Electrochimica Acta最新文献

{"title":"Study on the electrochemical deposition behavior and blind hole filling behavior of Cobalt under the regulation of hexamethylenetetramine as a leveling agent","authors":"Pei Xu ,&nbsp;Xixun Shen ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Wang Tang ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Qunjie Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The metal cobalt is expected to be the next generation of interconnect materials due to its shorter average free path of electrons and greater resistance to electromigration. Additives especially the leveling agents are key regulatory factors for achieving a bottom-up dense superfilling of interconnect metals in the electroplating process. Here the hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) with methylene structure was chosen as a leveling agent to study the deposition behavior and the blind hole filling behavior of cobalt. The electrochemical analysis showed that the HMTA exhibits an evident inhibition ability on the deposition of cobalt. Moreover, this inhibitory ability has a significant dependence on the rotational speed of the solution and a greater inhibitory effect on the deposition of cobalt occurs at high rotational speeds.The simulation indicates that such a strong inhibition ability on the deposition of cobalt sourced from the preferred adsorption of the leveling agent on the cobalt surface by the nucleophilic active site provided by the methylene structure of HMTA. Such preferential adsorption behavior was further confirmed by the captured vibration peaks of C<img>N and C<img>H bonds associated with the HMTA from the in-situ electrochemical surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Under the action of this leveling agent, the metal cobalt exhibits the expected bottom-up growth behavior in blind holes of Printed circuit board (PCB) The addition of HMTA is also beneficial for obtaining a flat and dense coating with preferred growth of (100) crystal planes. These results indicate that the HMTA is a potential effective leveling agent for the cobalt interconnects processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An optimized Zn-air battery using a polymer-blend anion transfer membrane and a biochar electrocatalyst","authors":"Maria Katsaiti ,&nbsp;Sara Gjoshi ,&nbsp;Valadoula Deimede ,&nbsp;Ioannis D. Manariotis ,&nbsp;Joannis K. Kallitsis ,&nbsp;Dionissios Mantzavinos ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Lianos","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkaline stable blend membranes based on polyisatin copolymers and poly(2,2′-(<em>m</em>-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (<em>m-</em>PBI) were fabricated and tested as ion solvating membranes (ISMs) in an optimized quasi-solid state Zn-air battery. In specific, the prepared blend membranes with two different compositions (80 and 70 wt % with respect to <em>m-</em>PBI) displayed increased water uptake (ranging between 93 and 102 %) due to the presence of hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) groups compared to <em>m-</em>PBI and high KOH uptakes (105 %) even at low temperature of 5 °C. They also exhibited much lower electrolyte swelling than <em>m-</em>PBI and high ionic conductivity values up to 109 mS cm⁻¹ in 20 wt % KOH at 80 °C. Long-term alkaline stability test of both blends revealed their excellent alkaline resilience after immersion in 20 wt % KOH at 80 °C for 6 months as evidenced by conductivity measurements, tensile strength and ATR-FTIR data. The PBI80/P(IB-PEO) membrane, i.e. the membrane containing 80 wt % m-PBI, was chosen for the construction of an optimized quasi-solid-state-electrolyte Zn-air battery due to its optimal characteristics. To that end, a membrane-gas-diffusion electrode assembly has been constructed using a PBI80/P(IB-PEO) membrane and a gas-diffusion electrode containing activated biochar as pure carbonaceous electrocatalyst. Activated biochar has been prepared by pyrolysis of luffa, the vegetable sponge, followed by mixing of the obtained powder with KOH and a second pyrolysis step. This choice offered a satisfactory battery performance peaking at a power density value of 126 mW cm⁻² at ambient temperature, which is comparable with that of optimized liquid electrolyte cells. Cell characteristics were improved with increasing temperature following the same trend with conductivity. As a result, the power density reached a peak value of 182 mW cm⁻² at 45 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable electrochemical production of H₂O₂ on carbon blacks: Structural properties as key drivers","authors":"Álvaro Ramírez ,&nbsp;Martin Muñoz-Morales ,&nbsp;Javier Llanos ,&nbsp;Conchi Ania","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrochemical production of H₂O₂ via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻ORR) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process, which involves hazardous solvents and generates significant waste. Carbon blacks are extensively utilized as benchmark electrocatalysts for H₂O₂ production, with performance often attributed to electrical conductivity, composition, or hydrophobicity. However, the role of key parameters such as structural properties and surface area remains underexplored. To clarify this, we have analyzed four commercial carbon blacks commonly reported in the literature (Vulcan XC-72, Printex XE2, Superior Graphite and Prolabo) as benchmark electrocatalysts for the electrogeneration of H₂O₂. Results indicate that electrocatalytic activity in H₂O₂ accumulation assays of carbon blacks can be rationalized through a comprehensive characterization of their structural properties, with a minor impact of conductivity and composition (for un-functionalized carbon blacks with a high carbon content). Our results also highlight the need to complement the characterization of the electrocatalytic activity in rotating ring-disk electrodes -a common screening practice- with H₂O₂ accumulation tests to account for the impact of parasitic reactions in the long-term productivity and selectivity. This study contributes to the rational design of sustainable carbon-based electrocatalysts for H₂O₂ production, advancing green and efficient electrochemical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146508"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical stability and corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr alloy in molten LiCl-KCl salt","authors":"Peyman Asghari-Rad ,&nbsp;Nathan D. Smith ,&nbsp;Seung-Wook Kim ,&nbsp;Feifei Shi ,&nbsp;Hojong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the electrochemical properties and potential-dependent stability of Cr(II) and Ni(II) in a eutectic LiCl-KCl molten salt at 500 °C under an argon atmosphere using a three-electrode cell configuration with a glassy carbon working electrode, Ag/Ag⁺ reference electrode, and graphite counter electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to characterize the Cr(0)/Cr(II)/Cr(III) and Ni(0)/Ni(II) redox transitions, yielding diffusion coefficients of 0.50 (±0.01) × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹ for Cr(II) and 0.91 (±0.16) × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹ for Ni(II) at 500 °C. The redox stability domains of these species provided insight into the corrosion mechanisms of a Ni-Cr alloy (80–20 wt %) in LiCl-KCl salt. The measured open circuit potential of the alloy corresponded to the range of potentials where the Ni(0) and Cr(II) species are stable, indicating a preferential dissolution of Cr. Immersion testing of the alloy for 336 h confirmed significant Cr depletion (or Ni-enrichment) at the surface layer, corroborating Cr dealloying as the dominant corrosion reaction under open circuit conditions. Additionally, the application of a small anodic overpotential (0.11 V) resulted in selective Cr dissolution while a large anodic overpotential (0.25 V) resulted in co-dissolution of both Cr and Ni. These results demonstrate that the corrosion mechanisms of a Ni-Cr alloy in LiCl-KCl depend upon the applied potential, and thus the redox conditions of the molten salt should be carefully controlled in the design of a redox buffer to mitigate corrosion in molten salt environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146507"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are ionic liquids so unique? – A review on ionic liquids and hemoglobin modified electrodes as electrochemical sensing platforms","authors":"Hülya Silah ,&nbsp;Dilek Kul ,&nbsp;Bengi Uslu","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic liquids obtained with different properties by synthesizing with different cations and anions are widely used in many areas due to their superior properties and advantages. Ionic liquids, which increase the effective surface area, stability, and electrical conductivity of the electrode surface, can be modified with other substances, and thus more selective and sensitive electrochemical (bio)sensor platforms can be prepared. In recent years, many studies have been published in which various modified electrodes were prepared by combining ionic liquids with hemoglobin and used in the determination of some analytes. It was observed that biosensors prepared with hemoglobin and ionic liquids had good bioelectrocatalytic activity and biocompatibility, and most importantly, they accelerated the electron transfer on the electrode surface. This review summarizes the recent developments in this field by evaluating various electrode platforms modified with hemoglobin and ionic liquids developed in 58 research articles published from 2007 to the present, the target analytes analyzed with them, namely acrylamide, bromate, hydrogen peroxide, methyl parathion, nitrite, nitromethane, O₂, and trichloroacetic acid, in terms of the electrochemical method used, linearity range, detection limit, interferences, and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-rate proton storage in aqueous electrolyte based small organic molecules materials","authors":"Yanjun Shi,&nbsp;Huifang Qiu,&nbsp;Zhihui Xu,&nbsp;Miaomei Chen,&nbsp;Haiguang Gao,&nbsp;Xiaofei Yu,&nbsp;Juan Xu,&nbsp;Jianyu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous proton battery (APB) is a promising energy storage system due to the smallest ion size and fastest kinetics of proton. However, its application development is still limited by unsatisfactory rate and cycling performance. Herein, two organic compounds, BPD and 2F-BPD, are demonstrated as anode for reversibly storage proton in an acid electrolyte, which exhibited high-rate capability. The full batteries were constructed by matching the two anodes with a high performance of CuHCF cathode. The BPD//CuHCF full battery achieved high capacities of 182 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and 151 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹ and an extremely long cycling stability over 10000 cycles with 79 % capacity retention at 10 A g⁻¹. Due to the hydrophobic effect of the F atom in 2F-BPD and extremely severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the 2F-BPD//CuHCF full battery, the capacity of the full battery based 2F-BPD anode is slightly lower and decays rapidly. The proton storage of BPD was further analyzed by ex-situ characterizations. During charging, the C=O and C=N bonds in the BPD anode combine with protons in the aqueous electrolyte. This work will inspire small organic molecules to achieve beneficial results in APBs and thus promote a breakthrough in the field of large-scale energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146501"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic change of the throwing power for the copper-to-carbon steel galvanic couple in the presence of bentonite: A combined experimental and numerical modelling study","authors":"Xuejie Li ,&nbsp;Xinran Pan ,&nbsp;Fraser P. Filice ,&nbsp;Dmitrij Zagidulin ,&nbsp;Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Mehran Behazin ,&nbsp;Sina Matin ,&nbsp;James J. Noël","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The throwing power of the copper-to-carbon steel galvanic couple in NaCl solutions with and without bentonite has been measured and simulated using finite element analysis (FEA). The presence of bentonite clay in the solution resulted in an initial high throwing power and a subsequent change to a stable low throwing power, captured by measuring the solution potential variation (E_s) close to the specimen surface using a micro-reference electrode array. The origin of the change was traced by studying the polarization characteristics of the copper and carbon steel electrodes using electrochemical polarization techniques. By varying the experimental parameters, polarization characteristics corresponding to the initial and stable stages were obtained. They were then used as the boundary conditions for finite element analysis to simulate the initial and stable throwing power. Simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental measurements of E_s. Finally, FEA models with extremely large copper-to-carbon steel area ratios were built, resembling a potential through-coating defect on a Canadian-designed container for used nuclear fuel. As predicted by the model, the presence of bentonite in the solution suppressed the throwing power in general, with thicker and compacted bentonite being more effective. However, the throwing power saw an uptick when the area of exposed carbon steel exceeded a critical dimension decided by the thickness of the bentonite. The enhanced throwing power was attributed to the increased kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction on the reduced Cu cathode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the possible application of a ZrO2-supported FeS-based nanocomposite as a supercapacitor's electrochemical effectuation electrode","authors":"Dost Muhammad ,&nbsp;Xianxi Liu ,&nbsp;Hongying Hou ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Yu ,&nbsp;Ju Rong ,&nbsp;Syed Hatim Shah ,&nbsp;Nisar Ali ,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Al-Hinaai","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FeS/ZrO₂ nanocomposites in varying ratios FZ-1 as (1:1), FZ-2 as (1:2), and FZ-3 as (1:4) by weight were successfully synthesised using hydrothermal and ball milling approach. The XRD experimental results indicate that the synthesised nanocomposite with a ratio of (1:2) exhibits a high degree of crystallinity. FeS/ZrO₂ demonstrates improved specific capacitance of 982 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, attributable to their distinct surface attributes and the synergistic impact occurring between Fe⁺² and Zr⁺⁴ ions. A hybrid supercapacitor (ASC) was constructed using FeS-based zirconium oxide electrode materials as cathode and activated carbon (AC) as anode. The ASC successfully accomplished function at a maximum potential difference of 1.6 V. At a power density of 796 W/kg, FZ-2//AC ASC produced an energy density of 73 Wh/kg, commendable to compete with the existing sulfide and oxide based supercapacitor. Conversely, FZ-1//AC and FZ-3//AC ASC demonstrated energy density of 47.6 Wh/kg, 30 Wh/kg at power density of 790 W/kg and 788 W/kg. Throughout continuous 500 GCD cycles, FZ-2 ASCs demonstrated cyclic stability of 71 % at 1 A/g having potential variation -1 to 0.6 V. The results indicate that the synthesized nanocomposite with a ratio of (1:2) demonstrates exceptional promise for supercapacitor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146462"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surfactant-assisted ZIF-8/Graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite based electrode material for high performance supercapacitor applications","authors":"Swati Sharma,&nbsp;Prakash Chand","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work reported the fabrication of high performance asymmetric supercapacitor device of graphene nanoplatelets and surfactant-assisted zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 based nanocomposite (NC: ZIF-8-C1@GNPs) electrode with organic (OE: 0.35 M K₄(Fe(CN)₆).3H₂O) electrolyte. For this, ZIF-8-C1 and NC were synthesized utilizing a solvothermal technique with cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; C1) surfactant and solid-state method, respectively. Structural characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller revealed the cubic phase (I -43 m space group), and the formation of macropores (78 nm) and mesopores (∼7 nm) of the ZIF-8-C1 and NC. Scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy elucidated the surface and inner-nanostructure morphological impact on synthesized nanocomposite (nanotubes plus nanoplatelets), respectively. The novelty of the present work is that the as-prepared NC electrodes have received minimal attention in the existing literature, highlighting a gap in research. Electrochemical investigations in three-electrode configuration confirmed that the NC electrode demonstrated exceptional performance for sustainable energy storage solutions in wide voltage window (0.0–1.0 V) than ZIF-8-C1 in -0.2–0.5 V window, achieving a significant specific capacitance of 5105 F/g (10 A/g). Furthermore, employing NC (cathode) and activated carbon (anode) electrodes in the device yielded remarkable performance characteristics in large (0.0–2.0 V) potential window, including a specific capacitance of 947.5 &amp; 403.0 F/g (1 mV/s &amp; 18 A/g), an energy density of 202.1 Wh/kg (18 A/g), and a power density of 52,246.6 W/kg (110 A/g). Moreover, at 50 A/g, the device exhibited excellent coulombic efficiency (92.9 %) and cycling stability (82.4 %) over 7000 charge-discharge cycles. The practical utility was demonstrated by illuminating light emitting diodes, thus open new avenues for energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots synthesized from spent lithium-ion batteries for Highly efficient supercapacitors","authors":"R. Mendoza-Jiménez ,&nbsp;L.A. Garcés-Patiño ,&nbsp;C. Rodriguez-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;J. Oliva ,&nbsp;P. Salas","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>GO and GQDs synthesized from commercial graphite were named GO_com and GQDs_com, respectively. Furthermore, the GO and GQDs synthesized from recycled graphite (extracted from Lithium-ion-batteries) were named GO_LIB and GQDs_LIB, respectively. Electrochemical tests indicated that graphene supercapacitors (SCs) containing in their electrodes GO_com and GO_LIB produced maximum capacitances of 1131.4 F/g and 922.7 F/g, respectively. Those devices also generated energy densities of 33–35 Wh/kg. Later, SCs were made with electrodes containing GO_com+GQDs_com and GO_LIB+GQDs_LIB, consequently, the capacitance was enhanced up to outstanding values of 2130 F/g and 2519.1 F/g, respectively. This means an increase of capacitance by 122 %-131 % after adding the GQDs to the SCs (compared to the devices made with only GO). Surprisingly, energy densities also increased significantly by 263 %-275 % after adding the GQDs to the SCs. Furthermore, these devices exhibit remarkable electrochemical stability, since flexible supercapacitors using GO_LIB and GQDs_LIB retained 88 % of capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles and over 80 % of capacitance after 500 bending cycles. XPS, Raman and FTIR analyses demonstrated the increment of oxygen vacancies defects and chemical species (peroxides, carboxyl groups, esters, carbonyl and alkoxy) after the introduction of GO and GQDs on the SC electrodes. All those species/defects contributed to the storage of charge by enhancing the conductivity and redox centers on the SC electrodes. Overall, this work demonstrates the promising potential of reusing graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries as a sustainable and effective material for next-generation flexible, high-performance SCs. At the same time, the battery waste is converted into value added products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"532 ","pages":"Article 146499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}