Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications最新文献

{"title":"HISTORICAL AND URBAN RESEARCH OF DEFENSE COMPLEXES OF VINNITSA OF RUS’-LITHUANIAN ERA (14th-16th CENTURIES)","authors":"I. Lytvynchuk","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.074","url":null,"abstract":"In this article for the first time the methods of the complex historical and town-planning analysis of urban defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia formed during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is applied. The author compares chronicle and act sources, historical cartography and the results of modern field research to establish the location of ancient castle and urban fortifications. The thesis about the formation of the primary urban structure of Vinnytsia during the Lithuanian era according to the principles of urban planning on Rus’ law is proved. Two stages of town-planning development of defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia are singled out. The first stage is dated to the late 15th middle 16th century. At this time, a castle appears on the basis of a probable ancient Rus’ settlement on Castle Hill in the Old Town area. Next to it, but at a distance, the city center is being built - a fortified post. Planning relics of the ancient city center could be read now. The topological unity of Vinnytsia city center planning with the cities of the medieval Romanesque and Old Rus’ tradition in the cities of Western Europe and Ukraine has been established by means of comparative analysis. Reconstruction of the view of Vinnytsia Castle on Castle Hill at the beginning of 16th century according to the lustrations of 1545 and 1552. The second period is associated with the construction of a new castle until 1558 on the opposite (right) bank of the Southern Bug and the development of a new middletown near castle. At this time, the Ukrainian lands are still dominated by the same principles of urban planning that existed during the construction of the Old Town. Therefore, the outline of the city fortifications, the market square and the parcelling of the New Vinnytsia city are similar to those in the Old City. Instead, the castle is already merging with the city's fortifications into a single system, which allows us to talk about a holistic urban defense complex.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126614706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABOUT THE «TURKISH FORTIFICATIONS» OF MEDZHYBIZH 1672-1699 IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENTARY CHRONOLOGY OF THE OTTOMAN CLAIMS FOR PODILLYA","authors":"Igor Zapadenko, I. Leskiv","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.053","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the chronology of the Turkish and Polish stay in Medzhybizh and control over the Medzhybizh Castle based on documents and publications of archival materials. The short period of Turkish rule, which actually lasted about 8 years, as well as the difficult situation for the Ottomans in Podillіa in 1672-1699, cast doubt on the widespread narratives about the 27 years of Ottoman occupation of Medzhybizh. Instead, there is evidence of the inability of the Turkish military to hold the castle. Documents, which have long since been introduced into scientific circulation, testify that for most of this time Medzhybizh was in the hands of its hereditary owner Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski and served as a center for Polish military raids in Podillіa. The real description of the events of 1772-1699 in Medzhybizh disproves the stereotypes that have been circulating in the literature for two centuries. Documentary information practically excludes the presence of an Ottoman contribution to the architectural and fortification heritage of Medzhybizh. As it turns out, the claim that the Turks «greatly enlarged and decorated the castle» is a repeat of a myth that has circulated in popular literature for two centuries. On the contrary, the Turkish garrison's unreadiness for active defense led to its capitulation in October 1673 to the troops of Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski, and in 1686 to an attempt to blow up the castle by the Turks after the evacuation from Medzhybizh. The article provides illustrations of the damage that could be the result from this attempt to blow up the castle.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116023597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CREATIVE WORK OF ARCHITECTOR PIERRE RICAUD DE TIRREGAILLE","authors":"V. Taras","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.13.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.13.133","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we examine the figure of the military engineer, geometer, architect Pierre Rico de Tirregaille (Tirrgaille, French Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille, Ricaud (Ricaut, Ryko) Pierre de Tirregaille (Tirgaille)). The years of his activity (about 1725 - after 1772) are relatively well known to researchers. But his biography remains unknown, except for the period of activity in the Commonwealth. Analysis of the results of previous research has shown that scientific research has been conducted in several areas. The first area includes research on biographical information about the architect. The second area includes studies on various projects that Pierre Rico de Tirregail commissioned. Manuscripts and graphics are important sources for finding out about Pierre Rico de Tirregail and his design work. They are stored in the archives of Warsaw, Krakow, the National Heritage Institute in Warsaw and the National Library of France in Paris. Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille was born around 1725 in a French noble family in the district of Tiregale in Provence. His professional education was improved in Barcelona under the guidance of engineer Francis Ricode de Tierreagil. In the territory of the Polish– Lithuanian Commonwealth he worked from 1752 to 1762. We distinguish three periods in the activity of the architect: I - Warsaw (1752–1757), II - Lviv (1757–1760) and III - Warsaw (1760–1762). Most orders were received by the architect from several magnate families: Branicki, Potocki, Mniszeck, and others. The first mention of Pierre Rico de Tirregail's stay in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth dates back to 1752, when he received the rank of lieutenant in the infantry regiment of the Grand Crown Hetman Jan Kliment Branicki (1689–1771). In the architect's portfolio were included: the project and management of installation works on the water supply of the garden and menagerie in the city of Bialystok, the project of the palace with a garden in the city of Krystynopol, the palace in the village Pespa, a project of the Palace Chatsky-Felinsky in Lviv, a project for the modernization of the palace for Anthony Bielsky. Probably, the palace garden for the Greek Catholic Metropolitans in Lviv and the palace with a garden in Krakovets are his work as well. Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille also made a detailed plan of the city of Warsaw on a scale of 1:1000 between 1762–1763. After an eleven-year stay in Poland, Pierre Rico de Tirregail moved to Berlin. In Berlin, he received a position in the military engineering corps and a position as a teacher at the court of King Frederick II of Prussia. In 1772, in Potsdam, he published a numismatic treatise devoted to Rossian medals of the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128314238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FRONTLINE CITIES AND TOWNS OF PODILYA DURING THE GREAT WAR: CURRENT STATE OF PRESERVATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDINGS OF THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN FRONT IN KAMYANETS-PODILSKYI AND PROSKURIV","authors":"Ruslan Nahnybida","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2021.15.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2021.15.028","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides superficial information about the state of frontline towns and cities of Podilya during the First World War. Documents on the destruction of houses in the first days of the capture of Kamyanets-Podilskyi by Austrian troops are given. The plan of the city of Kamyanets-Podilskyi in 1905, on which there were marked the buildings where the headquarters of the divisions of the South-Western Front in 1915-1916 were located, is used in the article. Selected documents from the archives of the Southern Army concerning the events on the Russian-Austrian Front in 1915-1918, preserved in AGAD, are presented in the article, as well as a brief description of them. The main emphasis in the article is on the condition of the two buildings in which the headquarters of the South-Western Front were located, and the commander of the front, O. Brusilov, probably lived there. The historical past of the house at 38 Lesya Ukrainka Street in Kamyanets-Podilskyi is analyzed and its architectural description is given. Local historians suggest that the building under study was built at the expense of the city as a residence for the reception of guests and delegations by the mayor. During his visit to Kamyanets-Podilskyi on March 30, 1916, Russian Emperor Nicholas II spent the night in the house with his adjutant, Count Vladimir Fredericks. Local historians also suggest that it was here that General Alexey Brusilov planned his famous breakthrough with Russian troops on the Austro-German front. In 1917, General Lavr Kornilov had a conversation in the house with the future Hetman of Ukraine, then General of the Russian Army Pavlo Skoropadskyi, about his participation in the coup and the overthrow of the Provisional Government. The same is done for the house at 4 Gagarina Street in Khmelnytskyi (historical name of the city is Proskuriv). The appendices contain secret maps of the Austrian military command, unpublished drawings and forgotten photographs of the 1920s and 1930s, which show the condition of some cultural heritage sites after the Great (First) World War. Of the large number of the listed real estate objects, only two of the above-described monuments, namely the house at 38 Lesya Ukrainka Street in Kamyanets-Podilskyi and the house at 4 Gagarina Street in Khmelnytskyi, monument protection accounting documentation was prepared. Other real estate objects, mentioned in the publication, in the settlements of Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi regions, which were damaged during the Great War, remain unexplored, unpromising and forgotten.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129434313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNSUCCESSFUL TOWNS OF THE BAR SURROUNDINGS: YALTUSHKIV, MEZHYRIV, POROSIATKIV, MARIANIVKA, BAROK AND BERLYNTSI","authors":"O. Rybchynskyi","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.122","url":null,"abstract":"Historical towns of Ukraine are the subject of numerous interdisciplinary studies. The focus is mainly on those settlements that have preserved the planning composition or have significant historical significance. Instead, towns that have lost opportunities for spatial development remain unnoticed. The purpose of article is to determine the spatial parameters of downtown and individual development anomalies of unsuccessful cities: Yaltushkiv, Mezhyriv, Porosyatkiv, Maryanivka, Barok and Berlyntsi. Urban factors with varying intensity stimulate the development of settlements. In each example, this happens individually. The formation and long-term formation of the town had hereditary, evolutionary and variable-pulsating properties. Given these characteristics, several cities located in the vicinity of Bar and recorded on the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670 attract attention. These towns had a short period of development and did not differ in the history of the region. Instead, they deserve to examine the peculiarities of formation and restoration historical memory. On the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670, Yaltushkiv is shown with a castle and fortified downtown. The settlement was located on the road that connected Bar with Dunaivtsi. Analysis of the current state of street network and relief allows to delineate boundaries of historic downtown. It had two gates, the main street on which stood the Church of Holy Trinity and Church of Holy Spirit. The market square had the shape of an elongated rectangle. The castle was located in the north-western corner. Preserved regular street network shows that the downtown was built thoughtfully and according to the developed plan. Most likely it happened in the middle of the 16-th century, but due to repeated devastation of the 16 - 20 centuries, no significant buildings and temples have survived. On the map of Podolia Voivodeship in 1670, Mezhyriv is marked as a densely built-up town with a castle. Analysis of current state of the street network and relief helps to determine the boundaries of the ancient fortified city center, the probable location of the gates and the castle complex. On the map of Podolia voivodeship in 1670, Porosyatkiv is shown as a wellfortified town, with bastions and ramparts, but without castle. Instead, the fortification, market and temple have been lost today. The street network allows you to roughly delineate the area of the historic center. On the map of Podolsk Voivodeship in 1670, Maryanivka is shown as a quadrangular fortified town with a castle located near the eastern part of the downtown. An analysis of existing street network and relief shows that the ancient Rynok Square was located near the church, town had ramparts and dry ditches, two gates and a regular type of layout. The castle was rectangular in shape, with ramparts and a moat, located near the road to Kopaygorod. On the map of Podolia Voivodeship in 1670, Berlyntsi is mentioned as a fortified settlement with a ","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121985392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE POTOCKI PALACE COMPLEX IN IVANO-FRANKIVSK: RESEARCH ON THE ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS OF THE BUILDING AT THE NORTHERN WALL","authors":"A. Serbin, L. Polishchuk","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.063","url":null,"abstract":"The Potocki Palace complex has been an integral part of the Stanislawow city fortress since its reconstruction in the end of XVIth century. The functional and the spatial structure of the complex was formed over two sequential phases: the residence (1680s-1802) and the military hospital (1802-2004). The preserved buildings of the palace period have many layers of different historical development stages and require the application of the restoration methods for its identification. The paper aims to identify the architectural fragments detected on the main façade of the building at the northern wall (building K) and to make an attempt to prove the hypothesis regarding the reconstruction of the complex northern wall and installation the gate in the 1740s during the residence period (1680s - 1802). The existing planning structure was compared to the historical cartography in order to identify the building with the underground chambers below. The findings single out two main construction periods, which correspond to the complex periods of functioning. The first period is the residence of the Potocki family (1680s - 1802), when underground chambers and a portal in the castle wall for access to the terrace probably existed on the same composite axis. The second period - the military hospital (1802 - 2004), during which the building was constructed on the wall, in correspondence to the layout of the underground chambers. The results cast new light on the planning structure of the complex and the city fortress itself and reveal a valuable part of historical heritage. However these architectural fragments require further archaeological research and examination with a ground-penetrating radar. The research was carried out within the framework of the scientific research program of the municipal enterprise Space of Innovative Creativity PALACE, which was created for the scientific research, protection, preservation and revitalization of the complex.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114627587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WOOD IN WORKS OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY OF USE AND PROBLEMS OF CARE","authors":"M. Chornyi","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2021.15.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2021.15.013","url":null,"abstract":"Wood is a material used to create works of art, architecture and has been known to people for thousands of years. In Ukraine there is a huge number of outstanding works of architectural, art, decorative, sacred, industrial and utilitarian nature. Significant efforts are being made by conservation and museum workers to preserve and care for such works. The article provides information about the history of using wood to create works of art and architecture. The complex of art history, technological, nature protection and conservation-restoration information is generalized and the holistic understanding of the important role research and preservation of works, made with the wood use is given. The history of the woodworking industry in Ukraine was studied by S. Hensiruk, O. Furdychko, V. Bondar, and the specifics of artistic woodworking craft were analyzed by B. Suliak, M. Serhieieva. Peculiarities of Ukrainian wooden architecture were studied Y. Taras, L. Prybieha, Y. Ivashko, H. Shevtsova. Important information on the experience of preserving the cultural heritage of Ukraine can be found in the publication from O. Rybchynsky. This article analyzes the areas of wood application as a basis for the manufacture of art works, and architectural construction. The specifics of the use wooden in sacred architecture, art, decorative and applied arts of Ukraine are outlined. The types made of wooden art works are determined and their role in the Ukrainian culture is established. It is substantiated that the preservation of valuable art works is a very important task for conservation science and society in general. The author reveals the main problems of preservation and the reason for the destruction of wooden art works, and to implement the correct methods of preserving wooden objects, an interdisciplinary, synthetic approach is needed. All works of wood are constantly under the destructive influence of many factors, and the article identifies modern ways to overcome the problem of destruction wooden art works and basic care for them.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123445069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CASTLES OF UKRAINE IN THE WORKS OF THE 19TH CENTURY ARTISTS","authors":"Кalyna-Theodora Gavryliv","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2021.15.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2021.15.022","url":null,"abstract":"Castles and their ruins are precisely the types of structures that attracted the attention of 19th century artists due to their romantic image. Artists, according to the specifics of their work, pay attention to various artistic and stylistic aspects: panoramic views, silhouette, details. The work orients the viewer to the location of the castle in the architectural and landscape environment, provides a holistic perception of the castle in space, dictates the silhouette of the structure, fixing its view from the corresponding side, reflects the colour of the object. Achromatic images convey the perception of the tonal saturation of the object and the environment, chromatic images - watercolors, oils - indicate the color scheme. It is important that the artists conveyed the emotions that the environment, objects, nature evoked in them. Each artist chose their angle and time of day to admire what he saw, which he wanted to share with others through his works. To a number of artists, who reflected in their works castles located on the territory of Ukraine, we refer Antoni Lange, Emanuel Kratochwille von Kronbach, John Henry Muntz, Karl Auer, Maciej Bogusz Zygmunt Stęczyński, Napoleon Orda. Based on the works of Napoleon Orda, we can conclude that the percentage of preserved existing stone castles is 16%, partially preserved and partially restored castles - 9%, castles that are in disrepair and are subject to complete restoration - 16%, castles in ruins, the condition of which has significantly deteriorated over the past two centuries, and whose fragments can be preserved in a state of long-term ruin - 53%, and irretrievably lost - 6%. Drawings, lithographs, engravings, watercolors and oils - today serve as an iconographic source for scientific reproductions of the type of monuments for the corresponding period of their existence. Artistic works should not be considered as the only correct source for graphic reconstructions or restoration interventions in architectural monuments, but they are an integral part of a number of historical sources from which we draw information about the type of the object and its environment for the corresponding period of time. From them we learn about the state of the structure, its silhouette, details and colours, the composition of the architectural and landscape environment, its landscaping and picturesqueness.","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132963977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL FORTIFICATIONS AND VALUABLE URBAN STRUCTURE OF THE CITY (NOTES FOR SCIENTIFIC AND DESIGN DOCUMENTATION - HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL BASIC PLAN OF LVIV)","authors":"M. Bevz","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2020.14.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.013","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the research and design documentation \"Historical and architectural basic plan of the city of Lviv\" (2020) in terms of identification and protection of fortifications. The analysis of the documentation revealed little attention of the authors to the study and coverage of the stages of development of the fortification lines of Lviv from the XIII to the XIX century. This approach has led to the debatable identification of many objects by their historical, urban and architectural value, inaccurate dating, lack of proposals for their protection. In particular, the assessment of a complex of fortifications, the so-called \"F. Hetkant's defensive line\" from 1635. The authors of the documentation did not analyze the stages of development and assess the time-varying urban structure of the quarters, even in the city center. The development of buildings in the areas of the former suburbs was also not covered in detail. But these are areas that have been filled with very important facilities and functions in the past. The nature of the development of the quarters took different forms depending on the time of the site. The sites themselves developed abruptly along with the movement of the lines of urban fortifications further from the city center. The construction of a new, more modern line of fortifications and its advancement made it possible to intensify construction in areas that were previously outside the fortified territory. Lviv has gone through six such major stages of urban transformation associated with the development and modernization of fortifications from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century. This relationship between the development of fortification systems and the architectural-spatial and planning structure is the key to understanding the urban history of the city. Without a detailed reconstruction of the phases of construction of fortifications, it is impossible to properly navigate the nature of changes in the architectural-compositional and planning structure of the city. For example, after the removal of fortifications far beyond the central district of the city, began active changes and intensification of housing and public buildings in areas of former suburbs, where previously dominated by large monastic complexes and palaces of wealthy burghers. The quarters here began to change the character of their urban structure, evolving from the shape of a quarter with a palace and a garden-park in the suburbs (there were dozens of them in Lviv in the suburbs) to a densely built-up quarter during the XVIII-XIX centuries. However, today in the slums of such neighborhoods with their careful study can be found hidden relics of the original history of the city. The web of neighborhoods laced with dense lace around the city center also has encoded individual pages of unique urban history. The historical and architectural reference plan of the city is a scientific documentation that should reveal all the specific features of ","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128129804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE AND FORTIFICATION FACILITIES OF THE CITY OF LVIV ACCORDING TO THE MAP OF JEAN DOETSCH 1770 (1750)","authors":"M. Bevz","doi":"10.23939/fortifications2022.17.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.162","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the plan of the city of Lviv by Jean Doetsch from 1770 - one of the first cartographic sources to the history of the city. The significance of the plan for the scientific reconstruction of the state of the architectural and town-planning structures of the city for the second half of the 18th century is revealed. The hypothesis that the map was made for educational and military purposes is substantiated. This is evidenced by a careful fixation of the fortification structure of the city center, indicating the number of lines of defensive walls, fossas, gates, other elements. Many objects depicted on the plan were lost at a later time, so their identification, analysis of the planning structure are important to preserve information about them. Brief characteristics are given for such objects. The peculiarity of Doetsch's map is that the plan of the High Castle which is presented twice on the sheet. The image of the inventory plan of the ruins of the High Castle is placed in a separate vignette in the lower left corner of the map. This image is a unique material that accurately conveys the nature of the fortifications of the complex and indicates its real state in the second half of the XVIII century. This plan of the castle made in a more detailed scale than the map. Another image of the High Castle, painted directly \"in situ\" on the mountain, does not show the correct configuration and planimetric structure of the object. We consider this image as a project of modernization of the castle fortifications, which was crossed out from an unknown source. Such special attention to the High Castle, a medieval defensive object, also, in our opinion, demonstrates the didactic purposes of compiling the map. The map as a whole accurately conveys the urban structure of Lviv in the second half of the eighteenth century and is a very valuable source for studying its history and architecture. Also valuable is the information with the list of the main objects of Lviv included in the vignette-explication of “Nomina Locorum” to the map, although there are some mistakes regarding the name and numbering of individual objects. The plans of a number of objects of Lviv from that time - St. George's Cathedral, St. John's Church near the High Castle, the Jesuit Garden, Armenian monasteries in the Krakow suburbs, some palace complexes that no longer exist today have a particular value. The question remains why Doetsch's plan does not depict two defensive bastion lines built around the Krakow and Halych suburbs in the 17th century: the so-called F. Getkant's line (from the 1630s) and Jan Berentz's defensive belt (from the 1670s). At the time of compiling the map, they still existed and were the dominant defense complexes in the panorama and landscape of the city. As a separate study, the analysis and identification of the location of the palace of the royal mayor A. Moszinsky on the basis of J. Doetsch's map was performed. We consider this a good example ","PeriodicalId":307059,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121769450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}