture in the light of the above framework. Despite the explicit formulation of the expected societal impact, the success of the department's work is assessed in terms of performance indicators that are not unequivocally linked to the general objectives. Although the main target group is the owners of old houses, their needs and expectations are not clearly defined. Notionally, the Centre's plans fall into the category of societal impact.\u0000In the last part, I discuss the possibilities of attaining a greater degree of societal impact when drawing up the new development plan. The most important thing is to find a theoretical basis which would help to conceptualise ‘","PeriodicalId":307696,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124787433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0