Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications最新文献

{"title":"BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR CREATING NFT-TOKENS – AS A SPHERE OF ACTUALIZATION OF MONUMENTS OF FORTIFICATION ARCHITECTURE","authors":"Iryna Spodenets, Olena Zhukova","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.022","url":null,"abstract":"The contradiction between the need of using of perspective blockchain technology to create NFT-tokens in the field of Ukraine fortification heritage and the lack of scientific information on this issue determined the topic of the proposed article. The topic of blockchain technology using for the actualization of immovable cultural heritage in general is new and scantily explored, obviously, single publications are presented mainly in the form of narrow specialists’ review. The aim of the article is to highlight the experience of using innovative blockchain technology in the creative industry to form an understanding of the possibilities of its use in the field of actualization of Ukraine fortification architecture monuments. The article reveals the meaning of NFT-token, blockchain technology, marketplace. The main NFT tokens sites of storage, purchase, exchange or sale are described. The experience of NFT-tokens successful use in the domestic museum-cultural sphere and the experience of forming the crypto-heritage market have been recorded as a motivating occasion for specialists working with monuments of fortification architecture. It is noted that in comparison with the existing crypto-art market, the crypto-heritage market is only at the stage of formation. The uniqueness of Ukraine's fortification heritage in terms of crypto artists needs is noted. The classification of fortifications is given. Emphasis is placed on the main technical and construction characteristics, which with the help of blockchain technology will allow to store information about authentic shapes, scales, textures, masonry, colors, materials, technical condition, etc. on the relevant marketplaces. It is concluded that the introduction of digital blockchain technology is a promising area of creative cooperation of cultural and creative industries with individual local communities to preserve, promote, capitalize the fortification heritage of Ukraine through the creation of NFT-tokens.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129788295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES AND WORKS DEDICATED THE HISTORY OF THE DEFENSE STRUCTURES OF LVIV MIDTOWN","authors":"V. Bevz, N. Bevz","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2023.18.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.016","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of studies of the fortification development of the Lviv midtown has a long history. As early, Bartlomej Zimorowicz was the first author who covers the history of Lviv at the 17th century. In his work \"Leopolis Triplex\" he pays a lot of attention to fortifications and presents materials and facts about their construction. Other researchers later relied on his work, in particular, Yaroslaw Widawski, Janusz Witwicki, Wladyslav Tomkewicz and others. Denys Zubrytskyi also made a great contribution to uncovering unknown pages of the construction of Lviv fortifications. He was engaged in organizing the Lviv archives, and discovered and published a lot of information about the dates and features of the construction and modernization of fortification objects. The most complete works devoted to the defensive fortifications of the Lviv midtown are the publications of W. Tomkewicz and Ja. Witwicki. These authors conducted research in the interwar period, but their materials were published in the 1970s. It should be pointed out the important publications of various authors in the magazine \"Halytska brama\", several issues of which were devoted to the history of the fortifications of Lviv. In a synthesized form, the question of the construction of Lviv's defense structures and their reconstruction in different historical periods is revealed in a new work on the history of Lviv's architecture, published under the general editorship of Yuriy Biryulyov. In a somewhat shorter version, the stages of development of Lviv fortifications are revealed in the \"Atlas of historical cities. Lviv\". In our work, we aim to analyze the sources and literature that highlight the history of architecture only so-called High defensive wall of Lviv midtown. This was the first brick line of fortifications in the center of the city. It began to be built in the first years of the 14th century, and it was used for defensive purposes until the end of the 18th century. Based on the results of the analysis, we have identified 4 main stages of the architectural transformation of this defensive structure.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129824094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARTISTIC DESIGN OF A REPRESENTATIVE GROUP OF PREMISES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF LVIV IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY","authors":"Serhii Hetmanchuk","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.13.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.13.076","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the characteristic features and distinctness of the artistic design of representative rooms of public buildings in Lviv in second half of 19th century. Traced the main factors that influenced their formation, both architecturally and artistically. Highlighted in detail the Viennese historicism and its features in interior decoration, which is had influenced and reflected to the Lviv’s public buildings. For a more detailed analysis of the artistic structure, a representative sample was made of key public buildings, both, in Lviv and their analogues in other cities of the empire. There are was included: theaters, universities, Sejms and parliaments, museums, courts and other buildings, which have a wide representative group of premises. Also highlighted there are common trends, direct and indirect quotations, both in the artistic elements and in the overall composition. In addition, was also show up the key figures in art and architecture who were active in the second half of the 19th century in Lviv who made a significant contribution to the formation of the artistic arrangements of public buildings. Instead, was indicate and considered main impact factors: administrative, cultural, artistic, social and educational. There was administrative influence, both direct and indirect. Along with funding from imperial exchequer, the facts of straight directives on the style of decoration of representative premises are known. There was also a direct influence on the formation of schools, workshops and in general on the field of architecture and art. Another important factor is that, both the elites and society was focused in the all spheres of life on the capital of the empire. Especially in the culture, architecture and art. For conclusions, in stylistic terms, the artistic design of representative public buildings in Vienna followed the pan- European tendency of historicism, but stood out in its characteristic features. Since Lviv was part of the administrative structure of the Austrian part of the empire, by analogy with the capital, it had a corresponding list of key public buildings. Comparative analysis reveals many similarities, from the layout of the premises, to the decorative and applied elements of artistic design, and in some cases there is a direct citation. Among the main factors are administrative, cultural, educational and economic, which are manifested both in the form of directives and in socio-cultural imitation the current trend at that time in architecture and art.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MEDZHYBIZH CASTLE IN THE 1760th YEARS INVENTORIES","authors":"Igor Zapadenko","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.079","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces documentary information about the structure, condition, functional purpose and actual use of the fortification complex, residential and economic buildings of the Medzhybizh castle in the second half of the 18th century. For this purpose, the text of the inventory descriptions of Medzhybizh castle in 1763, 1765, 1767 in Polish, adapted to modern spelling, and its parallel translation in Ukrainian are published. Until nowadays, in scientific publications about Medzhybizh Castle, there are many assumptions and myths about the arrangement of Medzhybizh Castle, which are not taken from documentary sources, but from popular publications in magazines of the 19th century. Famous researchers of the 20th century (Lohvyn, Lopushynska) and subsequent authors were again guided mainly by their assumptions and not by archival documents. As a result, a false impression was created that Medzhybizh Castle in the 18th century was significantly rebuilt as a romantic residence of princes Sieniawski and Czartoryski. Inventories, stored in the archive of manuscripts of the Czartoryski Library (Kraków, Poland), eliminate some false assumptions about the functioning of the Medzhybizh Castle in the 18th century, which until now were perceived as known facts. Documents show that the castle buildings during this period were used mainly for the economic activities of the Medzhybizh manor, and not as a “romantic residence”. At the same time, certain military functions of the castle complex are preserved. The specific purpose of most of the premises of the palace and other castle buildings is clarified. A consistent description of the premises proves that the castle has not undergone significant reconstruction since the 18th century. It has survived to the present day in almost the same form described in the inventories of the 1760s, except for a few minor changes. At the same time, some building elements (parts of windows, doors, ceiling, floor) for the second half of the 18th century are also quite archaic, which indicates the lack of modernization over a long period. Many details of the castle interior are typical for the 16th and 17th centuries. This inventory description, together with other documents, allows us, with high accuracy, to reconstruct the appearance and life of Medzhybizh Castle in the second half of the 18th century. It can be a basis for further archaeological and architectural research and restoration of the monument. The text of the inventories is accompanied by comments on the peculiarities and differences of the documents of different years, a Glossary of archaic, local words, building terms of the 18-19th centuries.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134491965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METHOD OF VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE CASTLE IN THE STATE OF LONG-TERM RUIN","authors":"Кalyna-Theodora Gavryliv","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.056","url":null,"abstract":"The main task of visual inspection of an architectural object is to collect information about its current state and identify architectural peculiarities. Since the research information is obtained directly at the site of the study, which is characterized by a short period of time, – the operational fixation of information is a critical element. For this task, a method of visual inspection of the structure was formed, presented using the example of castles in a state of long-term ruin, including preliminary preparation for leaving to the research object, step-by-step instructions for the survey process and recommendations for processing and storing data later. A visual inspection of a castle in ruins requires careful preparation. First of all, you should familiarize yourself with the historical, bibliographic and iconographic base of the architectural object and form its construction chronogram. You should prepare a plan scheme with marked objects, where you will indicate saved, lost and emergency areas, and mark the change of masonry, the number of loopholes, etc. It is also recommended to prepare a text card of the visual examination, which will include the name of the investigated volume, short pre-collected information and free space for recording the examination results directly on the site. It is necessary to have a meter tape measure, a camera, if possible, a laser rangefinder and a drone. Since the route of the visual inspection is often quite chaotic, you should have another printed plan-schema to record the progress of the research. This manipulation will be helpful when you have to understand a few hundred photos. After processing the data in office conditions, a file which is called “Map of visual inspection of the castle in a state of long ruin” is formed. The castle-ruin reflects in its structure about six centuries of human history. Its research will be relevant for a long time, since funding for architectural monuments is extremely limited, and destructive processes are constantly ongoing. Given the versatility of the castle’s architectural site in a state of long-term ruin, visual inspection can be an excellent learning experience for restoration students. The study of the object of research contributes to the understanding of its potential and the emergence of ideas for its revitalization.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"11 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131580552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METHODS USED IN THE FORMATION OF THE TRADITIONAL CHARACTER OF THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT OF CATHEDRAL SQUARE IN ODESSA (UKRAINE) WITH THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LOST OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE – TRANSFIGURATION CATHEDRAL","authors":"V. Meshcheriakov","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.090","url":null,"abstract":"In 1936, in Odessa, the largest temple of the North-Western Black Sea region, the Transfiguration Cathedral on Cathedral Square, was barbarously destroyed. By this time, the Cathedral had undergone the robbery of valuables, legalized by the Soviet state, with the destruction of relics. Since 1991, on an initiative basis, the creative team of architects and students of the Odessa Civil Engineering Institute began to collect initial data and develop a project to recreate this outstanding lost object of the cultural heritage of Ukraine. In 1999, the team of architects of the communal enterprise \"Odesproject\" won the all-Ukrainian open competition for the best project for the reconstruction of the temple and began to develop scientific and design documentation, according to which in 2000 construction and installation work began on Cathedral Square. Since 2002, scientific and project documentation on the architectural and decorative finishing of the facades and engineering support of the Cathedral, the interiors of the Lower and Upper Churches, the Andreevsky Hall, baptisms for children and adults - was developed by the architectural studio \"M-Studio\". When carrying out a complex of preparatory work, the development of a draft design, working documentation, interior designs, scientific support and field supervision, the authors used scientific and practical research methods, which helped to substantiate and accept decisions for implementation, which were subsequently detailed in the scientific and design documentation. The article presents the main research methods that were used to recreate the outstanding lost cultural heritage of Ukraine – Transfiguration Cathedral in Odessa, 1991- 2010. The methods used in the reconstruction of the Cathedral are conditionally divided into two groups: the first group concerns the formation of the traditional character of the historical environment of the Cathedral Square and the second - the formation of the image of the restored Cathedral, including its interiors. Presents 21 methods from the first group, these methods were used in the study and formation of the traditional character of the historical environment of the Cathedral Square and the facades of the Cathedral: Building sanitation, Revealing layers, System approach, Compliance with the prototype, Field surveys, Archaeological research, Architectural and geodetic measurements, Analysis and Synthesis, Hypotheses, Architectural Yantra, Paradigms, Photogrammetric Reconstruction, Prototyping, Modeling, Logic, Citizens Informing, Comparison, Brainstorming, Visual Shading, Manufacturability, Collectiveness. The methods used in the reconstruction of the Cathedral contributed to the adoption of the most acceptable scientific and design decisions both in terms of the formation of the traditional character of the historical environment of Odessa Cathedral Square, and in the formation of the image of the Cathedral, including the interiors of its Upper and Lower Templ","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION OF THE HISTORICAL CASTLE COMPLEX IN PNIV","authors":"Uliana Andrusiak","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2023.18.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.006","url":null,"abstract":"The historical castle complex in the village Pniv of Ivano-Frankivsk region - an architectural monument of national importance. The castle complex is unique in its planning and spatial structure, which to this day in fragments preserved. However, every year the surviving authentic elements more and more are destroyed. The reason is the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors. The issue of preservation of the Pniv castle complex has been relevant for a long time. Saving such a \"diamond of architecture\" is important for national identity. It is necessary to develop proposals for functional adaptation. The purpose of these proposals is to preserve the historical castle complex. An analysis of examples of foreign and domestic scientific experience and implemented projects of functional adaptation of historical castle complexes carried out. The most promising direction of use for the Pniv castle complex is tourism and recreation. The most important thing is to create constant interest in potential visitors. This can be achieve by taking into account three levels of perception - cognitive, emotional and behavioral. The cognitive level is aim at conveying certain historical facts to visitors. These events and figures should be associated with the Pniv historical castle complex. The emotional level is aim at realizing the value of cultural heritage. The behavioral level encourages the appreciation of authentic features, originality, and traditions. These features are reflect in the specifics of the architecture and fortification of the Pniv castle complex. Means of information transmission can be diverse. These tools should affect the sensors of the sense organs - vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste, etc. When preparing certain activities, it is desirable to use all sensors. Visuals perceive visual materials well. Audials will be able to absorb what they hear. Kinesthetics give meaning to emotions and feelings. According to this information, functional adaptation measures are planne for the Pniv historical castle complex. These activities are aim at experiencing an interesting experience and positive expectations of visitors from staying on the castle grounds.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116239787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MASTER VASYL TURCHYNYAK - BUILDING CHURCH OF ST. YURIYA IN THE VILLAGE OF DULIBA, STRIYSKY DISTRICT: REALITY AND TALE","authors":"Y. Taras","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.103","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of writing an article appeared during the elaboration of sources for historical and cultural essay about the village Duliby of the Stryi District. In publications devoted to master V.Turchinyak, the Duliby’s Church of St. Yuriy building., there are a number of provisions for which I am as a historian, architect must react, highlight your vision of this figure. The relevance of the topic is outlined. The purpose of the publication is to consider extensive historiography, to highlight the current state of study of life and artistic heritage of the builder Vasyl Turchinyak from Lug Nadvirna district. The source base of the article is analyzed works devoted to V. Turchinyak, from the end of the XIX century to the present. For the first time talked about the master at the end of the XIX century, after a wellknown public figure and ethnographer Volodymyr Shukvevich visited him. It has been established that the study of creativity of master V. Turchinyak activated at the end of 20thearly 21th century. This determines the chronological limits of our research. The participation of V. Turchinyak, Dulibian community and master in the construction of the Chirch of St. Yuriy in the village of Duliby is expressed on detail. The role of Father M. Datsishin in resurrection of memory of the of the prominent master, in the dissemination of information about the Dulib’s Church of St. Yuriy is relevant. It is shown what was based on the talent of the master V.Turchinyak, which allowed him to organically combine architectural and constructive elements with the artistic, as he adapted the traditional thread to the requirements of sacred monumental art, created a distinelive style. It was found that the master V. Turchinyak, as most of the folk masters, was endowed with supernatural abalities, as widespread revision of his beliefs, divination, and providence. It is stated that in many today’s publications, we have a valid historical and cultural reality of the creativity of V. Turchinyak, and a variety of oral folklore, in which his figure is grown by weight, people poetize the master who loves and wants to be shown wiser than architect, engineer, and mister. The research methodology is based on theoretical analysis, systematization and generalization, historical examination and observation of the author.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116591957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOWNTOWNS OF HISTORICAL CITIES OF UKRAINE","authors":"O. Rybchynskyi","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2023.18.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.070","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this article is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for periodic success of historical cities of Ukraine. Downtowns from different settlements in size and function was included in this article: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn. They testify that the tradition of integral development of the center of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City self-government and tycoons in different ways took care of safety, production and trade infrastructure, qualitatively improved the public space of market squares. The inner cities of the historical cities of Ukraine developed individually, had different goals and opportunities, used separate resources and tried to achieve similar results - a harmonious socio-economic environment. Unfortunately, thorough destruction of the space in the middle of the historical cities of Ukraine occurred as a result of the aggression of moscow-russian troops during the 17th and early 21st centuries. In conclusion, it was noted that the logical direction of long-term development of Ukrainian historical cities is the analysis and reproduction of historical and urban traditions, active implementation of revitalization projects and restoration of tangible cultural heritage. The article uses methods of structural analysis of spatial characteristics of planning and functional-territorial features of the downtown, processing and sampling of information in literary and archival sources. The purpose of the study is to determine the signs of integrated development of the downtown of historical towns of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124731791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TIGINA CASTLE IN BENDERY FORTRESS","authors":"T. Nesterova","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.114","url":null,"abstract":"The Bender fortress - the largest fortification in Moldova, consisting of a castle and a stone-earth fortress, was used by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation until 2008. Therefore for a long time, it was inaccessible for field studies, which soon revealed the contradiction between the accepted history and architecture. Two historical documents - the history of Sultan Suleiman about the construction of the fortress in 1538 and the memoirs of a traveler of the 17th century. Evlia Celebi determined the official record of the foundation of the stone fortress called Benders, closing the topic of the fortress's history before the Ottoman rejection, previously known in the sources as Tighina. A study of the castle's architecture and its comparison with graphic materials and historical photographs revealed that the current state had preserved enough details and traces of structures dating back to its construction before the use of artillery in defense. Among them: traces of the upper battle on the towers, adaptations for the mosque of the second tier of the entrance tower, the absence of walls facing the courtyard of the prismatic towers, a filled-in ditch near the walls of the castle - all these features indicate that, according to one of the most likely versions, the builders of the castle Tighina were Genoese. An analysis of graphic images and photographs of the castle, made before the architectural degradation of the structure, revealed the missing details that indicate features characteristic of the period before the probable construction of 1538. The castle's architecture was two centuries older than it is currently dated based on historical research, corresponding to a time before the use of firearms and artillery. This is evidenced by the loss of the first moat arranged near the walls of the castle, the wooden galleries on the top of the towers, from which the exit openings to the galleries and sockets from the consoles have been preserved, the missing walls of the prismatic towers facing the courtyard, similar to fortresses in northern Italy. The arrangement of the mosque in the second tier of the entrance tower was carried out later, for which it was necessary to dismantle the stone vault of the entrance passage, replacing it 2.0 m lower with a flat ceiling, and to arrange the entrance to the mosque several steps below the fighting passage, etc. Round artillery loopholes replaced vertical embrasures for bow and arrow defense. The Tighinsky castle was not made of wood and earth; a stone made by Turkish builders did not replace it - it is the same castle mentioned in 1408 as a guardhouse and customs house, and the details indicate a specific time and architectural and cultural region of influence. During the Turkish period, the Upper Fortress and a second moat were built at a distance from the castle, along the inner edge of which, on three sides, bastions for artillery, characteristic of the 16th century, were arranged, from which a tower w","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123310210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}