{"title":"Zein/HP-β-CD Nanoparticles for Theaflavins Encapsulation: Enhanced Stability, Sustained Release, and Protective Activity Against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage.","authors":"Xiaobo Zuo, Xiufang Yang, Junhao Kong, Ting Xie, Jianwei Li, Changyu Zhang, Danyan Shen, Jiangli Fan","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theaflavins (TFs), the major bioactive polyphenols in black tea, possess potent antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities, but their practical application is severely limited by poor chemical stability and low bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, we engineered zein/cyclodextrin composite nanoparticles to enhance the stability and bioactivity of TFs. Among three cyclodextrins including β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), the Zein/HP-β-CD formulation was optimal, yielding a particle size of 137 nm, a polydispersity index as low as 0.06, an encapsulation efficiency of 96.7%, and robust colloidal stability under various pH, temperature, and ionic strength conditions. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of spherical amorphous nanocomposites stabilized by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Compared with free TFs, Zein/HP-β-CD@TFs nanoparticles exhibited superior antioxidant activity with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 79.5% and a 3-fold lower IC50 for tyrosinase inhibition. In ultraviolet (UV) B-irradiated HaCaT cells, the nanoencapsulated TFs increased cell viability from 64.1% to 87.7%. In a zebrafish whitening model, the nanoparticles achieved 35.0% melanin inhibition at a total mass concentration of 0.025%, which was 1.4-fold higher than that of free TFs at the same concentration, while also exhibiting a 4-fold higher safety margin with a maximum tolerated concentration of 0.1% compared with 0.025% for free TFs. These findings demonstrate that Zein/HP-β-CD nanoparticles serve as an effective delivery platform by establishing a structure-activity relationship linking molecular interactions to enhanced bioactivity, improving the stability, bioavailability, and health-promoting functions of TFs for cosmetic and nutraceutical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on MXene and MXene-Based Composites for Advanced Biosensing and Bioimaging: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Shweta, Rajat Kumar Mishra, Rakhi, Akhileshwar Gupta, Vivek Masih, Chandki Ram Gautam","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, the growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials has opened innovative paths in nanobiotechnology, and MXenes have emerged as leading candidates owing to their superior physicochemical performance and functional adaptability. MXenes, a family of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, reveal excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, tuneable surface chemistry, hydrophilicity, and exceptional biocompatibility. These unique features make them highly attractive for biosensing and bioimaging applications. This review systematically abridges the recent advancements in MXene and its composites for biosensor development, containing electrochemical, optical, wearable, and flexible biosensors for the revealing of biomolecules, pathogens, cancer biomarkers, and glucose. The role of surface functionalization, hybridization with polymers, metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and biomolecules in enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and stability is critically deliberated. Moreover, the application of MXene composites in bioimaging approaches such as fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and multimodal imaging is explored, emphasizing their photothermal conversion efficiency and contrast development competences. Various challenges associated with long-term stability, oxidation resistance, toxicity, and large-scale production were also addressed, along with future perspectives for clinical translation and next-generation smart biomedical platforms. Overall, MXene-based materials clamp significant potential to transform biosensing and bioimaging techniques via multifunctional and integrated diagnostic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rile Ou, Denggerile Ao, Lu Ga, Ailing Su, Lan Yu, Jun Ai
{"title":"Harigabri-Derived Carbon Dots as FRET Probes for E. coli Analysis.","authors":"Rile Ou, Denggerile Ao, Lu Ga, Ailing Su, Lan Yu, Jun Ai","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green-fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were hydrothermally synthesized from the Mongolian medicine Harigabri, exhibiting uniform size (∼2.5 nm) and strong emission at 521 nm under 468 nm excitation. Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CQDs (donors) and AgNPs (acceptors), an aptamer-functionalized biosensor (Apt-CQDs/AgNPs) was constructed for selective Escherichia coli detection. Target recognition by the aptamer inhibited FRET and restored fluorescence. The sensor showed a linear response from 9 × 102 to 9 × 107 CFU/mL with a detection limit of 5 CFU/mL. This work highlights Harigabri-derived CQDs as promising nanomaterials for rapid pathogen detection and demonstrates the potential of traditional medicinal resources in biosensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins as Biocompatible Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Through Disrupting Bacterial Membranes.","authors":"Yanting Wu, Yanghui Ou, Hongping Chu, Zhengzheng Catherine Wu, Fei Sun, Hongliang Yao, Rongbiao Tong","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections urgently demands therapeutic strategies with distinct mechanisms of action. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (abPDT) offers a promising alternative, yet its clinical translation is often limited by the poor solubility, low biocompatibility, or complex delivery requirements of conventional photosensitizers (PSs). Here, we report the application of recombinant water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) from the Brassicaceae family as fully natural, self-contained PSs for abPDT. WSCP forms exceptionally stable tetrameric complexes with chlorophylls, providing outstanding water solubility, high photostability, negligible dark toxicity, and food-grade biocompatibility. Upon 660 nm light irradiation, WSCP-mediated abPDT achieves broad-spectrum killing of clinically relevant Gram-positive (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria and effectively disrupts mature biofilms. Mechanistically, WSCP adheres to bacterial surfaces and generates singlet oxygen in situ, causing rapid membrane permeabilization, leakage of intracellular contents, and cell death, through a resistance-evading, physical mode of action. In a murine MRSA-infected wound model, a single topical application of WSCP followed by light exposure significantly reduces bacterial burden, suppresses inflammation, accelerates tissue regeneration, and promotes wound closure without observable toxicity. This work establishes WSCP-based abPDT as a safe, simple, and highly effective platform to combat antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurdiana Nordin, M Arman Shaharulnizam, Marlin Alya Zamlis, Nurfarhanim Abu Bakar
{"title":"Crosslinking-Dependent Structure-Transport-Function Relationships in Gelatin-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Wound-Fluid Management.","authors":"Nurdiana Nordin, M Arman Shaharulnizam, Marlin Alya Zamlis, Nurfarhanim Abu Bakar","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective wound-fluid management is essential in medical applications, as dressings must absorb, retain, and regulate excess blood, exudate, and other biological fluids. Gelatin-hyaluronic acid (Gel/HA) hydrogels are promising dressing materials because they provide a hydrated, tissue-mimetic environment and combine the biological functions of both polymers. Their performance depends strongly on the crosslinking strategy, which regulates network architecture, fluid transport, and mechanical integrity. Three Gel/HA networks were prepared by physical association (Network I), glutaraldehyde-mediated covalent crosslinking (Network II), and PEGDA-mediated interpenetrating-network formation (Network III). Molecular interactions, morphology, fluid uptake, and mechanical properties were evaluated within a structure-transport-function framework. The networks exhibited distinct pore structures, with average pore sizes of 21 ± 7, 2.3 ± 0.8, and 9 ± 3 μm and porosities of 74 ± 3, 59 ± 3, and 67 ± 3% for Networks I-III, respectively. Tensile strength increased from 62 ± 5 kPa for Network I to 127 ± 7 kPa for Network II and 215 ± 9 kPa for Network III, while elongation at break increased from 152 ± 9 to 257 ± 12 and 343 ± 14%, respectively. Simulated blood uptake at 240 min reached 483 ± 45, 842 ± 59, and 1285 ± 72% for Networks I-III, respectively. An integrated hydrogel performance index was used as a comparative dimensionless descriptor of selected transport and mechanical properties. Overall, the results show that network formulation yields distinct combinations of pore architecture, fluid transport, and mechanical performance, providing a basis for comparing Gel/HA hydrogel designs for wound management applications that balance fluid management and mechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yantong Wang, Dengsheng Xia, Jingwen Wu, Yangyang Cao
{"title":"Advances in Odontogenic Regeneration: From Fundamental Research to Clinical Application.","authors":"Yantong Wang, Dengsheng Xia, Jingwen Wu, Yangyang Cao","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dentin is the primary mineralized tissue of the tooth, essential for pulp protection and enamel support. Its regenerative capacity is critical for dental health. This review summarizes recent progress in odontogenic regeneration, covering fundamental biological mechanisms and translational applications. A literature search of peer-reviewed studies on odontogenic regeneration, dental tissue engineering, and biomaterial-based strategies was conducted. Key advances include signaling pathway-guided stem cell differentiation into functional odontoblasts, which promotes reparative dentin matrix formation, and biomaterial innovations that provide optimized cellular microenvironments. Emerging clinical strategies, including 3D printing, growth factor delivery systems, and gene-editing approaches, are also discussed. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in the precise control of stem cell fate specification, long-term biocompatibility of biomaterials, and high clinical costs. Future interdisciplinary integration holds promise for overcoming these hurdles, advancing personalized therapies, and expanding dental restoration and regenerative medicine. The evolving strategies offer meaningful potential for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, improved pulp preservation, personalized scaffold fabrication via 3D printing, and the eventual development of cost-effective, biocompatible clinical therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Callicarpa nudiflora-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogel Loaded with Apremilast for Enhanced Therapy of Psoriasis.","authors":"Yingmiao Ou, Baoliang Pei, Chong Wang, Liang Chen, Jizhou Zhu, Peng Xu, Haijun Zhong, Hongbo Zhang, Feng Guo","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apremilast (APST) is an effective medication for psoriasis, but its clinical application is limited by its exclusive availability as an oral tablet formulation and the associated systemic adverse effects. Hydrogel-based transdermal delivery offers a promising alternative for localized APST administration. To address this, Callicarpa nudiflora-derived extracellular vesicle-based hydrogel loaded with APST (APST-EV-Gel) was developed. APST was first loaded into Callicarpa nudiflora-derived extracellular vesicles (APST-EVs) with a drug loading of 17.14% ± 0.13% and an encapsulation efficiency of 41.49% ± 0.48%. The resulting APST-EVs were then embedded in a carbomer hydrogel to form APST-EV-Gel. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that APST-EV-Gel significantly ameliorated skin lesions and reduced splenic inflammation in mice. The treatment also decreased infiltration of T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, downregulated the proliferation marker Ki67, and markedly lowered levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23. Furthermore, APST-EV-Gel promoted apoptosis in hyperproliferative keratinocytes, thereby contributing to disease alleviation. In conclusion, the combination of APST and EVs exerts superior therapeutic efficacy against psoriasis compared to monotherapy with either agent alone. APST-EV-Gel represents a promising topical therapeutic strategy for psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioglass-Doped Hydroxyapatite Sol-Gel Coatings Enhance Curcumin Release and Biological Performance of Ti6Al4V Orthopedic Implants.","authors":"Bryson White, Susmita Bose","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c00880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Curcumin is a bioactive polyphenol exhibiting antibacterial and antiosteosarcoma properties; however, its clinical translation is constrained by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. In this work, bioglass (BG) was incorporated into sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates to enable compositional control over curcumin release and biological response. HA coatings containing 1, 2.5, and 5 wt % BG were fabricated to investigate the influence of BG content on release behavior and multifunctional performance. Increasing BG content enhanced curcumin release by up to 1.4-fold at pH 5.0 and 1.6-fold at pH 7.4 relative to HA controls, consistent with increased coating degradation and microstructural changes associated with increasing BG content. The release profiles exhibited an initial burst followed by an asymptotic plateau, consistent with sustained release from the coating. BG-containing coatings also promoted osteoblast viability, increasing metabolic activity by up to 70% with BG alone and up to 86% in BG-containing curcumin-loaded coatings. In contrast, curcumin selectively reduced osteosarcoma cell viability by 67% after 11 days, accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity. Antibacterial testing demonstrated up to 78% reduction in Staphylococcus aureus viability after 72 h. These results demonstrate that compositional tuning of BG within HA coatings enables simultaneous control of drug release and selective biological responses, providing a multifunctional platform for orthopedic implants that supports osteoblast activity while mitigating infection and tumor recurrence risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonali Gupta, Mansi Murkar, Bijaideep Dutta, S B Shelar, K C Barick
{"title":"Tailoring the Surface of Ag2S Nanoparticles for Targeted, Light-Triggered Eradication of Cancer Cells.","authors":"Sonali Gupta, Mansi Murkar, Bijaideep Dutta, S B Shelar, K C Barick","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanostructure-mediated targeted photothermal therapy (PTT) emerged as a minimally invasive frontier in precision oncology, offering the ability to ablate malignancies. The tailoring of the surface of nanostructures serves as the ultimate bridge between material design and targeted PTT. In this aspect, the surface of Ag2S nanoparticles (Ag2S NPs) was engineered with hydrophilic, organic architectures to achieve superior colloidal stability and selective cellular uptake, ultimately enabling light-triggered eradication of cancer cells. The successful formation of the monoclinic Ag2S phase was confirmed by XRD and TEM analyses, and its surface modification with cysteine was evident from FTIR and light scattering measurements. The developed water-dispersible and biocompatible cysteine-functionalized Ag2S NPs (Cy-Ag2S NPs) showed sufficient absorbance in near-infrared (NIR) region and also exhibited good photothermal heating efficacy under 808 nm laser light. In order to achieve site-selective targeting toward cancer cells, folic acid (FA) was introduced onto the surface of Cy-Ag2S NPs via EDC-NHS coupling. In vitro studies showed negligible cytotoxicity of FA-conjugated Cy-Ag2S NPs (FA@Cy-Ag2S NPs) under dark conditions, whereas pronounced cancer cell ablation was observed under NIR irradiation. Moreover, the FA@Cy-Ag2S NPs showed targeted behavior toward folate receptor (FR)-positive KB cells over FR-negative A549 cells through apoptotic induction, suggesting their potential application in targeted PTT.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Star-Chained Near-Infrared-Responsive Upconversion Nanoparticle/Fe-TCPP for Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy/Chemodynamic Therapy to Selectively Eradicate Staphylococcus aureus and Repair Infected Wounds.","authors":"Yu'e Hao, Yuena Li, Yu Chen, Yaqi Guo, Zhiqin Xiao, Xiao Jiang, Sheng Li, Sihan Chen, Miao Jiang, Deshuai Zhen","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a star-chained near-infrared responsive upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)/Fe-TCPP nanocomposite (UFT) was fabricated via a two-step solvothermal method. Its phase, morphology, and structure were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Owing to electrostatic matching, UFT selectively targeted and killed Staphylococcus aureus. Under 980 nm irradiation at 1.0 W/cm2, 200 µg/mL UFT achieved a 98.46% bactericidal rate against 1 × 106 CFU/mL S. aureus within 18 min via a synergistic photodynamic/chemodynamic effect. In vivo wound healing experiments showed UFT promoted epidermal regeneration and accelerated wound repair. Radical trapping experiments coupled with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy identified superoxide anions (•O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as the main reactive oxygen species involved in the process. These findings demonstrate that the as-prepared UFT nanocomposite exhibits both excellent near-infrared-responsive antibacterial performance and wound-healing efficacy, providing a promising experimental basis and theoretical foundation for the development of efficient photoresponsive antibacterial materials for the treatment of wounds infected with Gram-positive bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}